First Round A 1. Name the calcium binding protein of cardiac muscle fibre. Troponin 2.

Name the cell structure that enables cardiac muscle to contract as a syncytium. Gap junction 3. Name the phase of spontaneous depolarization that can be observed in certain parts of cardiac muscle. Pacemaker potential 4. What is the intracellular Potassium ion concentration in cardiac muscle fibre? 150mmol/litre 5. Name the ionic stimulus for release of calcium ion from sarcoplasmic reticulum of cardiac muscle. Calcium ion (Ca2+ induced Ca2+ Release) 6. What change in blood flow produces first Karakoff sound? Turbulent flow 7. What is the value of venous return in a 70kg male adult? 5 litre / minute (Same as cardiac output) 8. Why is cardiac muscle relaxation an active process? Calcium ATPase pump 9. What is the parameter of Y-axis in ECG? Potential difference 10. Which part of the heart has no parasympathetic innervation? Ventricular muscle 11. In atria, what is the ionic basis for depolarization of muscle? Influx of sodium ion 12. Name a transporter on cardiac muscle membrane that lowers intracellular Ca2+ concentration during relaxation Sodium calcium exchanger / Calcium ATPase 13. Give the mean systemic filling pressure 7-8 mmHg 14. Name a mechanical activity that improves venous return during exercise Skeletal muscle pump 15. Name the structure that transmits action potential from atrium to ventricle. AV Node

First Round B 16. What is PR time interval due to? Time for transmission of impulse from SA node to Purkinje Fibre/AV Node 17. Name the cardiac volume which is one of the determinant of systolic blood

pressure. Stroke volume 18. What produces a negative chronotropic effect on the heart? Parasympathetic stimulation 19. What is the upper normal limit of PR interval? 0.12 0.2 s 20. If RR interval is 0.5s, what is the heart rate? 120 bpm 21. Along the ECG, when does the ventricle relaxation begin? At the end of T wave 22. What determines the amplitude of various deflection of ECG waves? Muscle/Tissue mass 23. What ionic event triggers the event of neurotransmitter release from the vagal ending at the SA node? Influx of Ca2+ (at every NMJ too) 24. Define cardiac output The volume of blood pumped out from each ventricle per minute. 25. Give the formula for calculating cardiac ejection fraction SV/EDV*100% 26. In the Frank-Starling graph, name the parameter in the X-axis. EDV 27. In the autoregulation graph for coronary circulation, state the Y-axis parameter. Blood flow 28. In the left ventricle, what does preload represent? EDV 29. In a single formula, relate ESV, EDV and SV. SV=EDV-ESV 30. What is the minimum pressure in left ventricle during diastole? Near to 0 mmHg

First Round C 31. What is meant by vagal tone to the resting heart? Resting heart rate mainly dependant on parasympathetic activity. 32. What external factor determines the normal vasomotor tone? Extrinsic nerve. Sympathetic activity. 33. Along which segment of circulation is the greatest drop in blood pressure? Arteriole 34. Which phase of cardiac cycle do you find the greatest drop in ventricular pressure? Isometric relaxation phase

35. Name the structure which electrical property ensures ventricle contract after atrial contraction. AV node 36. In cardiac failure, what change in starling force result in oedema? Capillary hydrostatic pressure 37. State accurately why is MAP 93mmHg for a 120/80 BP. Diastolic time is longer than systolic time 38. What compensation takes place in a ventricle of chronic hypertension? Hypertrophy 39. State the arterial blood vessel parameter that determines systolic blood pressure. Arterial compliance, stroke volume 40. What hormone contribute to increased blood flow to skeletal muscle during exercise? Adrenaline 41. Why is coronary blood flow to right ventricle more than left ventricle during systole? Greater ventricular compression in left ventricle 42. Why does stroke volume not increase linearly with increasing heart rate? HR increase, diastolic filling time increase 43. What ionic change in ECF can hyperpolarize cardiac muscle? hypokalemia 44. What electrical property of cardiac muscle explains why tetanus does not occur? Long refractory period 45. What is the ionic basis for absolute refractory period in cardiac muscle fibre? Inactivation of sodium voltage gated channel

First Round D 46. If cardiac output is 4 litre/min, and stroke volume is 50ml, what is its heart rate? 80bpm 47. If the total blood flow from left ventricle is 6 litre/min, what is the rate of blood flow to lung? Same 48. During a marathon, how does cardiac output and total peripheral resistance change? CO increase, TPR decrease 49. What percentage of body weight in kg is the total blood volume? 8% 50. What is the effect of sympathetic stimulation on the AV node?

Increase conduction of impulse 51. State the change in respiratory gas in myocardium that increases coronary blood flow. Decrease in oxygen partial pressure cause vasodilation 52. State the dominant local factor that affects cerebral vascular resistance. High partial pressure of CO2 53. What specific vascular response helps in body temperature during exercise? Cutaneous vasodilation 54. If blood flow from intestine to liver is obstructed, explain the changes in starlings forces. Increase in capillary hydrostatic pressure 55. Which organ has the highest rate of blood flow ml per min? Lung 56. Involvement of which specific channel accounts for prolonged ventricular action potential? Voltage gated calcium channel 57. In the body, comparing the diameter of capillaries and artery, why is the resistance in capillary higher when it is smaller in radius? Resistance is lower as many capillaries are in parallel ; only one artery 58. How can deep inspiration increase ventricular filling? Decrease in RAP/ central venous pressure 59. Why is there an insignificant pulling of blood in the arterial side of circulation? Vein has compliance, artery does not 60. How does venoconstriction increase venous blood flow? Decrease compliance of vein

Round 1 Tie Breaker 61. During exercise, what stimulus stimulates circulating adrenaline in the circulation? Sympathetic stimulation 62. What mechanism is known as heterometric regulation of the heart? Starlings law 63. At rest, what is the major control of vascular resistance in skeletal muscle? Sympathetic 64. What cell structure allows action potential to be transmitted further into cardiac muscle fibres? T-Tubule

Second Round 1

65. What major decrease in starlings force explains peripheral oedema in renal failure? Capillary oncotic pressure 66. How is arteriole vasodilation achieved by nerve activity? Less sympathetic stimulation 67. If cardiac ejection fraction is 60% and stroke volume is 60, what is EDV? 100 68. Which part of atrium shows sudden decrease in membrance potential caused by Ca2+ influx? SA node 69. Name the physical parameter that is inversely related to the changing profile of blood flow velocity from left to right heart? Total cross sectional area 70. In the autoregulation of cerebral circulation, name the parameter for X-axis. Perfusion pressure 71. What is the difference in blood pressure between the arteriolar and venule end of capillary? 15 mmHg 72. How does a decrease in effector activity from cardiovascular control center in brainstem affect the arteriolar resistance and venous resistance? Less sympathetic, reduce arteriolar resistance 73. During exercise, state 2 changes in autonomic nerve activity to SA node. Increase sympathetic, decrease parasympathetic 74. At the capillary, name the 2 forces that oppose filtration at the arteriole side. Capillary oncotic pressure and interstitial hydrostatic pressure 75. Name the non respiratory gas produced at blood vessel that reduces vascular resistance. Nitric oxide 76. At the capillary, state 2 forces that oppose reabsorption at the venule ends Capillary hydrostatic pressure and interstitial oncotic pressure 77. What is the unit for TPR? mmHg per ml per min 78. How does the parasympathetic stimulation affect the duration of pacemaker potential and the RR interval? Both longer 79. Rank in order : plasma oncotic pressure, interstitial hydrostatic pressure, venous pressure at venular end In ascending order, interstitial>venous>plasma

Second Round 2

80. Why does the diastolic blood pressure not increase as much as systolic blood pressure when jogging? 81. At the beginning of a 100m sprint, what specific neuro activity increases skeletal muscle blood flow? Sympathetic muscarinic cholinergic (acetylcholine) 82. Rank the volumes : haematocrit, plasma, interstitial fluid. In descending order, ISF>plasma>haematocrit 83. What effect of sympathetic activity increases capillary hydrostatic pressure? vasodilation 84. In myogenic autoregulation in cerebral circulation, state the compensation action when arteriole pressure decrease. Decrease in cerebral circulation resistance 85. In valsavas maneuver, how is venous return affected by intrathoracic pressure and RAP? Increase intrathoracic pressure and RAP 86. During exercise, how does increase in cardiac sympathetic activity increase coronary blood flow? Increase in cardiac metabolite vasodilatant 87. How does a decrease in baroreceptor reflex affect heart rate and ventricle contractility? Decrease heart rate and contractility 88. After T wave in ECG, what is the value of ventricle muscle membrane potential? -90mV 89. What represents afterload of right ventricle? Pulmonary arterial pressure 90. EDV, SV and ESV. State the action of adrenaline on each. SV increase, ESV decrease 91. State the expected direct effect of sympathetic on EDV and ESV. ESV decrease, EDV unchanged 92. What is the primary effect of sympathetic on venous haemodynamic parameter? Decrease venous capacitance 93. What percentage of ventricle is depolarized along ST segment? 100% 94. Which time portion along ECG represents ventricular diastolic phase? End of T to begin of Q

Second Round Tie Breaker 95. In a denervated transplanted heart, how may heart rate increase during exercise?

Adrenaline effect 96. Using heart sounds, define diastolic period. 2nd to 1st (S2 to S1)

Final Round 97. If systolic murmurs is heard due to narrowing of valve, name a possible valve. Aortic / pulmonary valve 98. Why does cardiac output not increase proportionally to heart rate? Diastolic time is shorten during high heart rate 99. What property of aorta produces the driving pressure for blood flow during diastole? Elasticity 100. During exercise, what is the positive inotropic effect on the heart due to? Sympathetic stimulation / adrenaline 101. How does deep breathing increase stroke volume? Reduce RAP, reduce venous return, reduce stroke volume 102. What specific binding at neurotransmitter receptor produces brachycardia? Cholinergic muscarinic 103. How does circulating adrenaline produce tachycardia? Bind to Beta adrenergic receptor at SA node 104. Along ECG, when does active ventricular filling occur? After P wave (atrial systole) 105. During fight or flight, state the change of blood flow to stomach, heart and kidney. Heart increase, stomach and kidney decrease 106. What specific electrical event increases interstitial K+ in myocardium during exercise? Action potential (mostly repolarisation) 107. State the relationship between blood flow and vascular radius. Blood flow is proportional to vascular radius. Porseuille's law(r^4) 108. State the relationship between cardiac electrical axis and ventricle hypertrophy. If left ventricle hypertrophy, electrical axis shift to left, vice versa 109. How will poor impulse transmission at purkinje fibre affect QRS wave on ECG? QRS complex longer 110. State the effect of vagal stimulation on PR interval. PR interval increases increases due to lower transmission at AV node 111. At rest, why is vascular resistance to skeletal muscle blood flow higher at high altitude?

Higher formation of RBC(secondary polycythaemia), increase viscosity, increase in vascular resistance