INFINITIVES // GERUNDS // THAT COMPLEMENTS // BARE INFINITIVES

INFINITIVES
1. AFTER CERTAIN VERBS: Persuade vbs, Want vbs, Believe vbs, Make vsb Ex. We agreed to go to the party 2. AFTER CERTAIN VERBS+object: I asked HER to come here 3. After all the forms of the verb to be (is/was...) My first thought WAS to phone her 4. TO EXPRESS PURPOSE: I came here TO TELL you that.... 5. AFTER To be + adj It was nice to see you again a. BE+ADJ+OF+Pronoun/Noun It is kind of you to help her. It is silly of her to refuse that job. 6. After THE FIRST/SECOND/LAST/BEST/ONLY+obj/ONE: He was the only one to pass the exam He was the only one to get an award. He was the last person to leave the building. 7. AFTER NOUNS/PRONOUNS (to indicate what something can be used for, or what we can do with it): There is a lot of work to do I havent anything to wear. The children need a garden to play 8. AFTER VBS + QUESTION WORDS I dont know what to do Can you tell me where to go?

9. AFTER TOO +ADJ: He is too ill to come. 10. AFTER ADJ+ENOUGH The garden isnt big enough to play games in it 11. AFTER IS / ARE TO DESCRIBE A FUTURE EVENT He is to become mayor next month.

GERUNDS
Verbs + Gerunds There are many verbs that are always followed by the gerund form. Here are some of the most important: admit advise avoid consider delay deny discuss dislike enjoy finish keep postpone practice recommend regret resist risk suggest tolerate

Examples: He avoided paying late fees on the account. She denied knowing anything about the crime. I postponed making a decision until Monday. She regrets not studying French in college. NOTE: Notice that the negative gerund form is 'not + verb + ing'. 1. SUBJECT OF A VERB Smoking is bad for you 2. OBJECT OF A VERB (direct/indirect) I like cooking. I give studying all of my energy.

3. Subject complement My first love is playing guitar. His favourite activity was waching TV 4. AFTER PREPOSITION

Object of a preposition: (adj+prep+ing)

accustomed to afraid of agree on bored with concerned about convinced of count on decide on depend on dedicated to disappointed in exposed to

filled with guilty of innocent of interested in insist on known for proud of remembered for scared of tired of upset with worried about

Examples: Im really interested in buying your car. She's interested in taking French lessons. The man was found guilty of committing the crime. Shes very good at listening to people VB+P.PRONOUN+Preposition+Gerund VB+POSSESSIVE+GERUND

I hope you forgave me for coming to you party without any notice. = I hope you forgave my (Alans) coming to your party without any notice. aggettivo possessivo (=my- s) *In American english you can also say:.....forgave ME(Alan) coming.... pronome personale/ Nome I thanked him for fixing my door. *I thanked his fixing my door. (not used) I appreciate his fixing my door. Pardon me for missing the target. Pardon my missing the target.! ***I hope you dont mind his (Jhons_AmeEng: Him/John_) coming here. (=for the fact that he is coming here) (anticipate, discuss, enjoy, imagine, remember, risk) Do you mind me smoking here? Do you mind my smoking here?

5. AFTER DETERMINERS (a, this, the, some, a lot of) The bombing of civilians horrified everyone.

6. AFTER ADJECTIVES Regular swimming is very good for you. It was awful working there 7. In certain expressions: Its no use trying to help her (***there is no purpose/no point in doing something because you cannot succeed) Its this for peeling vegetables? We usually go fishing at the weekend. ( go bowling - go camping - go dancing - go hiking)

8. After Phrasal Verbs: Gerunds are used with phrasal verbs that end in prepositions. Phrasal verbs are verb phrases which are made up of two or more words, generally the verb plus one or two prepositions. Not all phrasal verbs combine with other verbs. Here are some of the most common phrasal verbs that do combine with other verbs in the gerund form: bring about call off check into cut out figure out get over look into put off take over Examples: The coach called off practicing for the day. Tom looked into finding a new job. She took a long time to get over losing her dog. ***Subject Complement: Phrase that follows a linking verb (copula: essere) and modifies the subject renaiming it or describing it. Ex. The best part of life is learning new things

BARE INFINITIVES
USES: 1. AFTER MODALS and DO AUXILIARS (do//did) You MUST come They may arrive soon Did you pass the exam?

2. AFTER LETS Lets go home Lets bake a cake 3. AFTER A NOUN/PRONOUN (SUBJECT)make vbs He made/ me come here. In many states, parents are liable for their child's negligent driving, when they let their child use the family car. 4. AFTER WOULD RATHER... I would rather walk there than take the bus 5. AFTER HAD BETTER We had better go home now 6. AFTER WHY NOT....?? Why not phone her immediately?? Ah, life is a gate, a way, a path to Paradise anyway, why not live for fun and joy and love or some sort of girl by a fireside, why not go to your desire and LAUGH... Jack Kerouac 7. AFTER THE VERB HELP (to infinitive/bare infinitive) Can you help me (to) open this box?

VERBS OF PERCEPTION +Present Participle or +BARE INFINITIVE

SEE, NOTICE, LOOK AT, WATCH, FEEL, HEAR, LISTEN TO, WITNESS, OBSERVE, TASTE can be follew by -ing or bare infinitive ***The verb Smell can only be followed by -ing

The use of the -ing form describes the action in progress Ex. I watched her playing tennis

I saw him crossing the road (It means I saw only the part of action. An action expressed by the infinitive is a complete action) I saw him cross the road (It means I saw the whole action). We heard the baby crying Verbs of sensation can be followed by either present participle or infinitive, but the meaning has been changed. An action expressed by the present participle means that the action is not completely seen or heard, meanwhile if the action expressed is in infinitive, it means that the whole action is completely seen or heard.

Le differenze piu comuni che ci possono essere nelluso del Present progressive e del bare infinitive sono:

PRESENT PROGRESSIVE: Repeated Action: I saw Maggie tapping her feet to the music = azioni ripetute BARE INFINITIVE: Single Instance: I saw Maggie tap her feet to the music.=1 azione Questa differenza di significato la abbiamo di solito con verbi che indicano azioni brevi: tap, blink, hit, kick, shoot, slap..

PRESENT PROGRESSIVE: In-progress Action: I saw the boy drowning in the pool so I jumped in and saved his life. BARE INFINITIVE: Completed Action: ***I saw the boy drown in the pool so I jumped in and saved his life.

WE NEVER USE THE BARE INFINITIVE: With certain verbs such as: Discover, Find, catch, leave, spend, waste, go, keep (+ object) + P. participle

Examples: They found me picking oranges. I caught her looking on my desk. I wasted a lot of time waiting for you at home. She caught me staring at her boy friend

Particularly, with go and come we can use the participle of verbs of physical activity; such as: dancing, riding, sailing, shopping, etc. Examples: Come dancing with me on the stage They go shopping