Sbe SM13

Chapter 13
Analysis of Variance and

Experimental Design
Learning Objectives
1.
Understand how the analysis of variance procedure can be used to determine if the means of more
than two populations are equal.
2.
Know the assumptions necessary to use the analysis of variance procedure.
3.
Understand the use of the F distribution in performing the analysis of variance procedure.
4.
Know how to set up an ANOVA table and interpret the entries in the table.
5.
Be able to use output from computer software packages to solve analysis of variance problems.
6.
Know how to use Fishers least significant difference (LSD) procedure and Fishers LSD with the
Bonferroni adjustment to conduct statistical comparisons between pairs of populations means.
7.
Understand the difference between a completely randomized design, a randomized block design, and
factorial experiments.
8.
Know the definition of the following terms:

comparisonwise Type I error rate
experimentwise Type I error rate
factor
level
treatment
replication
partitioning
blocking
main effect
interaction
13 - 1
Chapter 13
Solutions:
1.
a.
x = (30 + 45 + 36)/3 = 37
k
SSTR = n j x j x
j =1
= 5(30 - 37)2 + 5(45 - 37)2 + 5(36 - 37)2 = 570
MSTR = SSTR /(k - 1) = 570/2 = 285

k
b.
SSE = (n j 1) s 2j = 4(6) + 4(4) + 4(6.5) = 66

j =1
MSE = SSE /(nT - k) = 66/(15 - 3) = 5.5

c.
F = MSTR /MSE = 285/5.5 = 51.82

Using F table (2 degrees of freedom numerator and 12 denominator), p-value is less than .01
Actual p-value = .0000
Because p-value = .05, we reject the null hypothesis that the means of the three populations are
equal.
d.
Source of Variation
Treatments
Error
Total
2.
a.
Sum of Squares
570
66
636
Degrees of Freedom
2
12
14
Mean Square
285
5.5
F
51.82
x = (153 + 169 + 158)/3 = 160

k
SSTR = n j x j x
j =1
= 4(153 - 160)2 + 4(169 - 160) 2 + 4(158 - 160) 2 = 536
MSTR = SSTR /(k - 1) = 536/2 = 268

k
b.
SSE = (n j 1) s 2j = 3(96.67) + 3(97.33) +3(82.00) = 828.00

j =1
MSE = SSE /(nT - k) = 828.00 /(12 - 3) = 92.00

c.
F = MSTR /MSE = 268/92 = 2.91

Using F table (2 degrees of freedom numerator and 9 denominator), p-value is greater than .10
Because p-value > = .05, we cannot reject the null hypothesis.
13 - 2
Analysis of Variance and Experimental Design
d.
Source of Variation
Treatments
Error
Total
3.
a.
x=
Sum of Squares
536
828
1364
Degrees of Freedom
2
9
11
Mean Square
268
92
F
2.91
4(100) + 6(85) + 5(79)

= 87
15
k
SSTR = n j x j x
j =1
= 4(100 - 87) 2 + 6(85 - 87) 2 + 5(79 - 87) 2 = 1,020
MSTR = SSB /(k - 1) = 1,020/2 = 510

k
b.
SSE = (n j 1) s 2j = 3(35.33) + 5(35.60) + 4(43.50) = 458

j =1
MSE = SSE /(nT - k) = 458/(15 - 3) = 38.17

c.
F = MSTR /MSE = 510/38.17 = 13.36

equal.
d.
4.
Source of Variation
Treatments
Error
Total
Sum of Squares
1020
458
1478
Degrees of Freedom
2
12
14
Mean Square
510
38.17
F
13.36
Source of Variation
Treatments
Error
Total
Sum of Squares
1200
300
1500
Degrees of Freedom
3
60
63
Mean Square
400
5
F
80
a.
b.
Because p-value = .05, we reject the null hypothesis that the means of the 4 populations are
equal.
5.
a.
Source of Variation
Treatments
Error
Total
Sum of Squares
120
216
336
Degrees of Freedom
2
72
74
13 - 3
Mean Square
60
3
F
20
Chapter 13
b.
Using F table (2 numerator degrees of freedom and 72 denominator), p-value is less than .01
Because p-value = .05, we reject the null hypothesis that the 3 population means are equal.
6.
Manufacturer 1
23
6.67
Sample Mean
Sample Variance
Manufacturer 2
28
4.67
Manufacturer 3
21
3.33
x = (23 + 28 + 21)/3 = 24
k
SSTR = n j x j x
j =1
= 4(23 - 24) 2 + 4(28 - 24) 2 + 4(21 - 24) 2 = 104
MSTR = SSTR /(k - 1) = 104/2 = 52

k
SSE = (n j 1) s 2j = 3(6.67) + 3(4.67) + 3(3.33) = 44.01

j =1
MSE = SSE /(nT - k) = 44.01/(12 - 3) = 4.89

F = MSTR /MSE = 52/4.89 = 10.63
Because p-value = .05, we reject the null hypothesis that the mean time needed to mix a batch
of material is the same for each manufacturer.
7.
Superior
5.75
1.64
Sample Mean
Sample Variance
Peer
5.5
2.00
Subordinate
5.25
1.93
x = (5.75 + 5.5 + 5.25)/3 = 5.5

k
SSTR = n j x j x
j =1
= 8(5.75 - 5.5) 2 + 8(5.5 - 5.5) 2 + 8(5.25 - 5.5) 2 = 1
MSTR = SSTR /(k - 1) = 1/2 = .5

k
SSE = (n j 1) s 2j = 7(1.64) + 7(2.00) + 7(1.93) = 38.99

j =1
MSE = SSE /(nT - k) = 38.99/21 = 1.86

F = MSTR /MSE = 0.5/1.86 = 0.27
13 - 4
Because p-value > = .05, we cannot reject the null hypothesis that the means of the three
populations are equal; thus, the source of information does not significantly affect the dissemination
of the information.
8.
Marketing
Managers
5
.8
Sample Mean
Sample Variance
Marketing
Research
4.5
.3
Advertising
6
.4
x = (5 + 4.5 + 6)/3 = 5.17

k
SSTR = n j x j x
j =1
= 6(5 - 5.17)2 + 6(4.5 - 5.17) 2 + 6(6 - 5.17) 2 = 7.00
MSTR = SSTR /(k - 1) = 7.00/2 = 3.5

k
SSE = (n j 1) s 2j = 5(.8) + 5(.3) + 5(.4) = 7.50

j =1
MSE = SSE /(nT - k) = 7.50/(18 - 3) = .5

F = MSTR /MSE = 3.5/.50 = 7.00
Because p-value = .05, we reject the null hypothesis that the mean perception score is the same
for the three groups of specialists.
9.
Real Estate
Agent
67.73
117.72
Sample Mean
Sample Variance
Architect
61.13
180.10
Stockbroker
65.80
137.12
x = (67.73 + 61.13 + 65.80)/3 = 64.89

k
SSTR = n j x j x
j =1
= 15(67.73 - 64.89) 2 + 15(61.13 - 64.89) 2 + 15(65.80 - 64.89) 2 = 345.47
MSTR = SSTR /(k - 1) = 345.47/2 = 172.74

k
SSE = (n j 1) s 2j = 14(117.72) + 14(180.10) + 14(137.12) = 6089.16

j =1
13 - 5
Chapter 13
MSE = SSE /(nT - k) = 6089.16/(45-3) = 144.98

F = MSTR /MSE = 172.74/144.98 = 1.19
Because p-value > = .05, we cannot reject the null hypothesis that the job stress ratings are the
same for the three occupations.
10.
The Minitab output is shown below:

Analysis of Variance
Source
DF
SS
Factor
2
226.1
Error
21
640.8
Total
23
866.9
Level
Small
Medium
Large
N
8
8
8
Pooled StDev =
Mean
92.200
89.650
84.800
MS
113.0
30.5
StDev
6.365
4.973
5.129
5.524
F
3.70
P
0.042
Individual 95% CIs For Mean

Based on Pooled StDev
---------+---------+---------+------(-------*--------)
(-------*-------)
(--------*-------)
---------+---------+---------+------85.0
90.0
95.0
Because p-value = .05, we reject the null hypothesis that the mean service ratings are equal.
11. a
1 1
1 1
LSD = t / 2 MSE + = t.025 5.5 + = 2.179 2.2 = 3.23
ni n j
5 5
x1 x2 = 30 45 = 15 > LSD; significant difference

b.
1 1
x1 x2 t / 2 MSE +
n1 n2
1 1
(30 45) 2.179 5.5 +
5 5
-15 3.23 = -18.23 to -11.77
12. a.
Sample Mean
Sample Variance
Sample 1
51
96.67
Sample 2
77
97.34
13 - 6
Sample 3
58
81.99
x = (51 + 77 + 58)/3 = 62
k
SSTR = n j x j x
j =1
= 4(51 - 62) 2 +4(77 - 62) 2 + 4(58 - 62) 2 = 1,448
MSTR = SSTR /(k - 1) = 1,448/2 = 724

k
SSE = (n j 1) s 2j = 3(96.67) + 3(97.34) + 3(81.99) = 828

j =1
MSE = SSE /(nT - k) = 828/(12 - 3) = 92

F = MSTR /MSE = 724/92 = 7.87
Using F table (2 degrees of freedom numerator and 9 denominator), p-value is between .01 and .025
equal.
b.
1 1
1 1
LSD = t / 2 MSE + = t.025 92 + = 2.262 46 = 15.34
ni n j
4 4

x1 x3 = 51 58 = 7 < LSD; no significant difference
13.
1 1
1 1
LSD = t / 2 MSE + = t.025 4.89 + = 2.262 2.45 = 3.54
4 4
n1 n3
Since x1 x3 = 23 21 = 2 < 3.54, there does not appear to be any significant difference between
the means of population 1 and population 3.
14.
x1 x2 LSD
23 - 28 3.54
-5 3.54 = -8.54 to -1.46
15.
Since there are only 3 possible pairwise comparisons we will use the Bonferroni adjustment.
= .05/3 = .017
t.017/2 = t.0085 which is approximately t.01 = 2.602
13 - 7
Chapter 13
1 1
1 1
BSD = 2.602 MSE + = 2.602 .5 + = 1.06
ni n j
6 6
x1 x2 = 5 4.5 = .5 < 1.06; no significant difference

x1 x3 = 5 6 = 1 < 1.06; no significant difference
x2 x3 = 4.5 6 = 1.5 > 1.06; significant difference
16. a.
Machine 1
7.1
1.21
Sample Mean
Sample Variance
Machine 2
9.1
.93
Machine 3
9.9
.70
Machine 4
11.4
1.02
x = (7.1 + 9.1 + 9.9 + 11.4)/4 = 9.38

k
SSTR = n j x j x
j =1
= 6(7.1 - 9.38) 2 + 6(9.1 - 9.38) 2 + 6(9.9 - 9.38) 2 + 6(11.4 - 9.38) 2 = 57.77
MSTR = SSTR /(k - 1) = 57.77/3 = 19.26

k
SSE = (n j 1) s 2j = 5(1.21) + 5(.93) + 5(.70) + 5(1.02) = 19.30

j =1
MSE = SSE /(nT - k) = 19.30/(24 - 4) = .97

F = MSTR /MSE = 19.26/.97 = 19.86
Because p-value = .05, we reject the null hypothesis that the mean time between breakdowns is
the same for the four machines.
b.
Note: t /2 is based upon 20 degrees of freedom

1 1
1 1
LSD = t / 2 MSE + = t.025 0.97 + = 2.086 .3233 = 1.19
ni n j
6 6
x2 x4 = 9.1 11.4 = 2.3 > LSD; significant difference
17.
C = 6 [(1,2), (1,3), (1,4), (2,3), (2,4), (3,4)]
= .05/6 = .008 and /2 = .004

Since the smallest value for /2 in the t table is .005, we will use t.005 = 2.845 as an approximation
for t.004 (20 degrees of freedom)
13 - 8
1 1
BSD = 2.845 0.97 + = 1.62
6 6
Thus, if the absolute value of the difference between any two sample means exceeds 1.62, there is
sufficient evidence to reject the hypothesis that the corresponding population means are equal.
Means
| Difference |
Significant ?
18.
(1,2)
2
Yes
(1,3)
2.8
Yes
(1,4)
4.3
Yes
(2,3)
0.8
No
(2,4)
2.3
Yes
(3,4)
1.5
No
n1 = 8 n2 = 8 n3 = 8
t /2 is based upon 21 degrees of freedom
1 1
LSD = t.025 30.5 + = 2.080 7.6250 = 5.74
8 8
Comparing Small and Medium
92.20 89.65 = 2.55 < LSD; no significant difference
Comparing Small and Large
92.20 84.80 = 7.40 > LSD; significant difference
Comparing Medium and Large
89.65 84.80 = 4.85 < LSD; no significant difference
19. a.
x = (156 + 142 + 134)/3 = 144

k
SSTR = n j x j x
j =1
= 6(156 - 144) 2 + 6(142 - 144) 2 + 6(134 - 144) 2 = 1,488
b.
MSTR = SSTR /(k - 1) = 1488/2 = 744
c.
s12 = 164.4
s22 = 131.2
s32 = 110.4
SSE = (n j 1) s 2j = 5(164.4) + 5(131.2) +5(110.4) = 2030

j =1
d.
MSE = SSE /(nT - k) = 2030/(12 - 3) = 135.3
e.
F = MSTR /MSE = 744/135.3 = 5.50

Using F table (2 degrees of freedom numerator and 15 denominator), p-value is between .01 and .
025
13 - 9
Chapter 13

Because p-value = .05, we reject the hypothesis that the means for the three treatments are
equal.
20. a.
Source of Variation
Treatments
Error
Total
b.
Sum of Squares
1488
2030
3518
Degrees of Freedom
2
15
17
Mean Square
744
135.3
F
5.50
Mean Square
75
5.33
F
14.07
1 1
1 1
LSD = t / 2 MSE + = 2.131 135.3 + = 14.31
ni n j
6 6
|156-142| = 14 < 14.31; no significant difference

|156-134| = 22 > 14.31; significant difference
|142-134| = 8 < 14.31; no significant difference
21.
Source of Variation
Treatments
Error
Total
22. a.
Sum of Squares
300
160
460
Degrees of Freedom
4
30
34
H0: u1 = u2 = u3 = u4 = u5
Ha: Not all the population means are equal
b.
Because p-value = .05, we reject H0
23.
Source of Variation
Treatments
Error
Total
Sum of Squares
150
250
400
Degrees of Freedom
2
16
18
Mean Square
75
15.63
F
4.80
025
Because p-value = .05, we reject the null hypothesis that the means of the three treatments are
equal.
13 - 10
24.
Source of Variation
Treatments
Error
Total
Sum of Squares
1200
600
1800
Degrees of Freedom
2
44
46
Mean Square
600
13.64
F
43.99
Because p-value = .05, we reject the hypothesis that the treatment means are equal.
25.
A
119
146.89
Sample Mean
Sample Variance
x=
B
107
96.43
C
100
173.78
8(119) + 10(107) + 10(100)

= 107.93
28
k
SSTR = n j x j x
j =1
= 8(119 - 107.93) 2 + 10(107 - 107.93) 2 + 10(100 - 107.93) 2 = 1617.9
MSTR = SSTR /(k - 1) = 1617.9 /2 = 809.95

k
SSE = (n j 1) s 2j = 7(146.86) + 9(96.44) + 9(173.78) = 3,460

j =1
MSE = SSE /(nT - k) = 3,460 /(28 - 3) = 138.4

F = MSTR /MSE = 809.95 /138.4 = 5.85
equal.
26. a.
Source of Variation
Treatments
Error
Total
b.
Sum of Squares
4560
6240
10800
Degrees of Freedom
2
27
29
Mean Square
2280
231.11
F
9.87
13 - 11
Chapter 13
Because p-value = .05, we reject the null hypothesis that the means of the three assembly
methods are equal.
27.
Source of Variation
Between
Error
Total
Sum of Squares
61.64
23.41
85.05
Degrees of Freedom
3
20
23
Mean Square
20.55
1.17
F
17.56
Because p-value = .05, we reject the null hypothesis that the mean breaking strength of the four
cables is the same.
28.
50
33
32
Sample Mean
Sample Variance
60
29
17.5
70
28
9.5
x = (33 + 29 + 28)/3 = 30
k
SSTR = n j x j x
j =1
= 5(33 - 30) 2 + 5(29 - 30) 2 + 5(28 - 30) 2 = 70
MSTR = SSTR /(k - 1) = 70 /2 = 35

k
SSE = (n j 1) s 2j = 4(32) + 4(17.5) + 4(9.5) = 236

j =1
MSE = SSE /(nT - k) = 236 /(15 - 3) = 19.67

F = MSTR /MSE = 35 /19.67 = 1.78
Because p-value > = .05, we cannot reject the null hypothesis that the mean yields for the three
temperatures are equal.
29.
Sample Mean
Sample Variance
Direct
Experience
17.0
5.01
x = (17 + 20.4 + 25)/3 = 20.8
13 - 12
Indirect
Experience
20.4
6.26
Combination
25.0
4.01
SSTR = n j x j x
j =1
= 7(17 - 20.8) 2 + 7(20.4 - 20.8) 2 + 7(25 - 20.8) 2 = 225.68
MSTR = SSTR /(k - 1) = 225.68 /2 = 112.84

k
SSE = (n j 1) s 2j = 6(5.01) + 6(6.26) + 6(4.01) = 91.68

j =1
MSE = SSE /(nT - k) = 91.68 /(21 - 3) = 5.09

F = MSTR /MSE = 112.84 /5.09 = 22.17
Because p-value = .05, we reject the null hypothesis that the means for the three groups are
equal.
30.
Paint 1
13.3
47.5
Sample Mean
Sample Variance
Paint 2
139
.50
Paint 3
136
21
Paint 4
144
54.5
x = (133 + 139 + 136 + 144)/3 = 138

k
SSTR = n j x j x
j =1
= 5(133 - 138) 2 + 5(139 - 138) 2 + 5(136 - 138) 2 + 5(144 - 138) 2 = 330
MSTR = SSTR /(k - 1) = 330 /3 = 110

k
SSE = (n j 1) s 2j = 4(47.5) + 4(50) + 4(21) + 4(54.5) = 692

j =1
MSE = SSE /(nT - k) = 692 /(20 - 4) = 43.25

F = MSTR /MSE = 110 /43.25 = 2.54
Because p-value > = .05, we cannot reject the null hypothesis that the mean drying times for the
four paints are equal.
31.
Sample Mean
Sample Variance
A
20
1
B
21
25
x = (20 + 21 + 25)/3 = 22
13 - 13
C
25
2.5
Chapter 13
SSTR = n j x j x
j =1
= 5(20 - 22) 2 + 5(21 - 22) 2 + 5(25 - 22) 2 = 70
MSTR = SSTR /(k - 1) = 70 /2 = 35

k
SSE = (n j 1) s 2j = 4(1) + 4(2.5) + 4(2.5) = 24

j =1
MSE = SSE /(nT - k) = 24 /(15 - 3) = 2

F = MSTR /MSE = 35 /2 = 17.5
Because p-value = .05, we reject the null hypothesis that the mean miles per gallon ratings are
the same for the three automobiles.
32.
Note: degrees of freedom for t /2 are 18

1 1
1 1
LSD = t / 2 MSE + = t.025 5.09 + = 2.101 1.4543 = 2.53
ni n j
7 7
x1 x2 = 17.0 20.4 = 3.4 > 2.53; significant difference

x1 x3 = 17.0 25.0 = 8 > 2.53; significant difference
x2 x3 = 20.4 25 = 4.6 > 2.53; significant difference
33.
Note: degrees of freedom for t /2 are 12

1 1
1 1
LSD = t / 2 MSE + = t.025 2 + = 2.179 .8 = 1.95
ni n j
5 5
x1 x2 = 20 21 = 1 < 1.95; no significant difference

x1 x3 = 20 25 = 5 > 1.95; significant difference
x2 x3 = 21 25 = 4 > 1.95; significant difference
34.
Treatment Means:
xg1 = 13.6 xg2 = 11.0
xg3 = 10.6
13 - 14
Block Means:
x1g = 9 x2 g = 7.67
x3g = 15.67
x4 g = 18.67
x5g = 7.67
Overall Mean:
x = 176/15 = 11.73
Step 1
SST = xij x
i
= (10 - 11.73) 2 + (9 - 11.73) 2 + + (8 - 11.73) 2 = 354.93
Step 2
SSTR = b xgj x
j
= 5 [ (13.6 - 11.73) 2 + (11.0 - 11.73) 2 + (10.6 - 11.73) 2 ] = 26.53
Step 3
SSBL = k xi g x
i
= 3 [ (9 - 11.73) 2 + (7.67 - 11.73) 2 + (15.67 - 11.73) 2 +

(18.67 - 11.73) 2 + (7.67 - 11.73) 2 ] = 312.32
Step 4
SSE = SST - SSTR - SSBL = 354.93 - 26.53 - 312.32 = 16.08
Source of Variation
Treatments
Blocks
Error
Total
Sum of Squares
26.53
312.32
16.08
354.93
Degrees of Freedom
2
4
8
14
Mean Square
13.27
78.08
2.01
F
6.60
equal.
35.
Source of Variation
Treatments
Blocks
Error
Total
Sum of Squares
310
85
35
430
Degrees of Freedom
4
2
8
14
Mean Square
77.5
42.5
4.38
F
17.69
13 - 15
Chapter 13

Because p-value = .05, we reject the null hypothesis that the means of the treatments are equal.
36.
Source of Variation
Treatments
Blocks
Error
Total
Sum of Squares
900
400
500
1800
Degrees of Freedom
3
7
21
31
Mean Square
300
57.14
23.81
F
12.60
Because p-value = .05, we reject the null hypothesis that the means of the treatments are equal.
37.
Treatment Means:
xg1 = 56 xg2 = 44
Block Means:
x1g = 46 x2 g = 49.5
x3g = 54.5
Overall Mean:
x = 300/6 = 50
Step 1
SST = xij x
i
= (50 - 50) 2 + (42 - 50) 2 + + (46 - 50) 2 = 310
Step 2
SSTR = b xgj x
j
= 3 [ (56 - 50) 2 + (44 - 50) 2 ] = 216
Step 3
SSBL = k xi g x
i
= 2 [ (46 - 50) 2 + (49.5 - 50) 2 + (54.5 - 50) 2 ] = 73
13 - 16
Step 4
SSE = SST - SSTR - SSBL = 310 - 216 - 73 = 21
Source of Variation
Treatments
Blocks
Error
Total
Sum of Squares
216
73
21
310
Degrees of Freedom
1
2
2
5
Mean Square
216
36.5
10.5
F
20.57
Using F table (1 degree of freedom numerator and 2 denominator), p-value is between .025 and .05
Because p-value = .05, we reject the null hypothesis that the mean tune-up times are the same
for both analyzers.
38.
Source of Variation
Treatments
Blocks
Error
Total
Sum of Squares
45
36
19
100
Degrees of Freedom
4
3
12
19
Mean Square
11.25
12
1.58
F
7.12
Because p-value = .05, we reject the null hypothesis that the mean total audit times for the five
auditing procedures are equal.
39.
Treatment Means:
xg1 = 16 xg2 = 15
xg3 = 21
Block Means:
x1g = 18.67 x2 g = 19.33
x3g = 15.33
x4 g = 14.33
x5g = 19
Overall Mean:
x = 260/15 = 17.33
Step 1
SST = xij x
i
= (16 - 17.33) 2 + (16 - 17.33) 2 + + (22 - 17.33) 2 = 175.33
Step 2
SSTR = b xgj x
j
= 5 [ (16 - 17.33) 2 + (15 - 17.33) 2 + (21 - 17.33) 2 ] = 103.33
13 - 17
Chapter 13
Step 3
SSBL = k xi g x
i
= 3 [ (18.67 - 17.33) 2 + (19.33 - 17.33) 2 + + (19 - 17.33) 2 ] = 64.75
Step 4
SSE = SST - SSTR - SSBL = 175.33 - 103.33 - 64.75 = 7.25
Source of Variation
Treatments
Blocks
Error
Total
Sum of Squares
100.33
64.75
7.25
175.33
Degrees of Freedom
2
4
8
14
Mean Square
51.67
16.19
.91
F
56.78
Because p-value = .05, we reject the null hypothesis that the mean times for the three systems
are equal.
40.
The Minitab output for these data is shown below:

Source
DF
SS
Factor
3
19805
Error
36
10744
Total
39
30550
Level
Tread
ArmCrank
Shovel
SnowThro
N
10
10
10
10
Pooled StDev =
Mean
178.00
171.00
175.00
123.60
MS
6602
298
StDev
16.77
18.89
14.80
18.36
17.28
F
22.12
P
0.000

-----+---------+---------+---------+(---*----)
(---*----)
(---*---)
(---*----)
-----+---------+---------+---------+125
150
175
200
Because p-value =.05, we reject the null hypothesis that the mean heart rate for the four methods
are equal.
41.
13 - 18
Factor B
Level 1
Level 2
Factor A
Level 3
Means
Level 1
x11 = 150
x12 = 78
x13 = 84
x1g = 104
Level 2
x21 = 110
x22 = 116
x23 = 128
x2 g = 118
xg1 = 130
xg2 = 97
xg3 = 106
x = 111
Factor A
Factor B Means
Step 1
SST = xijk x
i
= (135 - 111) 2 + (165 - 111) 2 + + (136 - 111) 2 = 9,028
Step 2
SSA = br x j g x
i
= 3 (2) [ (104 - 111) 2 + (118 - 111) 2 ] = 588
Step 3
SSB = ar xgj x
j
= 2 (2) [ (130 - 111) 2 + (97 - 111) 2 + (106 - 111) 2 ] = 2,328
Step 4
SSAB = r xij xi g xgj + x

i
= 2 [ (150 - 104 - 130 + 111) 2 + (78 - 104 - 97 + 111) 2 +

+ (128 - 118 - 106 + 111) 2 ] = 4,392
Step 5
SSE = SST - SSA - SSB - SSAB = 9,028 - 588 - 2,328 - 4,392 = 1,720
Source of Variation
Factor A
Factor B
Interaction
Error
Total
Sum of Squares
588
2328
4392
1720
9028
Degrees of Freedom
1
2
2
6
11
Mean Square
588
1164
2196
286.67
F
2.05
4.06
7.66
Factor A: F = 2.05
Using F table (1 degree of freedom numerator and 6 denominator), p-value is greater than .10
Because p-value > = .05, Factor A is not significant
13 - 19
Chapter 13
Factor B: F = 4.06
Because p-value > = .05, Factor B is not significant
Interaction: F = 7.66
Because p-value = .05, Interaction is significant
42.
Source of Variation
Factor A
Factor B
Interaction
Error
Total
Sum of Squares
26
23
175
56
280
Degrees of Freedom
3
2
6
24
35
Mean Square
8.67
11.50
29.17
2.33
F
3.72
4.94
12.52
Using F table for Factor A (3 degrees of freedom numerator and 24 denominator), p-value is .025
Because p-value = .05, Factor A is significant.
Using F table for Factor B (2 degrees of freedom numerator and 24 denominator), p-value is
between .01 and .025
Because p-value = .05, Factor B is significant.
Using F table for Interaction (6 degrees of freedom numerator and 24 denominator), p-value is less
than .01
Because p-value = .05, Interaction is significant
43.
13 - 20

Factor B
Small
Factor B
Large
Means
x11 = 10
x12 = 10
x1g = 10
Factor A B
x21 = 18
x22 = 28
x2 g = 23
x31 = 14
x32 = 16
x3g = 15
Means
xg1 = 14
xg2 = 18
x = 16
Factor B
Step 1
SST = xijk x
i
= (8 - 16) 2 + (12 - 16) 2 + (12 - 16) 2 + + (14 - 16) 2 = 544
Step 2
SSA = br xi g x
i
= 2 (2) [ (10- 16) 2 + (23 - 16) 2 + (15 - 16) 2 ] = 344
Step 3
SSB = ar xgj x
j
= 3 (2) [ (14 - 16) 2 + (18 - 16) 2 ] = 48
Step 4

i
= 2 [ (10 - 10 - 14 + 16) 2 + + (16 - 15 - 18 +16) 2 ] = 56
Step 5
SSE = SST - SSA - SSB - SSAB = 544 - 344 - 48 - 56 = 96
Source of Variation
Factor A
Factor B
Interaction
Error
Total
Sum of Squares
344
48
56
96
544
Degrees of Freedom
2
1
2
6
11
Mean Square
172
48
28
16
F
172/16 = 10.75
48/16 = 3.00
28/16 = 1.75
Using F table for Factor A (2 degrees of freedom numerator and 6 denominator), p-value is
between .01 and .025
13 - 21
Chapter 13
Because p-value = .05, Factor A is significant; there is a difference due to the type of
advertisement design.
Using F table for Factor B (1 degree of freedom numerator and 6 denominator), p-value is greater
than .01
Because p-value > = .05, Factor B is not significant; there is not a significant difference due to
size of advertisement.
Using F table for Interaction (2 degrees of freedom numerator and 6 denominator), p-value is greater
than .10
Because p-value > = .05, Interaction is not significant.
44.
Roller
Coaster
Factor B
Screaming
Demon
Log
Flume
Factor A
Means
Method 1
x11 = 42
x12 = 48
x13 = 48
x1g = 46
Method 2
x21 = 50
x22 = 48
x23 = 46
x2 g = 48
Means
xg1 = 46
xg2 = 48
xg3 = 47
x = 47
Factor A
Factor B
Step 1
SST = xijk x
i
= (41 - 47) 2 + (43 - 47) 2 + + (44 - 47) 2 = 136
Step 2
SSA = br xi g x
i
= 3 (2) [ (46 - 47) 2 + (48 - 47) 2 ] = 12
Step 3
SSB = ar xgj x
j
= 2 (2) [ (46 - 47) 2 + (48 - 47) 2 + (47 - 47) 2 ] = 8
Step 4
13 - 22

i
= 2 [ (41 - 46 - 46 + 47) 2 + + (44 - 48 - 47 + 47) 2 ] = 56
Step 5
Source of Variation
Factor A
Factor B
Interaction
Error
Total
Sum of Squares
12
8
56
60
136
Degrees of Freedom
1
2
2
6
11
Mean Square
12
4
28
10
F
12/10 = 1.2
4/10 = .4
28/10 = 2.8
Using F table for Factor A (1 degree of freedom numerator and 6 denominator), p-value is greater
than .10
Because p-value > = .05, Factor A is not significant
Using F table for Factor B (2 degrees of freedom numerator and 6 denominator), p-value is greater
than .10
Because p-value > = .05, Factor B is not significant
Using F table for Interaction (2 degrees of freedom numerator and 6 denominator), p-value is greater
than .10
Because p-value > = .05, Interaction is not significant
45.
Factor B
Male
Factor A
Female
Factor B
Means
Factor A
Under junior
high school
Senior high
school
above college
x11 =29.5114
x12 =35.2943
x13 =50.3092
x 21 =20.6957
x 1 =25.1036
x 22 =27.1644
x2 =31.2294
x 23 = 42.053
Step 1
13 - 23
x3 =46.1809
Means
x1 =38.3716
x 2 =29.9709
x =34.1713
Chapter 13
SST = xijk x
i
=(28.0559 - 34.1713 ) 2 + (29.0387 - 34.1713) 2 + + (49.0288 34.1713) 2

= 3,270.7354
Step 2
SSA = br xi g x
i
= 3(2) [(38.3716 - 34.1713 ) 2 + (29.9709 - 34.1713 ) 2] = 211.7166
Step 3
SSB = ar xgj x
j
= 2(2) [(25.1036 - 34.1713) 2 + (31.2294 - 34.1713) 2 + (46.1809 - 34.1713) 2]

= 940.4381
Step 4

i
= 2[(29.5114 - 38.3716 - 25.1036 + 34.1713 ) 2 + + (42.0526

- 29.9709 - 46.1809 + 34.1713) 2] = 0.2663
13 - 24
Step 5
SSE = SST - SSA - SSB - SSAB = 2,118.3143
Source of Variation
Factor A
Factor B
Interaction
Error
Total
Sum of
Squares
211.7166
940.4381
0.2663
2,118.3143
3,270.7353
Degrees of Freedom
1
2
2
24
29
Mean Square
211.7166
470.2191
0.1332
88.2631
F
2.3987
5.3275
0.0015
Using F table for Factor A (1 degree of freedom numerator and 24 denominator), p-value is greater
than .1
Because p-value > = .05, Factor A (gender) is not significant
Using F table for Factor B (2 degrees of freedom numerator and 24 denominator), p-value is less
than .05
Because p-value = .05, Factor B (educational level) is significant
Using F table for Interaction (2 degrees of freedom numerator and 24 denominator), p-value is
greater than .9
Actual p-value =.9985
Because p-value > = .05, Interaction is not significant
46.
x1g = (1.13 + 1.56 + 2.00)/3 = 1.563

x2 g = (0.48 + 1.68 + 2.86)/3 = 1.673
xg1 = (1.13 + 0.48)/2 = 0.805
xg2 = (1.56 + 1.68)/2 = 1.620
xg3 = (2.00 + 2.86)/2 = 2.43
x = (1.13 + 1.56 + 2.00 + 0.48 + 1.68 + 2.86)/6 = 1.618
Step 1
SST = 327.50 (given in problem statement)
Step 2
13 - 25
Chapter 13
SSA = br xi g x
i
= 3(25)[(1.563 - 1.618)2 + (1.673 - 1.618)2] = 0.4538
Step 3
SSB = ar xgj x
j
= 2(25)[(0.805 - 1.618)2 + (1.62 - 1.618) 2 + (2.43 - 1.618) 2] = 66.0159
Step 4

i
= 25[(1.13 - 1.563 - 0.805 + 1.618) 2 + (1.56 - 1.563 - 1.62

+ 1.618) 2 + + (2.86 - 1.673 - 2.43 + 1.618) 2] = 14.2525
Step 5
SSE = SST - SSA - SSB - SSAB = 327.50 - 0.4538 - 66.0159 - 14.2525
Source of Variation
Factor A
Factor B
Interaction
Error
Total
Sum of Squares
0.4538
66.1059
14.2525
246.7778
327.5000
Degrees of Freedom
1
2
2
144
149
Mean Square
0.4538
33.0080
7.1263
1.7137
F
0.2648
19.2608
4.1583
Factor A: Actual p-value = .6076. Because p-value > = .05, Factor A is not significant.
Factor B: Actual p-value = .0000. Because p-value = .05, Factor B is significant.
Interaction: Actual p-value = .0176. Because p-value = .05, Interaction is significant.
47. a.
Area 1
96
50
Sample Mean
Sample Variance
Area 2
94
40
x = (96 + 94)/2 = 95
k
SSTR = n j x j x
j =1
= 4(96 - 95) 2 + 4(94 - 95) 2 = 8
MSTR = SSTR /(k - 1) = 8 /1 = 8

k
SSE = (n j 1) s 2j = 3(50) + 3(40) = 270

j =1
MSE = SSE /(nT - k) = 270 /(8 - 2) = 45

F = MSTR/MSE = 8/45 = .18
Using F table (1 degree of freedom numerator and 6 denominator), p-value is greater than .10
13 - 26

Because p-value > = .05, the means are not significantly different.
b.
Area 1
96
50
Sample Mean
Sample Variance
Area 2
94
40
Area 3
83
42
x = (96 + 94 + 83)/3 = 91
k
SSTR = n j x j x
j =1
= 4(96 - 91) 2 + 4(94 - 91) 2 + 4(83 - 91) 2 = 392
MSTR = SSTR /(k - 1) = 392 /2 = 196

k
SSE = (n j 1) s 2j = 3(50) + 3(40) + 3(42) = 396

j =1
MSTR = SSE /(nT - k) = 396 /(12 - 3) = 44

F = MSTR /MSE = 196 /44 = 4.45
Because p-value > = .05, we cannot reject the null hypothesis that the mean asking prices for all
three areas are equal.
48.

Source
DF
SS
Factor
2
753.3
Error
27
546.9
Total
29
1300.2
Level
SUV
Small
FullSize
N
10
10
10
Pooled StDev =
Mean
58.600
48.800
60.100
MS
376.6
20.3
StDev
4.575
4.211
4.701
4.501
F
18.59
P
0.000

---------+---------+---------+------(-----*-----)
(-----*----)
(-----*-----)
---------+---------+---------+------50.0
55.0
60.0
Because the p-value = .000 < = .05, we can reject the null hypothesis that the mean resale value is
the same. It appears that the mean resale value for small pickup trucks is much smaller than the
mean resale value for sport utility vehicles or full-size pickup trucks.
13 - 27
Chapter 13
49.

Source
DF
SS
Factor
3
2.603
Error
36
10.612
Total
39
13.215
Level
Midcap
Smallcap
Hybrid
Specialt
N
10
10
10
10
Mean
1.2800
1.6200
1.6000
2.0000
Pooled StDev =
MS
0.868
0.295
F
2.94
P
0.046

-------+---------+---------+--------(--------*--------)
(-------*--------)
(--------*--------)
(--------*--------)
-------+---------+---------+--------1.20
1.60
2.00
StDev
0.2394
0.3795
0.7379
0.6583
0.5429
Because p-value = .05, we reject the null hypothesis that the mean expense ratios are equal.
50.
Sample Mean
Sample Variance
x=
Physical
Therapist
63.7
164.68
Lawyer
50.0
124.22
Cabinet
Maker
69.1
105.88
Systems
Analyst
61.2
136.62
50.0 + 63.7 + 69.1 + 61.2

= 61
4
k
SSTR = n j x j x
j =1
= 10(50.0 - 61) 2 + 10(63.7 - 61) 2 + 10(69.1 - 61) 2 + 10(61.2 - 61) 2 = 1939.4
MSTR = SSTR /(k - 1) = 1939.4 /3 = 646.47

k
SSE = (n j 1) s 2j = 9(124.22) + 9(164.68) + 9(105.88) + 9(136.62) = 4,782.60

j =1
MSE = SSE /(nT - k) = 4782.6 /(40 - 4) = 132.85

F = MSTR /MSE = 646.47 /132.85 = 4.87
Because p-value = .05, we reject the null hypothesis that the mean job satisfaction rating is the
same for the four professions.
13 - 28
51.

Source
DF
SS
Factor
2
4339
Error
27
15991
Total
29
20330
Level
West
South
NE
N
10
10
10
Pooled StDev =
Mean
108.00
91.70
121.10
MS
2169
592
F
3.66
P
0.039

---+---------+---------+---------+--(-------*-------)
(-------*-------)
(-------*------)
---+---------+---------+---------+--80
100
120
140
StDev
23.78
19.62
28.75
24.34
Because the p-value = .039 < = .05, we can reject the null hypothesis that the mean rate for the
three regions is the same.
52.

ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE
SOURCE
DF
SS
FACTOR
3
1271.0
ERROR
36
1744.2
TOTAL
39
3015.2
LEVEL
West
South
N.Cent
N.East
N
10
10
10
10
POOLED STDEV =
MEAN
60.000
45.400
47.300
52.100
MS
423.7
48.4
STDEV
7.218
7.610
6.778
6.152
6.961
F
8.74
p
0.000
INDIVIDUAL 95 PCT CI'S FOR MEAN

BASED ON POOLED STDEV
--+---------+---------+---------+---(------*-----)
(------*-----)
(------*-----)
(-----*------)
--+---------+---------+---------+---42.0
49.0
56.0
63.0
Because p-value = 0.05, we reject the null hypothesis that that the mean base salary for art
directors is the same for each of the four regions.
53.

Source
DF
SS
Factor
2
12.402
Error
37
24.596
Total
39
36.998
Level
Receiver
Guard
Tackle
N
15
13
12
Pooled StDev =
Mean
7.4133
6.1077
7.0583
MS
6.201
0.665
StDev
0.8855
0.7399
0.8005
0.8153
13 - 29
F
9.33
P
0.001

------+---------+---------+---------+
(-------*------)
(-------*------)
(-------*-------)
------+---------+---------+---------+
6.00
6.60
7.20
7.80
Chapter 13
Because p-value = .05, we reject the null hypothesis that the mean rating for the three positions
is the same. It appears that wide receivers and tackles have a higher mean rating than guards.
54.
x
92
30
Sample Mean
Sample Variance
y
97
6
z
84
35.33
x = (92 + 97 + 44) /3 = 91
k
SSTR = n j x j x
j =1
= 4(92 - 91) 2 + 4(97 - 91) 2 + 4(84 - 91) 2 = 344
MSTR = SSTR /(k - 1) = 344 /2 = 172

k
SSE = (n j 1) s 2j = 3(30) + 3(6) + 3(35.33) = 213.99

j =1
MSE = SSE /(nT - k) = 213.99 /(12 - 3) = 23.78

F = MSTR /MSE = 172 /23.78 = 7.23
Because p-value = .05, we reject the null hypothesis that the mean absorbency ratings for the
three brands are equal.
55.
The EXCEL output is shown below:

Summary
Level
Sum
Average Variation
Professionals
1241.8
155.225
20.66211
Services
1183.9
147.9875
1.64185
Manufacturing
1147.78
143.4725
2.296879
SS
DF
MS
Factor
562.3677
281.1839
34.28954
Error
172.2059
21
8.200281
Total
734.5736
23
ANOVA
Source
13 - 30
P-value
0.000000243

Because p-value = .05, we reject the null hypothesis that the mean consumption is the same for
the three sectors.
13 - 31
Chapter 13
56.
Method A
90
98.00
Sample Mean
Sample Variance
Method B
84
168.44
Method C
81
159.78
x = (90 + 84 + 81) /3 = 85
k
SSTR = n j x j x
j =1
= 10(90 - 85) 2 + 10(84 - 85) 2 + 10(81 - 85) 2 = 420
MSTR = SSTR /(k - 1) = 420 /2 = 210

k
SSE = (n j 1) s 2j = 9(98.00) + 9(168.44) + 9(159.78) = 3,836

j =1
MSE = SSE /(nT - k) = 3,836 /(30 - 3) = 142.07

F = MSTR /MSE = 210 /142.07 = 1.48
Because p-value > = .05, we can not reject the null hypothesis that the means are equal.
57.
Type A
32,000
2,102,500
Sample Mean
Sample Variance
Type B
27,500
2,325,625
Type C
34,200
2,722,500
Type D
30,300
1,960,000
x = (32,000 + 27,500 + 34,200 + 30,000) /4 = 31,000

k
SSTR = n j x j x
j =1
= 30(32,000 - 31,000) 2 + 30(27,500 - 31,000) 2 + 30(34,200 - 31,000) 2 +

30(30,300 - 31,000) 2 = 719,400,000
MSTR = SSTR /(k - 1) = 719,400,000 /3 = 239,800,000

k
SSE = (n j 1) s 2j = 29(2,102,500) + 29(2,325,625) + 29(2,722,500) + 29(1,960,000)

j =1
= 264,208,125
MSE = SSE /(nT - k) = 264,208,125 /(120 - 4) = 2,277,656.25
F = MSTR /MSE = 239,800,000 /2,277,656.25 = 105.28
Because p-value = .05, we reject the null hypothesis that the population means are equal.
13 - 32
58.
Design A
90
82.67
Sample Mean
Sample Variance
Design B
107
68.67
Design C
109
100.67
x = (90 + 107 + 109) /3 = 102

k
SSTR = n j x j x
j =1
= 4(90 - 102) 2 +4(107 - 102) 2 +(109 - 102) 2 = 872
MSTR = SSTR /(k - 1) = 872 /2 = 436

k
SSE = (n j 1) s 2j = 3(82.67) + 3(68.67) + 3(100.67) = 756.03

j =1
MSE = SSE /(nT - k) = 756.03 /(12 - 3) = 84

F = MSTR /MSE = 436 /84 = 5.19
Because p-value = .05, we reject the null hypothesis that the mean lifetime in hours is the same
for the three designs.
59. a.
Nonbrowser
4.25
1.07
Sample Mean
Sample Variance
Light Browser
5.25
1.07
Heavy Browser
5.75
1.36
x = (4.25 + 5.25 + 5.75) /3 = 5.08

k
SSTR = n j x j x
j =1
= 8(4.25 - 5.08) 2 + 8(5.25 - 5.08) 2 + 8(5.75 - 5.08) 2 = 9.33
MSB = SSB /(k - 1) = 9.33 /2 = 4.67

k
SSW = (n j 1) s 2j = 7(1.07) + 7(1.07) + 7(1.36) = 24.5

j =1
MSW = SSW /(nT - k) = 24.5 /(24 - 3) = 1.17

F = MSB /MSW = 4.67 /1.17 = 3.99
05
Because p-value = .05, we reject the null hypothesis that the mean comfort scores are the same
13 - 33
Chapter 13
for the three groups.
b.
1 1
1 1
LSD = t / 2 MSW + = 2.080 1.17 + = 1.12
ni n j
8 8
Since the absolute value of the difference between the sample means for nonbrowsers and light
browsers is 4.25 5.25 = 1 , we cannot reject the null hypothesis that the two population means are
equal.
60. a.
Treatment Means:
x1 = 22.8 x2 = 24.8
x3 = 25.80
Block Means:
x1 = 19.67 x2 = 25.67
x3 = 31
x4 = 23.67
x5 = 22.33
Overall Mean:
x = 367 /15 = 24.47
Step 1
SST = xij x
i
= (18 - 24.47) 2 + (21 - 24.47) 2 + + (24 - 24.47) 2 = 253.73
Step 2
SSTR = b xgj x
j
= 5 [ (22.8 - 24.47) 2 + (24.8 - 24.47) 2 + (25.8 - 24.47) 2 ] = 23.33
Step 3
SSBL = k xi g x
i
= 3 [ (19.67 - 24.47) 2 + (25.67 - 24.47) 2 + + (22.33 - 24.47) 2 ] = 217.02
Step 4
SSE = SST - SSTR - SSBL = 253.73 - 23.33 - 217.02 = 13.38
Source of Variation
Treatment
Blocks
Error
Total
Sum of Squares
23.33
217.02
13.38
253.73
Degrees of Freedom
2
4
8
14
Mean Square
11.67
54.26
1.67
F
6.99
32.49
13 - 34
Because p-value = .05, we reject the null hypothesis that the mean miles per gallon ratings for
the three brands of gasoline are equal.
b.
I
22.8
21.2
Sample Mean
Sample Variance
II
24.8
9.2
III
25.8
27.2
x = (22.8 + 24.8 + 25.8) /3 = 24.47

k
SSTR = n j x j x
j =1
= 5(22.8 - 24.47) 2 + 5(24.8 - 24.47) 2 + 5(25.8 - 24.47) 2 = 23.33
MSTR = SSTR /(k - 1) = 23.33 /2 = 11.67

k
SSE = (n j 1) s 2j = 4(21.2) + 4(9.2) + 4(27.2) = 230.4

j =1
MSE = SSE /(nT - k) = 230.4 /(15 - 3) = 19.2

F = MSTR /MSE = 11.67 /19.2 = .61
Because p-value > = .05, we cannot reject the null hypothesis that the mean miles per gallon
ratings for the three brands of gasoline are equal.
Thus, we must remove the block effect in order to detect a significant difference due to the brand of
gasoline. The following table illustrates the relationship between the randomized block design and
the completely randomized design.
Sum of Squares
SST
SSTR
SSBL
SSE
Randomized
Block Design
253.73
23.33
217.02
13.38
Completely
Randomized Design
253.73
23.33
does not exist
230.4
Note that SSE for the completely randomized design is the sum of SSBL (217.02) and SSE (13.38)
for the randomized block design. This illustrates that the effect of blocking is to remove the block
2
effect from the error sum of squares; thus, the estimate of for the randomized block design is
substantially smaller than it is for the completely randomized design.
61.
The blocks correspond to the 15 items in the market basket (Product) and the treatments correspond
to the grocery chains (Store).
Analysis of Variance for Price
13 - 35
Chapter 13
Source
Product
Store
Error
Total
DF
14
2
28
44
SS
217.236
2.728
6.769
226.734
MS
15.517
1.364
0.242
F
64.18
5.64
P
0.000
0.009
Because the p-value for Store = .009 is less than = .05, there is a significant difference in the
mean price per item for the three grocery chains.
62.

Source
DF
SS
Factor
2
731.75
Error
63
247.42
Total
65
979.17
Level
UK
US
Europe
N
22
22
22
Mean
12.052
14.957
20.105
Pooled StDev =
MS
365.88
3.93
StDev
1.393
1.847
2.536
1.982
F
93.16
P
0.000

---+---------+---------+---------+--(--*--)
(--*--)
(--*--)
---+---------+---------+---------+--12.0
15.0
18.0
21.0
Because the p-value = .05, we can reject the null hypothesis that the mean download time is the
same for Web sites located in the three countries. Note that the mean download time for Web sites
located in the United Kingdom (12.052 seconds) is less than the mean download time for Web sites
in the United States (14.957) and Web sites located in Europe (20.105).
63.
Factor B
Spanish
French
Factor A
German
Means
System 1
x11 = 10
x12 = 12
x13 = 14
x1g = 12
System 2
x21 = 8
x22 = 15
x23 = 19
x2 g = 14
xg1 = 9
xg2 = 13.5
xg3 = 16.5
x = 13
Factor A
Factor B Means
Step 1
SST = xijk x
i
= (8 - 13) 2 + (12 - 13) 2 + + (22 - 13) 2 = 204
Step 2
SSA = br xi g x
i
= 3 (2) [ (12 - 13) 2 + (14 - 13) 2 ] = 12
Step 3
13 - 36
SSB = ar xgj x
j
= 2 (2) [ (9 - 13) 2 + (13.5 - 13) 2 + (16.5 - 13) 2 ] = 114
Step 4

i
= 2 [(8 - 12 - 9 + 13) 2 + + (22 - 14 - 16.5 +13) 2] = 26
Step 5
Source of Variation
Factor A
Factor B
Interaction
Error
Total
Sum of Squares
12
114
26
52
204
Degrees of Freedom
1
2
2
6
11
Mean Square
12
57
12
8.67
F
1.38
6.57
1.50
Factor A: Actual p-value = .2846. Because p-value > = .05, Factor A (translator) is not significant.
Factor B: Actual p-value = .0308. Because p-value = .05, Factor B (language translated) is
significant.
Interaction: Actual p-value = .2963. Because p-value > = .05, Interaction is not significant.
64.
Factor B
Manual
Machine 1
Automatic
Factor B
Means
x11 = 32
x12 = 28
x1g = 36
Machine 2 x21 = 21
x22 = 26
x2 g = 23.5
xg2 = 27
x = 26.75
Factor A
Factor B Means
xg1 = 26.5
Step 1
SST = xijk x
i
= (30 - 26.75) 2 + (34 - 26.75) 2 + + (28 - 26.75) 2 = 151.5
Step 2
SSA = br xi g x
i
= 2 (2) [ (30 - 26.75) 2 + (23.5 - 26.75) 2 ] = 84.5
Step 3
13 - 37
Chapter 13
SSB = ar xgj x
j
= 2 (2) [ (26.5 - 26.75) 2 + (27 - 26.75) 2 ] = 0.5
Step 4

i
= 2[(30 - 30 - 26.5 + 26.75) 2 + + (28 - 23.5 - 27 + 26.75) 2]

= 40.5
Step 5
SSE = SST - SSA - SSB - SSAB = 151.5 - 84.5 - 0.5 - 40.5 = 26
Source of Variation
Factor A
Factor B
Interaction
Error
Total
Sum of Squares
84.5
.5
40.5
26
151.5
Degrees of Freedom
1
1
1
4
7
Mean Square
84.5
.5
40.5
6.5
F
13
.08
6.23
Factor A: Actual p-value = .0226. Because p-value = .05, Factor A (machine) is significant.
Factor B: Actual p-value = .7913. Because p-value > = .05, Factor B (loading system) is not
significant.
Interaction: Actual p-value = .0671. Because p-value > = .05, Interaction is not significant.
13 - 38

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Chapter 13

Analysis of Variance and

Know the assumptions necessary to use the analysis of variance procedure.

Know the definition of the following terms:

= 5(30 - 37)2 + 5(45 - 37)2 + 5(36 - 37)2 = 570

MSTR = SSTR /(k - 1) = 570/2 = 285

SSE = (n j 1) s 2j = 4(6) + 4(4) + 4(6.5) = 66

MSE = SSE /(nT - k) = 66/(15 - 3) = 5.5

F = MSTR /MSE = 285/5.5 = 51.82

x = (153 + 169 + 158)/3 = 160

= 4(153 - 160)2 + 4(169 - 160) 2 + 4(158 - 160) 2 = 536

MSTR = SSTR /(k - 1) = 536/2 = 268

SSE = (n j 1) s 2j = 3(96.67) + 3(97.33) +3(82.00) = 828.00

MSE = SSE /(nT - k) = 828.00 /(12 - 3) = 92.00

F = MSTR /MSE = 268/92 = 2.91

Analysis of Variance and Experimental Design

4(100) + 6(85) + 5(79)

= 4(100 - 87) 2 + 6(85 - 87) 2 + 5(79 - 87) 2 = 1,020

MSTR = SSB /(k - 1) = 1,020/2 = 510

SSE = (n j 1) s 2j = 3(35.33) + 5(35.60) + 4(43.50) = 458

MSE = SSE /(nT - k) = 458/(15 - 3) = 38.17

F = MSTR /MSE = 510/38.17 = 13.36

= 4(23 - 24) 2 + 4(28 - 24) 2 + 4(21 - 24) 2 = 104

MSTR = SSTR /(k - 1) = 104/2 = 52

SSE = (n j 1) s 2j = 3(6.67) + 3(4.67) + 3(3.33) = 44.01

MSE = SSE /(nT - k) = 44.01/(12 - 3) = 4.89

x = (5.75 + 5.5 + 5.25)/3 = 5.5

= 8(5.75 - 5.5) 2 + 8(5.5 - 5.5) 2 + 8(5.25 - 5.5) 2 = 1

MSTR = SSTR /(k - 1) = 1/2 = .5

SSE = (n j 1) s 2j = 7(1.64) + 7(2.00) + 7(1.93) = 38.99

MSE = SSE /(nT - k) = 38.99/21 = 1.86

Analysis of Variance and Experimental Design

x = (5 + 4.5 + 6)/3 = 5.17

= 6(5 - 5.17)2 + 6(4.5 - 5.17) 2 + 6(6 - 5.17) 2 = 7.00

MSTR = SSTR /(k - 1) = 7.00/2 = 3.5

SSE = (n j 1) s 2j = 5(.8) + 5(.3) + 5(.4) = 7.50

MSE = SSE /(nT - k) = 7.50/(18 - 3) = .5

x = (67.73 + 61.13 + 65.80)/3 = 64.89

= 15(67.73 - 64.89) 2 + 15(61.13 - 64.89) 2 + 15(65.80 - 64.89) 2 = 345.47

MSTR = SSTR /(k - 1) = 345.47/2 = 172.74

SSE = (n j 1) s 2j = 14(117.72) + 14(180.10) + 14(137.12) = 6089.16

MSE = SSE /(nT - k) = 6089.16/(45-3) = 144.98

The Minitab output is shown below:

Individual 95% CIs For Mean

x1 x2 = 30 45 = 15 > LSD; significant difference

Analysis of Variance and Experimental Design

= 4(51 - 62) 2 +4(77 - 62) 2 + 4(58 - 62) 2 = 1,448

MSTR = SSTR /(k - 1) = 1,448/2 = 724

SSE = (n j 1) s 2j = 3(96.67) + 3(97.34) + 3(81.99) = 828

MSE = SSE /(nT - k) = 828/(12 - 3) = 92

x1 x2 = 51 77 = 26 > LSD; significant difference

x1 x2 = 5 4.5 = .5 < 1.06; no significant difference

x = (7.1 + 9.1 + 9.9 + 11.4)/4 = 9.38

= 6(7.1 - 9.38) 2 + 6(9.1 - 9.38) 2 + 6(9.9 - 9.38) 2 + 6(11.4 - 9.38) 2 = 57.77

MSTR = SSTR /(k - 1) = 57.77/3 = 19.26

SSE = (n j 1) s 2j = 5(1.21) + 5(.93) + 5(.70) + 5(1.02) = 19.30

MSE = SSE /(nT - k) = 19.30/(24 - 4) = .97

Note: t /2 is based upon 20 degrees of freedom

x2 x4 = 9.1 11.4 = 2.3 > LSD; significant difference

C = 6 [(1,2), (1,3), (1,4), (2,3), (2,4), (3,4)]

= .05/6 = .008 and /2 = .004

Analysis of Variance and Experimental Design