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Robert Henry Charles, The Decalogue Being the Warburton Lectures delivered in Lincoln's Inn and Westminster Abbey 1919 1923 (Clark 1923, Edinburgh)

Note: The original file is divided into three parts: Introduction + Index Commandment I2IV Comandment V2X and all are bookmarked.

THE DECALOGUE

R. H.

WORKS BY CHARLES, D.D., D.Litt., LL.D.

ARCHDEACON OF WESTMINSTER FELLOW OF THE BRITISH ACADEMY Published by Messrs. T. & T. CLARK

A CRITICAL AND EXEGETICAL COMMENTARY ON THE REVELATION OF

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ST. JOHN.
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in

2.

THE DECALOGUE.

Warburton Lectures delivered in Lincoln's Inn and Westminster Abbey, 1919-1923. "Deeply as I have been interested in the critical and historical study of the Decalogue, it has been my main aim to interpret the Decalogue on the spiritual and ethical lines already laid down in the N.T., and to apply its lessons to the crying needs of our day." R. H. Charles.
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THE DECALOGUE
BEING

THE WARBURTON LECTURES

DELIVERED IN

LINCOLN'S INN

AND WESTMINSTER ABBEY

1919-1923

J?j\
R*?

BY

H? CHARLES,

D.D., D.Litt., LL.D.

ARCHDEACON OF WESTMINSTER FELLOW OF THE BRITISH ACADEMY

Edinburgh

T.

&

T.

CLARK,
1923

38 George Street

MADE AND PRINTED

IN

GREAT BRITAIN BY

MORRISON AND GIBB LIMITED

FOR
T.

&

T.

CLARK, EDINBURGH
AND
CO. LIMITED
:

LONDON

8IMPKIN, MARSHALL, HAMILTON, KENT,

NEW YORK

CHARLES SCRIBNER'S SONS

PREFACE
rTlHE
T*
subject of these

Warburton Lectures

have

treated

from three

the standpoints
Introduction
(pp.
critically

critical,

the historical and the practical.

The
I

Critical.

In

the

vii-lxiv)

have studied the Decalogue

it

and have shown

five

that

existed in various forms

at least

its earliest

dating from the close of the fourteenth century

B.C.,

and
is

its latest

from

the close of the third.

The

latest

preserved in the

xxxiii).

In

its

Nash Hebrew Papyrus (pp. viiearliest and tersest form, in which each
consisted of one brief crisp
it

Commandment
Moses.

command

(pp. xliv-xlviii),

comes from the great lawgiver,

In the centuries that followed it received various

accretions which were on the whole in keeping with the

spirit of

the original
it is

of the

Fourth as

Commandments, save in the transmitted in Exodus xx. 11.

case

In order to represent the results of my research briefly and clearly, I have given on p. lv a genealogical tree,

which shows the descent and relations of the successive

forms of the Mosaic Decalogue, and on p.
lxiii

another

ii

PREFACE

the Book
in

which exhibits the relations subsisting between the original Mosaic Decalogue and the two later documents
of the

Covenant and the Ritual Decalogue

Exodus xxxiv.
The
Historical.

In

the Lectures I have sought to

of obedience

ascertain the

meaning and measure

which

were assigned to the Ten Commandments at various

stages in the history of Israel

and Judah,and
In

particularly

to the Second and Fourth.

it

my

study

of the

Fourth

gradually became clear that a

new and

Judaistic

conception of the Sabbath conflicting with the original

one was introduced into Exodus xx. 11 about 500

or later,

B.C.

and that

this later conception

henceforward

held the field in Judaism.

With the advent

of Christianity the

Decalogue was

reinterpreted for the

spiritual significance.

most part and given a new and

During the
first

three centuries

no

difficulties arose

within the Church in connection

with the Decalogue save that the Sabbath was observed

by Jewish Christians
particularly in the

as well as the Lord's Day.

But
and

in the subsequent centuries difficulties did arise

case of the

Second and Fourth

Commandments.
entire

Gradually, though unwittingly, the

Church abandoned the true conception of the Lord's Day, and substituted in its stead the later
conception of the Jewish Sabbath, and clung to this

wrong and Judaistic conception to the period

of the

PREFACE
Reformation.
it

iii

In the case of the Second

This

Commandment
the

was otherwise.

Commandment

Church
it

misinterpreted for the most part wittingly, because

condemned absolutely the growing

worship
century,

practice of image

within
if

the
earlier,

Church.
it

From

the

thirteenth

not

jettisoned the Second

Com-

mandment

bodily from the Decalogue, and published as

till

authoritative a mutilated Decalogue

the time of the

Reformers.

The

Practical.

But deeply as I have been interested

historical

in the critical

and

study of the Decalogue,

it

has been

my

main aim to

reinterpret the Decalogue

on

the spiritual and ethical lines already laid

N.T.,

down

in the

and to apply

its lessons

to the crying needs of our

own

day.
full

For the very

Indexes I

am indebted to the efficient

services of the Rev. A. LI. Davies, Vicar of Llanrhos,

Llandudno.
R. H. C.
4 Little Cloisters,

Westminster Abbey,
September 1923.

CONTENTS
INTRODUCTION
Abbreviations and Brackets used in this Edition
I.

......
.

PAGES

vi
vii-xii

Summary op Conclusions arrived at

II.

The Nash Papyrus of the Decalogue

xiii-xvi

III.

Hebrew Text op the Nash Papyrus

and Critical Notes
op
this

IV. Translation

Notes

.....

....
(i.e.

N)
xvi-xxii

Text and Critical

xxii-xxvii

V. Relations op

N to Decalogue in Ex 20 and D 5. NEgyptian in character 1. Agrees generally with D 5 against Ex 20 2. Agrees with Ex 20 against D 6 3. occasionally Agrees with LXX more than with any other
authority

xxvii-xxxiii

VI.

Date op Original Text op gences between Ex 20 and D 5

x.

1.

Diver-

2.

D 5 secondary to Ex 20 in v. ix. x.
form of n.

in n. iv. v. ix.

Various forms 4. Comparison of Decalogue (n. m.-v. ix.-x.) in E (8th Cent. B.C.) with Decalogue in D 5 (7th Cent.) 6. Decalogue as it existed about 750 B.C. or earlier 7 xxxiii-xliv
Original of iv. 5.
3.

VII. Original

porm op in. rv. x. 1. Decalogue purged of accretions goes back to Moses 2. Objections dealt with 3. Mosaic Deca-

logue and

its

subsequent revisions and accre-

CONTENTS
tions
4.

Covenant presupposes Mosaic Decalogue 5. Decalogue in Ex 34 presupposes Mosaic Decalogue 6. Influence of Ex 34 on later forms of Decalogue in D 5 . and Ex 20 7-8

down Book

to 200 B.C.
of

genealogical

tree

xlv-lxiv

LECTURES
First

Commandment

1-13

Second CommandmentFirst Lecture

Second Lecture Third Lecture

.

14-35 36-58 59-88

Third Commandment

89-109

Fourth Commandment
First Lecture

110-131 132-151 152-172

Second Lecture Third Lecture

Fifth Commandment Sixth Commandment

First Lecture

173-184

185-198 199-211

Second Lecture

Seventh Commandment
Eighth Commandment

212-228 229-245
246-257

Ninth Commandment

Tenth Commandment

258-272

INDEX
I.

Subjects

273-286
287-294

II.

Passages from the Biblical and other writers dealt

with in the text

ABBREVIATIONS AND BRACKETS USED

IN
D E
Ex.

THE INTRODUCTION
Deuteronomy.
Elohistic source used in the Hexateuch.

J
Jub.

LXX

M
N
Onk.
Ps.-Jon.

Sam.
Syr.

T Sam.
Vulg.

< >
( )

= = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = =

Exodus.
Jahwistic source used in the Hexateuch.

Book

of Jubilees.

Septuagint. Massoretic Text.

Nash Hebrew Papyrus.

Targum Targum

of

of Jonathan

Onkelos in Walton's Polyglott. ben Uzziel.

of the Pentateuch.

Samaritan text

Syriac version of the O.T. Samaritan Targum in Walton's Polyglott.

Vulgate.

Words Words Words

so enclosed are restored so enclosed are supplied

by the Editor

by the

Editor.

so enclosed are interpolated.

INTRODUCTION
Summary of the
in

critical Investigations

made and

Conclusions arrived at in this Introduction

regard

to

the

Decalogue Covenant
(a)

in Ex.

mosaic decalogue, the 34 and the Book of the

Egypt.

The Nash Papyrus was

ago. It

Hebrew

Text of Decalogue about

WO

B.C.

in

discovered just over

close

twenty years
of the first

was written towards the

century
or

A.D.,

and was used probably as a

It

Service

Book

Catechism.

represents

the
in

Hebrew

text of the Decalogue that

was current

Egypt about 200 B.C., which was based mainly on D. 1 I have given the Hebrew text of the papyrus
restored by

the help of
3

Ex 20 and

5,

and an

English translation, in both cases with critical notes pointing out the affinities of N.

From
definite

the

above

study

it

follows that

has a

Egyptian character, that it is mainly descended from D, though in a few passages it is a

1

See

ii.

1-8, pp. xiii-xvi; v. 6, p. xxxii.

See in. pp. xvi-xxii.

viii

INTRODUCTION
and especially so in the fourth Com11 1 In two cases it follows Ex 20
.

conflate text,

mandment where
where
fail,

M and Sam.
appears
3

(i.e.

the older Semitic authorities)

2 It is preserve an older text. more closely related to the than any other

to

LXX

authority.
(b)

Hebrew Text of Decalogue in Egypt (and other From the text of N we move localities) about 300 B.C. backwards to the closely related Hebrew text which is

is

presupposed by the
of these

LXX

of

Ex 20 and

5.

The text
in v.

two passages

corrupt in several passages.

The
(i.e.

LXX of D
5 th
"

5 has reacted on that of

so that it adds
*

Ex 20 12
that
etc.,
it

Commandment)
before
"
:

may

be

well with thee

in

that thy days,"

of

exactly as

16

in x. the

LXX

Ex 20
of

17

adds "his field"

5 21
.

before

"

nor his manservant," as in

There are

other reactions of the

LXX

5 on that of
of the

Ex

20.
of

On the other hand, there is a reaction Ex 20 11 on that of D 5 14 which has led

in

LXX

to the insertion

the latter

of

an entire sentence.

Possibly the

5 17-19 in vn.-vi.-vni. in wrong order of the 13 ~ 16 may have led to the anomalous order in Ex 20
.

LXX

When
chapters

a
is

critical

text of
it

the

LXX

of these

two

published
presupposes.

will be easy to recover the

Hebrew

it

(c) Hebrew Text of Decalogue in Ex Q in the fifth We century B.C. and in D 5 about or before 621 B.C.

can now put

1

aside,

which

is

the latest, and con2

4

See v. 1-3, pp. xxvii-xxxi. See v. 6, p. xxxii.

See v. See VI.

4, p.
1, p.

xxxi.

xxxiiisq.

INTRODUCTION
fine

ix

in Ex.

our attention to the two forms of the Decalogue and D. These two agree in I. in. vi.-vm., but

diverge from each other in n. iv.-v. ix.-x.

five

Of these

the text of

v. ix. its

x.

is

secondary in

to that
of the

in Ex.

and owes

divergencies to the

hand

Deuteronomist. 1

The

real difficulties centre in n.

and

IV.

First, as

regards n.
agree.

In this

Commandment both
is

Ex. and
It is

But the Hebrew

if

impossible.
"
:

un-

grammatical,

we attempt
it

to give it an intelligible

meaning by translating

thus

Thou

shalt not

make

unto thee a graven image nor any likeness 2 of that which is in heaven," etc. On the other hand, it is " if we translate it as it stands nor any unmeaning,
:

likeness that

is

in heaven."

No man makes
5
8b~10

"

a like-

ness that

is

in heaven."

(Ex 20

4b"6
)

can there-

fore be best explained as originally a marginal gloss

in

the

fifth

which was afterwards incorporated in the text in century B.C. and thence passed into Ex 20.
"

is any likeness differently situated. It is a distinctly Deuteronomic phrase and, like many other Deuteronomic phrases in D 5, is

But the phrase

nor

"

to

be

attributed

to

the

author

of

D.

stood
"

most probably as follows in

shalt

D
in

in

Hence n. 621 B.C.:

image
nor

Thou

not
3

make
All

thee a

graven

any
1

likeness."

that
sq.

follows

the

present

See vi. 2-3,

p.

xxxiv

nothing to justify the rendering of the R.V. "nor the likeness o/any form that." The R.V., it is true, acknowledges by the italics that it inserts an explanatory phrase. a See vi. 4, pp. xxxv-xxxix.
is

There

INTRODUCTION
text
of n. of
is

Hebrew
century

the incorporation
B.C.

to be regarded as due to a marginal gloss of the fifth

In
is

5 12-16 the divergence between Ex 20 8-11 and All other variations between the fundamental.
iv.

two Decalogues may be regarded as explanatory additions or glosses, which are never contrary to the
spirit of

the original
rv.

wise in the case of

commandment, but it is otherThe interpolation of Ex 20 11

its

alters essentially the entire character of the original

commandment.
instituted to

By

virtue of

actual words

it

was

meet the needs

of the

Godhead and had

This interpolation

no reference originally to man.

has

made the acceptance

of

the fourth

Commandment

To an impossibility outside a narrow Jewish circle. 1 this interpolation is most probably due the extrusion
of the
"
i.e., very ancient clause preserved in D 5 that thy manservant and thy maidservant may rest

14

as well as thou."

This clause gives the right note.

for

The Sabbath was made

man.

Thus the Decalogue as it stands at present in Ex 20 does not go back farther than the fifth
century
B.C.,

whereas
earlier,
if

that

in

goes

back
in

to
ii.,

621
i.e.

B.C.

or
.

we remove the
Decalogue
in

gloss

5 8b (d)

- 10

Hebrew

text

of the

Ex

as

it

stood in the eighth century B.C. or earlier, especially of

II.

IV.

and

621

B.C.

The

v.

as

compared with
text of
1

the Decalogue in

5 of

II.

in D, as

we have

already

See vi.

5,

pp. xxxix-xl.

INTRODUCTION
seen
"

xi

preceding paragraph, ran as follows Thou shalt not make thee a graven image nor any
in

the

likeness."
is

But the

last

"

phrase

nor any likeness

"

a Deuteronomic phrase and comes most probably

from the Deuteronomist as do many other phrases in

the Decalogue in D.
B.C.,
II.

reads as follows
x

Hence in the eighth century " Thou shalt not make thee a
of
iv.

graven image."
covered.
It

The eighth century form

can also be
as
it

re:

"Bemember

read in all probability the Sabbath day to keep

follows

holy.

Six

days shalt thou labour, and do all thy work: but <on> the seventh day is a Sabbath unto the Lord

thy God <on it> thou shalt not do any work, thou, nor thy son, nor thy daughter, thy manservant, nor thy maidservant, <nor thine ox nor thine ass>, nor
:

thy

cattle, <that

may
V.

rest as well as

thy manservant and thy maidservant thou>."

"
:

Honour thy father and thy read simply thus mother." The remaining clauses are from the hand
of the Deuteronomist. 2

For the

rest of the

commandments
vi.

as they stood in

the eighth century, see

(e)

7.

steady, though sporadic, growth of explanatory additions from the eighth century
to

The fact that

there

was a

the second B.C. leads to the hypothesis that such exstill

planatory clauses as
were
1

survive in in. I v. x. of the

eighth century Decalogue are themselves accretions,

unknown

to the

original Decalogue.
2

and

Since I have

See pp. xxxv-xxxix.

See vi. 6-7.

xii

INTRODUCTION
vii.

dealt with this question in

telligible to the

1, in

a fashion in-

repeat any

of the

ordinary reader, it is not necessary to I have arguments there advanced.

iv.

there concluded that the original form of in.

x.

and

was
in.

as follows
"

Thou

shalt not take the

name

of the

Lord thy
it

God
x.

iv.

in vain." "
"

Eemember
vii.

the Sabbath day to keep

holy."

Thou

shalt not covet."

Later, in

56, I have sought to prove that

iv., is

the Decalogue, even with certain additions in

older than the

Book

of the
(J).

Covenant in

and the

Decalogue
(/)

in

Ex 34

If

the above conclusions are valid, it follows, first,

that the Decalogue is presupposed by documents of the

tenth century or older

torians

making use

of

and J are merely hisdocuments such as the Book of

;

for

the Covenant and the Decalogue in

Ex 34
so,

and, in

the next place, that, if these things are

outstanding personality
to

there is

no

whom

the original Decalogue

can

be ascribed other

than Moses}

With
dealt in

various objections to this conclusion I have

vii.

3,

and in

vii.

(p.

Iv) I

have

given a genealogical tree in which I have traced the development of the Decalogue from the time of Moses,

1320-1300
200
B.C.

B.c,

down
1

to that of the

Nash

text of

See vii.

2.

INTRODUCTION

xiii

II

The Nash Papyrus of the Decalogue

1.
Its

date

and

character.

This

papyrus
L.

was

discovered in Egypt in

1902 by W.
of

Nash, the

Secretary

of

the

Society

Biblical

Archaeology,
of

and presented by him to the University Library

Cambridge.
of the first

It

is

century

A.D.

generally assigned (Burkitt) or the beginning of

is

to

the

close

the second (Cook and Levi), and

to

thus about 600

750 years older than the oldest Hebrew MS of the O.T. 1 Hebrew papyri are very rare. Hence
its

independently of has an interest of

contents the papyrus before us

its

own.

This papyrus, which I shall forthwith designate with some earlier writers as N, consists of four
mutilated fragments, which,

when duly put

It

together,

measures 5
lines,

in.

by

2J

in.

contains

twenty-five

but of the last line only the tops of a few of

the letters are decipherable.

The papyrus contains

marks.

neither vowel points, accents, nor diacritical

There

are

no

verse

divisions.

Spaces

intervene

between the words, but the spacing is very irregular. In line 15 \yhv is written as one word pbv. Final
letters are

I
1

must

For an account of the letters employed. refer the reader to Cook's article in the

The oldest MS is in the British Museum {i.e. Or. 4445). It is undated, but was written, according to Ginsburg, about A.D. 820-850. The oldest dated Hebrew MS (i.e. a.d. 916) is in the Imperial Library
of St. Petersburg.

xiv

INTRODUCTION

Proceedings of the Society of Biblical Archceology (Jan.

This is accompanied by three 1903, pp. 34-56). one of which is a facsimile of the MS, the plates,

reproduction fully restored by the editor, and the third of a table of Hebrew alphabets at

second of

its

various periods.

To

this

work

I shall frequently refer.

In the Jewish Quarterly Review, xv. (1903) 392-408, " Burkitt deals with this papyrus under the title, The

Hebrew Papyrus
returns to
it

of

the

in xvi.

Ten Commandments," and (1904) 559-561, "The Nash

Papyrus, a

New

Photograph."

A German study of
alteste

the

papyrus was published by Peters, Die

der zehn Gebote der Papyrus

Aoschrift

Nash
its

(Freiburg), in

1905. 1

This work

is

valuable for

collection of materials,

but

its

conclusions are frequently arbitrary.

of letters in a line of

The average number

is

3233
Peters.

according

to to

Cook, and

31 \

According

my

restoration

according to of the text

there are
lines.

750

(or

749)

letters in the first twenty-four

Thus the average

line

contains 31 J letters.

The two longest lines are consist of 36 letters each.

letters.

lines

5 and

10, which
shortest

The two
of

are

21 and 23, which consist respectively

25 and 27

Thus the

lines are

very irregular in length.

At the beginning of each line 2 to 8 letters are lost, The letters are of the square except in lines 15-18.
character.

Two other scholars should be mentioned: Israel LeVi, "Un Papyrus Biblique," in the Revue des Mudes Juives, xlvi. (1903) 212217; von Gall, "Ein neuer hebraischer Text der zehn Gebote und
1

desSchmaV'^TJFxxiii.

347-351.

INTRODUCTION
2.

xv

N was possibly a
early

Service

Book or a Catechism.

At an
"
(i.e.

date

the

Hear,

Israel," etc.)
iv.

Decalogue and the Shema' were recited daily in the

Temple Service (Tamid,

the

ad fin.

v. I).

But, because

Minim

(the

Early Jewish Christians) claimed

divine revelation exclusively for the Decalogue

and

discarded the other Mosaic laws as temporary enactof the Decalogue in the daily was abolished (J. T. Ber. 3 c, 11a; morning liturgy B. T. Ber. 12a). In the last passage we are told

ments, the

recital

that

Eabba

b.

bar-Hana wished

to restore at

Sura

the recital of the Decalogue, and that E. Ashi

made

the same attempt at Nehardea, but that their efforts

failed.

most probable that N was simply a book consisting of the Decalogue and the tiny prayer Shema', and belonged therefore to the period before

Now

it

is

the recitation of the Decalogue was forbidden. 2

3.

represents

a form of

the

Hebrew

circulated in

Egypt as early as
. .
.

WO

B.C.

The

text

that

evidence

1 yet? nx nnp^= "to recite the Shema ijnpffll T\~\vy i*opi wna In his comthey gave the blessing and recited the ten words." mentary on this passage (see Surenhusius, Pars quinta, p. 301) Maimonides' exposition is given. "Decern vero quotidie verba Cseterum jam dictum est quod in Terminis (extra legebant terram Israelis) eas legere volebant, sed quod hoc prohibitum
.
. . . .

fuerit propter hsereticos

sed

Gemara non

declarat qusenam sit ista

sed in principio tractatus Berachoth in Talmude Jerusalymitano dicitur, fas erat ut decern verba legerentur quotidie, quare autem non leguntur ? Ob hsereticos, ne dicant, haec duntaxat a Mose data sunt in Sinai."

hsereticorum controversia,

2 Cook (p. 55) suggests that in of the Mosaic Law.

we have a

collection of passages

xvi

INTRODUCTION

on pp. xxxii-xxxiii. The Jews in Egypt copied their sacred writings without the accuracy that was due to them. Thus Aristeas *
for this statement is given

(130-70

B.C.)

writes:

"The books

of

the law

were written in Hebrew characters and language, but 2 they were copied carelessly and not in consonance
with the original
aearnMavTai).
"

(a/jueXearepov Be teal
of

One

these

the ancestor of N.
pp. xxix-xxx.

ov% virdp'^ei copies may have been was based mainly on D see
;

Ill

Hebrew Text

of the Papyrus restored by

help of

ex 20 and deut

5
vi. )

(For the Abbreviations and Brackets, see p.

Lilies in

Ex. xx.
2
3,

Papyrus.

<Dn*> yum Tn<a^n>

nvyn tvf?
,,

4 <i>Da i?>
5

"*** T n ^ nw<0 ^:jk> <dq-^> o^na dt6k i<i n\T kiS>> <nnnD> pan -ikw feoo &n&2 -ik>k <n3ion fet> <Nih> nn^ rnnn^n wb p&6 nnn d<o3 -ibw>

3 4
5 6
7

<nuK
6
7

iw n>pa map ta Trot msr <a3M <*a Dnavn> <ion n^yi> M3s6 d^xi hy) tmste to D<?sa to>

<dp n ^>n

Nib

viwd nK6i otk& <d^S>*6>

9,

10

<^a^n>

Di^ai

<nna> nas^

nn3N^ to fca n rron

-pora

<V>na
11

ioi
t

t*W3 <*)&> tw> <D3 -i>^n to rmj D\n na pxn nxi D<oa&?n n*e> <mo nx rw ^ia pby yatyn <dvq> rm
'

<mn>

n&?y

d^ nw

iw inM TW
*a

nw inyn <nw nw> T^ <w4 rosso

wfe

10
11

<in3i -p:n>

12

13
14

is

See Charles, Apoc. and Pseudep. ii. 98. Andrews (op. ci. ii. 98) renders treo-fifiaPTai by "interpreted."

INTRODUCTION
Ex. xx.
12

xvii
Lines in

<]v^
15

"i>bk

niei

t^k nx

Papyrus. 122 vunp*) ^2vn 16

14, 13, 16, 17

<i^n> r\mxT] by yw jwmr jvd^ Kb nnn kA ejfcon n-6 i? jna yrbx

in"

n
19

mrv 18

<rw>
iv.

nionn

kA

ira iy ijro nayn

*& 2J<:in>

<n3yi in>np ^jn n<^>3 n nixnn ni<S> in n^N> 20 ram rr\<w\ wki> 21 1jr nnc

Deut.

45

(vi. 2)

<'D3> na r\vn kiv ibw twpttwi b*<pnn fhnct> 22

vi. vi.

4
5

yvw nnxo

Dnxva

-anion

<knw*>
na>

23

nnnKi Kin nns

rrvr

wni mir !<ki^>

24
25

<
Line
in Ex.
1.

-pn>S> ^><nn> i<on>f><K rvur

it

>D*J3J> nao, though

is

found both

and D.

1. 3. With miBD see p. (an addition of xxxvii sq.) contrast *?2 nWDfl in 4 16 23 25 On the ungrammatical structure of the words "IPN naiDn, see
;

p.

in

xxxvi sqq. M. Sam.

4

have restored

before

S>n

as

it is

found

20 and
1.

all

Syr. Onk. Ps.-Jon. of these authorities in D 5 8 save M. Onk.

"YD?

T Sam. LXX.

Ex

9.

For

reads "rw.

After 'WHph

adds

yrbx
1.

rnrv ni* -jewd.

12.

M.

Syr.

Onk. Ps.-Jon.

of

5U

read

before y\2V, but against Sam.

many Hebrew MSS

l

against all

Vulg. with Syr. Ps.-Jon. also insert the the remaining authorities cited by me.

LXX.

In

Ex 20 10

pom T*&
Syr.

So also

5 U (M. Sam.

Ps.-Jon. Vulg. prefix

Onk. Ps.-Jon. Vulg., save that >Ex 20 10 (M. Sam. Syr. 1). Onk. Ps.-Jon. Vulg., but T Sam. LXX. read as in N).
So
b

TSam. LXX. M. Syr. Onk.

fcfc

5 14

(M.

Sam.

TSam. LXX.

Syr. Onk.

xviii

INTRODUCTION
Vulg.).

Ps.-Jon.

Ex

20 10

and Sam. Vulg. >!oi.

read
11.
f>3l.

(M. Syr. Onk.) >fa But T Sam. LXX. Jub 50 7

... ^ is derived from Ex 20 11 (M. Sam. TSam. LXX. Syr. Onk. Ps.-Jon. Vulg.).
13-16.
tVtyl
This dogmatic reason has displaced the older ethical reason which is preserved in D: tied "]nKl "pay rnr ~\yb. That the Deuteronomic clause is 200 or 300 years
older

Ex 20 11
reason

and
.

than the clauses which have displaced it in I have shown elsewhere. D adds a further
this

an historical one
16
,

for the observ-

ance of the sabbath in 5

just as Ex. adds a dogmatic

one in 20 11
1.

With
made
the

the latter compare

Ex 31 17

16.

After "pK

makes the same addition that

1.

it

has already
1.

after )unpb in

12.
see

17.

On

addition

pt&l^;3D

note

6,

p. xxiv.
I.

18.

nnn mb

e]Njn K"6.

On

this

Egyptian order

of these
II.

commandments, see note 1, p. xxv. 18-20. For Kli*, which occurs here five times

in

N,

5 18

~21

(M. Onk.) reads

t6t.

But Sam. T Sam.

LXX.
11.

Syr. of

5 18

"21

>V
)

18-20.

in omitting

before

KlS>

(five times)

is

supported by

18 " 21

(Sam.

Ex 20 14-17 (M. LXX. Syr. Onk.). of Ex 20 14-17 >) only the first four
first three.

TSam. LXX. But TSam.

Syr.),

Vulg. times and Sam. the

)

D
*.

5 18-21 (M. Onk.), which inserts

in all

five cases, is secondary.

1.

19.

So

5 20 (M. Sam. TSam.).

Ex 20 16

(M. Sam. TSam.)

"ipP.

The

latter

is

an early ex-

INTRODUCTION
planation or rendering of
KHS>,

xix

as

Wellhausen observes,

and

makes a

Hence

secondary

phrase clear. the original reading and Ex. is but gives the right sense. TSam. gives
contains

difficult

and

indefinite

the same Samaritan equivalent for

MW

in

D
In

5 19 as

it

does for this word in

Ex 23

1
.

The word

Klfc>

was a
,

source of difficulty to Jewish scholars.

Ex 23 1

where
words.
is

it

occurs twice, Onk. renders

The evidence

of

by two different the Greek and other versions

it

not helpful here.

riN.
1.

<Ex. and D.
JV2
. .
.

So N, following D 5 21 (M. LXX. Syr. Onk. Ps.-Jon. Vulg.) and Ex 20 17 LXX. But Ex 20 17 (M. Sam. TSam. Syr. Onk. Vulg.) and
20.

n&U

D
riK>K

5 21
.
. .

(Sam. W2.
"
:

TSam.) preserve the original As Steuernagel (Holzinger, Bent.

also
cf.
-

order
p.

22)
-

observes

The Deuteronomist seeks

elsewhere

to raise the position of the wife;

21 108qq 22 138qq

24

18qq

\"

The wife
"

is

no longer subsumed under the

nixnn.

conception

house."

Here

follows

D
;

5 21

(M. Onk. Ps.-Jon.).

Sam.

T Sam.

Syr. read Tionn

but

here the reading of the Samaritan text in Ex 20 17 has reacted on the Samaritan text in 5 21 just as
the

LXX

of

has reacted on the

ffltf

D LXX D

of

Ex.

It

is to

be observed that
WTO*.

occurs three times in

follows

but not in Ex.

5 21 (M. Sam.

TSam. LXX.
(M.
Syr.

Syr.

Onk.

Onk. Ps.-Jon. Vulg.). >Ex 20 17 Vulg.), but Sam. TSam. LXX of

Ex 20 17

Here Sam. of has reacted on support D. Sam. of Ex., and the LXX of Ex. has been affected

xx
similarly
to

INTRODUCTION
21 by the LXX of D. In D 5 imw appears be an addition of the Deuteronomist. By his

transposition

of

nK>N

rTa

he

transformed

the

which originally was a comprehensive meaning term for the entire household, and reduced it to the
of IV2,
" This simple meaning of house in a material sense. once done, the addition becomes natural. Ex 20 17 "

could go back to the nomadic period 5 21 could not unless we take it as predictive in character. Hence
:

Ex 20 17
11.

is

superior to

5 21 on every ground.

22-23.

But

for the

LXX

text of

64

we

should naturally have concluded (as Swete, Introd. to O.T. in Greek, p. 332) that these lines were borrowed

from

4 45

"These are the testimonies and the

(so

statutes

and the judgments which Moses spake

but

LXX. BAL,
of Israel

reads evereiXaro) unto the children

when they came forth out of Egypt " (D^pnn Dnvob Dns^3 krfr **a hv n^o -m iew d^d^dhi), in" All his statutes and his Commandfluenced by D 6 2 ments which I command thee (71*0 oatf n^N), thou and thy son, and thy son's son." But the Hebrew in
,

our text,

11.

2223, agrees almost verbatim with the

it

LXX
Syr.
to,

of

6 4 where

diverges from

(Sam.
:

T Sam.

The LXX reads ical ravra Onk. Ps.-Jon. Vulg.). teal ra ScKatcofiaTa Kpi/xara oaa ivere'CkaTO nvpio*;
avrwv
ire 777?

rots viol? 'IcrparjX, i%e\66vT(OV

y

Alyv7rrov'
iartv.

"A/cove, I(Tparj\' Kvpto<; 6 Oebs

rjfjL&v fcvpcos

eh

The

Lyons 0. Latin codex also preserves these words, but in agreement with LXX. B*F reads Moyses for tcvpios,
and

DS

tuus

DNS

unus

est for o 0eo? rm&v.

Cook

INTRODUCTION
(Pre-Massoretic Biblical
these

xxi

Papyrus,

p.

44

sq.)

regards

words as
of

genuine and as

having

originally
It is clear
rj^iSiv

formed part
that, as

the

Hebrew
is

text of

64

Cook observes

(op. cit. p.

44), icvpLos and

are inconsistent.
of the verb

Cook

of opinion

that the subject

"
(i.e.

commanded was

originally unexpressed,

and that

this introduction to the

Shema'

Hear,

genuine. duction was omitted " partly because an introduction was already contained in 4 44 or, better, in 6 1 ," and

Israel," etc.) is

He

thinks that this intro-

Now "partly to avoid a break in the continuity." this last argument makes against the genuineness
;

for the

introduction in the

LXX

6 4 constitutes

an

awkward break
is

in the context.

that

the

Palestinian

His next argument Targums on this passage

to the sons of

ascribe the origin of the

Shema'

Jacob

which they uttered when urged by the dying Jacob to shun idolatry. Hence this introduction, which
ascribes
it

to Moses,

"

at the formation of

the Massoretic text."

is

was dropped either before or But the

brought in
artificially.

passage
Besides,

in
it is

the

Targums

found in the Babylonian Talmud, Pesach, where it is attributed to Simeon ben Lakish of 56a,
third

the
of

century

a.d.

Furthermore, the evidence

is

wholly adverse to the genuineness of this passage in the Palestinian form of the Hebrew text. There is also the later evidence
of

Sam. T Sam. and Syr.

Onk. Ps.-Jon. and the Vulg.

appears only in derived from

introduction

Hence, since this and the LXX

it

(with the versions

it),

seems most

xxii

INTRODUCTION
it

reasonable to conclude that

fourth
(?)

represents a third or

century

B.C.

intrusion in
of the

what afterwards
text.

became the Egyptian type

1.

Hebrew
64
.

23.

13103,
Kin.

>LXX
Elsewhere
29
.

in

1.

24.

only

in

LXX

of

64

(eVnw) and

Mk

12

IV
Translation of the

Hebrew Text

of the

Papyrus
Lines in

Ex. xx.

<I am

the

L>ord
1

thy

God which
of

Papyrus. 1

<brought>

thee out of the land

E<gypt>.
3,

4 Thou

<shalt

have

<before> me. <unto thee a graven image>,

none> other gods Thou shalt not make

is

<nor any likeness> that

above,
or
,

in

heaven

that

is

in

the earth <be-

neath>
5

<or

that
:

is

in the water >s under

the

earth

thou shalt not bow down to

them <nor>
<serve them
:

for>

I the

Lord thy God

am

a jealous God, vis<iting the iniquity of the fathers>

D add "out of the house of bondage." Its omission by probably due (as E. J. Pilcher suggests) to prudential reasons, as the MS was designed for circulation in Egypt.
1

Ex. and

is

INTRODUCTION
Ex. xx.

xxiii

Lines in

Papyrus.

<upon
6

the child>ren upon

the third
of

and upon the fourth generation

that hate

them
7

me

<unto thousands
7

<and showing mercy> of> them that love me

commandments.
of

and

keep

my

Thou
8

shalt not

t<ake the name

;

the Lord thy G>od in vain for the Lord will not hold him guiltless <that>
8

<taketh

his

na>me in vain.
<keep

Eemember 2
it
3

the sabbath day to

9
1

<Six days>
all

shalt thou labour,

:

holy>. and do 10

thy work
is

but on 4 the <seventh>

day
in

<the sabbath unto the Lord> thy God

it
5

11

thou shalt not do any work,

<thou>
<nor thy son nor thy daughter>, thy 6 12
manservant nor thy maidservant, thine
1

So also

Syr. Onk.).

5 9 (LXX. Syr. Onk. Ps.-Jon.) and Ex 20 (M. LXX. But D 5 9 (M. Sam. TSam.) and Ex 20 5 (Sam. TSam.)

read
2
8 4

"and upon."
"observe."
the Lord thy

D reads
+ "as

God commanded

thee," D.

Sam. TSam. Syr. Onk. Ps.-Jon. in both But LXX and Vulg. (in Ex.) support N also Ex 23 ia Decalogues). 34 21 ). Hence the "on" here appears to be original, though lost and Sam. arly in 5 >Ex. and D. But N is right, since Sam. T Sam. LXX. Jub. 50 7 24 ad Jin. Cf. Jer 17 Syr. Onk. Vulg. so read. 6 So Ex 20 10 (M. Sam. TSam. LXX. Onk. Vulg., but Syr. Ps-Jon. 14 (Sam. TSam. LXX, but M. Syr. Vulg. read "nor thy") and D 5 Onk. Ps.-Jon. Vulg. read "nor thy").

>Ex. and

(M.

xxiv

INTRODUCTION
Lines in

Ex. xx.

Papyrus.

ox nor thine

ass,

nor any

of

<thy>
13

ca<ttle>,

<nor thy
11
3

stranger that is> within thy

for in six

gates:

days the

L<ord>

made <the heav>en and the earth, all th<at in them is>,

the sea and 14

and rested the seventh day wherefore the Lord blessed <the day>
:

15

2 the seventh* and hallowed

father
it

Honour thy and <thy> mother 5 <that>

it.

16

may
days

he

well with thee

and that thy 17

the

may <which>
(M.
5 14 (M.

be

long

upon

land

>Ex

20 10

support N).

supports "nor thine ox."

2

Sam. Syr. Onk. Ps.-Jon. but TSam. LXX Sam. TSam. LXX. Syr. Onk. Ps.-Jon. Vulg.) save that for "thine ox" M. Syr. Onk. Ps.-Jon. read
}

follows

5 14 (M.

Sam. TSam. LXX. Syr. Onk. Ps.-Jon.).

Ex 20 10

LXX
3

(M. Sam. Syr. Onk. Ps.-Jon.) of Ex 20 10 herein follow D.

.

>"any

of."

But TSam.

The words "for

" are

thee
4

in six days which the Lord thy God giveth an interpolation in Ex 20 15 of the sixth or fifth century B.C.
.
.

See pp. 110-116.

N has adopted this late text. So only LXX. Syr. Hence this correction, due to Gn 2 3 may have originated in Egypt in the third century B.C. But 'yi&n may be
,

merely a corruption of m&n. 5 + as the Lord thy God commanded thee, D. 6 Ex 20 12 (M. Sam. T Sam. LXX. (A) Onk. Ps.-Jon. Vulg.)
lined words.

Under-

LXX (B) supports

'

(M. Sam.

Syr. Onk. " ' that thy days may be long, etc. Hence poses it after the clause since of 5 16 insert them before "that thy days may

TSam.

5 18 in their present position. Vulg.) also adds this clause, but trans-

them

LXX

be long,"

etc.,

and M. Sam. TSam. Syr. Onk. Vulg.

insert

them

INTRODUCTION
Ex. xx.

xxv
Lines in

Papyrus.
thee.

14,13 the Lord thy God giveth

shalt not

Thou 18
shalt

commit adultery.

Thou

do no murder. 1

15 Thou shalt not

after this clause

they appear to have been originally a marginal gloss which was afterwards incorporated in the text by one scribe in one It is a favourite expression in place, by another scribe in another. D. Cf. 4 40 5 29 33 6 3 18 12 25 ^ 19 13 22 7 Both clauses, with words 40 3 227 but with a divergence coming between, are found in 4 6^
;

in order.

while 4

40

16 (with intervening words) supports the order in 5 , 22 reverse this order as in N.

6 2,
7

1 The order of the Commandments, vn.-vi.-vni., "Thou shalt not commit adultery, Thou shalt do no murder, Thou shalt not steal,"

(M. Sam. T Sam. Egyptian. Ex 20 (AFL). Syr. Onk. Ps.-Jon. Vulg.) and 5 17 (M. Sam. TSam. LXX(AF). Onk. Ps.-Jon. Vulg.) give the Palestinian and original order, i.e. vi. vn. viii., "Thou shalt do no murder, Thou shalt not commit adultery, Thou
is

13 - 14

LXX

shalt not steal."

It is
5)
;

found also in

Mt

Josephus {Ant. iii. 5. Clem. Alex., Origen,

;

etc.

the Didache, ii. The order in

2,

19 18 (5 21 w ), Mk 10 19 ; iii. 2 Tertullian, sqq. 13 14 is supported in Ex 20

;
-

by some Greek cursives and B (in part for its arrangement is in D by Greek MSS, B and some cursives, Sahidic, tii.-viii.-vi.) Luke 18 20 Ro 13 9 Ja 2 U Philo, Jerome, Bohairic, Ethiopic
;
; ,
,

Augustine, etc. This order seems clearly to have originated in Egypt. If so, the Hebrew text was naturally rearranged as in for Egyptian Jews. Philo, writing nearly a hundred years before the Hebrew papyrus

was written, says that Moses placed the vn. Commandment before the vi. because he considered the vn. to be the greatest violation of the Law (ddiKrjfidTwv fityicrTov tovt etvai virokafi&v, De decern Orac.
xxix. ad fin.). In the Jewish Encyc. iv. 496, an ancient opinion is given that adultery was a breach of seven other Commandments besides the seventh. This is the Jewish view. But Dr. Peters
(Alteste Abschrift d. zehn Gebote, p. 33), not being acquainted with the attitude of the Jews on this question, thinks that the order
is the original one, and that it was changed deliberately into vi.-vii.-viii. on the theological grounds that murder was a worse sin than adultery. It appears possibly in an ancient

vii.-vi.-viii.

Babylonian document.
alien
Orients,

1906,

p.

Jeremias 2 (Das alte Test, in Lichte des 208) gives the following rendering of it,

xxvi

INTRODUCTION
Lines in

Ex. xx.

Papyrus.

16, 17

<st>eal.

Thou

shalt not

bear vain

19

witness against thy neighbour. shalt not 3 covet 4

Thou

18 <Jthy

neighbour's wife.

Thou

shalt

desire 4
5

thy

neighbour's

house,

n>ot 20 <his>
or his

fi<eld,

or his manservant

>
o>x
21

<or

his maidservant, or his

ass, or

anything that

is

thy neighbour's.

which recalls the v.-vm. Commandments, but the order is peculiar and confused. I prefix the number of the Commandment in the
Decalogue
:

(v.)
(vill.)

Hat

er

Vater und Mutter verachtet

Falsche

Wage

gebraucht,

Falsches Geld

genommen

(vn.)
vi.
viii.

Nachsten Haus betreten Seines Nachsten Weib sich genaht Seines Nachsten Blut vergossen Seines Nachsten Kleid geraubt ?

Hat

er seines

In Budge's Books on Egypt and Chaldeans, vii. 365, quoted by Burney, JTS, April 1908, p. 350 sq., there are in the forty- two statements of the Negative Confession parallels to the in. and vi.-x. Commandments, but in an utterly illogical order. " 1 For "thou shalt not in Commandments vn.-x. Dreads " neither " shalt thou but see p. xviii, 11. 18-20 for the detailed evidence. 2 Ex. (M. Sam. TSam.) reads npr. So D (M. Sam. TSam.). See note on 1. 19, p. xviii sq. 8 So Ex. (M. LXX (-A). Syr. Onk. Vulg.): D (Sam. TSam. LXX. Syr. Vulg.), but Ex. (Sam. TSam.): D (M. Onk.) read "nor shalt
;

thou."
*

"Covet

desire."

Here

follows

5 20

See note on

1.

20,

p. xix.
6

"His

field."

Here
.

follows

addition.

reacted

" Sam. of D 5 ai has LXX. Syr. Onk. read " nor his field. Hence Sam. T Sam. of Ex 20 17 insert "his field." on Ex 20 17
1.

5 21 (M.

Sam. TSam.) in this

See note on

20, p. xix sq.

INTRODUCTION
Deut.
vi.

xxvii
Lines in

Papyrus,

<And

these are the statute>s and the

22

judgments which Moses commanded the <children of>

(iv.

45, <Israel> in the wilderness,

2)

when they 23
of
1

vi.

went forth from the land

Egypt.

4
5

Hear the Lord our God Is<rael> Lord and thou shalt love
:
:

is

one 24

<the Lord> thy hea>rt

G<od with>

a<ll thy 25

Conclusions drawn from the above Study as to

n
1.

and

its

eelations to ex. and

in point

of Time and Trustworthiness

has a definite Egyptian character. found in Cairo. This fact in itself

(a)

was

proves

nothing, but that follow,

when taken
it

in connection with the facts

possesses

some

evidential value.

(5) agrees with the LXX, when the LXX has the Massoretic of D supported by Sam. T Sam. Syr. Onk. Ps.-Jon. Vulg. against it in 6 4 (See notes on
.

11.

22-23,
1

p.

xx above.)

In other words, the verse

These

lines

seem to be compounded of

4 45 6 2

early intrusion in the circulated in Egypt.

Hebrew text of the third

or fourth

(?)

and to be an cent, which

This Egyptian form of the text is supported only by N and the LXX (with the versions made from the latter). See note on lines 22-23, p. xx sq.

xxviii

INTRODUCTION
is

which

interpolated in the

LXX

of

6 4 was un1

known

century B.C. as Sam. (T Sam.) and continued to be unknown in non-Egyptian prove, authorities till the second century A.D. if we assign
in the fourth

the Old Latin to that date.

strong.
(c)

This evidence

is

very

omits

"

Ex.

and their

out of the house of bondage," against versions. The most reasonable

is

explanation of this omission

refrained from describing
(see footnote, p. xxii).
(d)

that the Jews in Egypt

as a house of bondage
"

Egypt
"

N N

with

LXX

reads

on
"

the seventh day

Syr.

10 (Ex 20

5 14 ),
"

where M. Sam. T Sam.

Onk.

Ps.-Jon. both in Ex.

(e)

and

read
the

reads

blessed

seventh

the seventh day." " in the day

fourth

LXX

Commandment (Ex 20 11 ), in agreement with and Syr., where M. Sam. T Sam. Onk. Ps.-Jon.
"

Vulg. read
4, p. xxiv.

blessed the sabbath day."

See footnote

(/)

reads the

Commandments vi.-vii.vm.
The former order
is

in the

order vii.-vi.-vni.

attested

by
-

M. Sam. T Sam. Onk.

1

Ps.-Jon. Yulg. both in

Ex 20 13 u

The Samaritan Pentateuch "has, presumably, escaped the corruptions which have befallen the purely Jewish line of transmission since the fourth century B.C., whence now and then it agrees with the Septuagint in preserving words and letters which have dropped
out of the Massoretic text." Burkitt in Encyc. Bib. iv. 5015. It is generally accepted that about the year 333 B.C., Manasseh, the grandson of the high priest Eliashib, carried off to Samaria the

Hebrew Book
xi. 7. 8).

of the Law,

mission to build a temple on

when Darius Codomannus gave him perMount Gerizim (Neh 13 23 31 Jos. Ant.
"
;

INTRODUCTION
and

xxix
the Didache,
etc.

5 17 Josephus (Ant.
,

iii.

5. 5),

The order vn.-vi.-vni. clearly originated

possibly as early as the third century B.C.

in Egypt,

But N's
and some

only

supporters

are the

Greek

MSS B

Hence the order of and the (B) be later than the third century. Philo supports may the order in N. This order is purely Egyptian. See footnote 1, p. xxv.
cursives.
2.

LXX

iV agrees with

against Ex.

and

essentially

on
"

with

5 14

a descendant of D. (a) N adds thine ox and thine ass" against Ex 20 10

or
.

is

dependent

has here the support of M. Sam. T Sam. LXX. Syr. " Onk. Ps.-Jon., but M. Syr. Onk. Ps.-Jon. insert " and
before
(b)
"

thine ox."
(i.e.

N adds " any of " with D 5 against Ex 20 (c) N and LXX (B) of D well with thee." D 5
14 10
.

So) before
"

"

thy

cattle,"

5 16 add

that

it

may

be

16

(i.e.

Onk. Ps.-Jon. Vulg.) also

after "that thy days

M. Sam. T Sam. Syr. makes this addition, but

be long."
This addition

may

originated in a marginal gloss in the

Hebrew

of D.

See note
(d)
"

6, p. xxiv.

following
"

D
In

5 20

(M.

Sam. TSam.) reads

vain witness

(ifflP "ty).

Here

D N

preserve the

original
N1K>
1.

reading.

Ex 20 16 (M.
(

Sam.

TSam.)

is

rendered by

~ip&>

= " false ").

LXX.

See note on

19, p. xviii sq.

(e)

N
,

following
"

D
. .

5 21 (M.
.

Syr. Onk. Ps.-Jon.

also

Vulg.) reads

wife

house."

So

LXX

(B) of

Ex 20 17

but wrongly.

Ex 20 17 (M. Sam. TSam.

xxx
Syr. Onk. Vulg.)

INTRODUCTION
and Sam. T Sam.
"

of

5 21 preserve
1.

the original order 20,

p. xix.

house

wife."

See note on

Here Sam.
following
of

of Ex. has reacted

on Sam.

of

D.

(/)

N
is

5 21 (M. Onk.

Ps.-Jon.) reads

"desire" instead

"covet," as in

Ex 20 17

The
of

change

due to the Deuteronomist.

reacted on Sam. of
in both Decalogues.

Here Sam.

Ex 20 17 has T Sam. agree

Decalogues.
(g)

5 21 so that Sam.
is

right in both

See footnote on

1.

20,

p. xix.

following

D
"

5 21 (M. Sam.

Onk. Ps.-Jon.) reads his field." Syr. Onk. Vulg.) omit this expression and rightly, though Sam. T Sam. LXX support D. Here Sam. of D 5 21
has reacted on Sam. Ex. 20 17
the converse.
.

T Sam. LXX. But Ex 20 17 (M.

Syr.

Here
p. xix.

also as in (/)

See preceding note for is right. See

note on
3.

1.

20,

agrees with Ex.

8

against D.

(a)

reads

"remember" with Ex 20
Jon.
Vulg.), against

(M.
"

LXX.

Syr. Onk. Ps.-

5 12

(M. Sam. TSam.

observe."

LXX.
Sam.

Onk. Ps.-Jon. Vulg.) which reads

Here Sam.
of

TSam.
in
of

of

Ex 20 8
.

read "observe."

The text

D
(&)

5 12 has here, as in 2 (g) above, reacted on Sam.

Ex 20 8

follows

Ex 20 11
it."
:

in adding "for in six days

is

and hallowed

In Ex. this

an interpolation

of the late fifth

century

see pp. xviii, xxxix sq.

But

that such an addition to some texts of

was already

made
of

in the third century

B.C., is

proved by the
is

LXX

within thy 11 "for gates," inserts the following clause from Ex 20

which, after

"

nor thy stranger that

INTRODUCTION
in six
sea,

xxxi

days the Lord made heaven and earth, and the

all

and

that in

them

is

(iv

yap ef

rjfiepai<; iiroiricrev

icvpLos top T6 ovpavbv KaX /ecu irdvja tcl iv avroh).

T7jv yrjv Kol

rrjv

OdXaaaav

between
direct
(c)

N
"

Hence the above agreement and Ex. does not necessarily prove any
of

dependence of N on Ex. agrees with LXX. Syr. Onk.

59

in

Ex 20 6 (M. LXX. N Syr. Onk), but again Sam. TSam. read "and." therefore agrees with the LXX. Syr. Onk. in both 5 but has M against Decalogues with M in Ex 2 9 it in D 5 and Sam. T Sam. in both Decalogues.
it.

omitting TSam. read

and

"

before

"

upon the third," but

M. Sam.

agrees with

has, therefore, Semitic texts of the seventh to fourth

B.C.

centuries
It is

against
to

it, i.e.

once and Sam. twice.

It

allied

the

LXX

of

the third century.

does not appear to be directly dependent on

M
"

in

Ex 20 6
4. "

N
"

right against Ex.

"

and D.

rightly reads

in
,

it

before
5 14 ),

20 10
"

thou shalt not do any work (Ex since Sam. TSam. LXX. Syr. Vulg. in

both Ex. and

D
"

so read

also

Jub 5

7
.

Also the

on

"

before

Sam. TSam.,
text.
5.

the seventh day," though lost in M. belongs to an ancient form of the

N has
the

readings
sense.
,

not affect

and forms of

its

alone inserts
.

own which do riK before n^K

in

and 1V3 in Ex 20 17
of fc&

5 21

always reads xb instead

But both forms are found elsewhere

M, the
and

former thirty-five times.

Of the compounds

wi>n

xxxii

INTRODUCTION
the
former,

Kpn the Books of Samuel always have while Chronicles always have the latter.
6.

more than with any other authority, and apparently represents a form of the

N agrees
text

with the

LXX

Hebrew
century

B.C.

current in Egypt at the close of the third

(a)

N >" and"

before

with
of

LXX.
59
.

Syr. Onk. Ps.-Jon., against

"upon the third," M. Sam. T Sam.

D
(b)

represents a later stage of change than the

LXX in the fourth Commandment. Thus, whereas the LXX of D 5 U borrowed only the clause " for in six
all

days the Lord created the heaven and the earth, and that in them is," from Ex 20 n (itself a late fifth?),

century interpolation

has borrowed this clause

source,

and three others from the same

(c)

Ex 20 11
of

agrees with the

LXX

against

M. Sam. T Sam.
the two
5
16
,

Syr.

Onk. in giving a different

order
1

clauses in the fifth

Commandment
it

in

"that

thy days
thee."
(d)

may

be long, and that

the

may

go well with
5 17
"19

agrees with
Syr.

LXX

of

against
1

M. Sam. TSam.

Onk. Ps.-Jon. (see

(/)

above) in changing the order of the

vi.-vii.-vm. into vii.-vi.-viii.
2Q13-15
is

Commandments Order of LXX in Ex

vii.-viii.-vi.

1 But as we have seen in note 6, p. xxiv, the clause that it may be well with thee" originated in a marginal gloss in D 5 16 , which was subsequently incorporated by one scribe in an MS (which became the
' '

ancestor of M. Sam. TSam. Syr. Onk. Vulg.) after the clause "that thy days may be long," and by another scribe before this clause in an MS which was the archetype of the LXX of D and of N.

INTRODUCTION
(e)

xxxiii

alone with the

"
:

LXX

interpolates in

6 4 the

following words

And

these are the statutes and the

of

judgments which Moses commanded the children

Israel in

the wilderness

(>LXX

last

three words)

when they went

forth out of the land of Egypt."

VI
1.

The

three

forms of

the Decalogue in the

Hebrew,

i.e.,

in Exodus

W, Deuteronomy 5 and
close

Nash Papyrus,

and

the date of the

archetype of the last of these

not

earlier

than the

of the

beginning of the second.

Owing

third century B.C. or the

to the discovery of

the

Nash Papyrus we now possess the Decalogue in Hebrew in three forms. These in the main agree with each other, and yet they differ essentially from
each other in important features as regards both contents

and

dates.

With

the

relations to the Decalogues in

Nash Papyrus and its Exodus 20 and Deuter-

onomy

we have already

dealt.

is

very closely
Further,
it is

related to the

LXX

of

D.

See
it

p. xxxii.

dependent mainly on

reproduces the tenth

Com-

mandment

dependence on D where D diverges in In the ninth Commandment three respects from Ex. Also in the fifth it it again follows D against Ex.
in

borrows a clause from D, and in the fourth it borrows See v. twice from D, in all three cases against Ex.
2

(a) (b) (c) (d) (eg), pp.

its

xxix xxx.

There can be
to

no question as to
the date of
its

dependence on D, and thus

archetype as subsequent to

600

B.c,

xxxiv

INTRODUCTION

But N has borrowed from Ex. in the fourth Commandment, and from the latter half of that Commandment, which
fifth
is

itself

an interpolation
for

of

the
is

century

B.C.

(or

later),

the interpolation
Priests'

either

drawn from

or based

on the

Code.
of

(See
is

p.

xxx

sq. 3 (b), p.

xxx.)

Thus the date

brought down to the fifth century B.C. But N is later still for the conjunctions with the LXX it arranges the Commandments vi.-vii.-vni. in an order which is unknown in the order vii.-vi.-viil
;

the fourth century, B.C., as the Samaritan text (not to also is with the proves. speak of M) of Ex. and

LXX

in interpolating a sentence

composed

of three

clauses in

date of
It is

6 The (See 6 (d) (e), p. xxxii.) thus comes down to the third century B.C. belongs to the close of very probable that
.

the third or early in the second century B.C. latter date rather than to the former; for

To the
it

agrees

very
later

markedly
and,
of

with

the

LXX
it

against

all

other a
still

authorities,

furthermore,

represents

form

text

than

the

LXX.

See

v.

6,

pp. xxxii- xxxiii.

2. the
I.

The Decalogue in Ex %0 agrees

literally

with

Decalogue in

5,

in respect of
II.

Commandments
iv.v. ix.x.

Hi. VI. VIII., but differs in respect of

of

Since the two Decalogues agree verbally in respect I. in. vi.-viii. we have only to study the differences
II.

in

iv.-v. ix.-x.
first

Let us deal with the easiest of

:

these problems

with
II.

v. ix.
iv.

x. first

and

in this

order, and then with

and

INTRODUCTION
3.

xxxv

critical

examination of

v. ix. x. in respect of

their differences proves that

to

wholly secondary save in respect of a single word in ix. is obviously secondary. (a) In v. the text of First, the Deuteronomist has inserted the familiar

is

Ex 20

"

as the Lord thy

God commanded
Again,

thee

"

after
it

the
after

first clause, just as he has already inserted

the

first

clause

in iv.

we have
it

a marginal
be well

gloss

on

5 16 in the words "that

may

with thee," for they have been incorporated in one " that thy days may be long," set of authorities after

and
of

in another before this clause

a pretty sure sign

19 13 22 7
.

interpolation.
:

This
-

is
18

a frequent Deuteronomic

clause
6, p.

cf.

4 40 5 29

63

12 26

28

See note

xxiv.

(b)

In

ix.

the text of

secondary.

D
made

reads

"

is primary, that of Ex. vain witness." This indefinite

phrase

is

quite definite

in

Ex.,

and rendered
1.

"false witness."

See note

2, p.

xxvi;

19,

p. xviii,

for the discussion of this question.

(c)

In
:

respects
"

secondary in three " " and (1) in transposing the order of house
x.

the

text

of

is

wife

"

"

covet

(see "

1.

20,

p.

xix)

(2) in reading
;

"

desire
"

"

(see

same reference)
1.

(3) in adding

his field

for "

(see note 5, p. xxvi;

20,

p. xix),

where the grounds

but yields fruitful
to

are given for branding D's text in x. as secondary.

4.

The

text

of

II. is

most

difficult,

results

on examination.
"

The evidence tends

prove

that in the eighth century B.C. the

Commandment
thee

consisted

of the words

Thou

shalt not

make unto

a graven

xxxvi

INTRODUCTION

" image" or this with the addition nor any likeness." But this JDeuteronomic phrase is most probably an addition

of D.
in

Subsequently the rest of the

first as

appeared

a marginal

gloss

Commandment, which in D, was incorporated

during

the sixth or early in the fifth century B.C.

From

was copied into Ex. in the fifth century B.c. or not later than the beginning of the fourth. The evidence for the above statement is as follows First
it

of

all,

the evidence of

(save in

D) and

all

the

authorities, the

Samaritan text,

LXX,

Syr., etc., alike

in

Ex 20* and

D
400

5 8 (see
B.C.

the text about

3, p. xvii), prove that read "thou shalt not make

1.

unto thee a graven image, nor l any likeness whatever." So far the problem presents no difficulty, but the

moment we

pass on to the words that follow

we

are

brought face to face with untranslatable and, in fact, If we translate the with ungrammatical Hebrew. 2
text as
it

stands

it

is

"

meaningless,

Thou
etc.

shalt not

make unto
(ruion b),

thee a graven image, nor any likeness

is

which

in

heaven above,"

But the

context requires
in
1

"

heaven above,"
The
text of

nor any likeness of that which is No craftsman could make etc.

8
,

corruption of

Wellhausen
?D3
(

M in D 5 which omits "nor," simply a late M without the support of authority but Onk. and Kuenen assume that M in D 5 right, and put
is
;

is

(= "graven image")

in

the

construct state

before

Wt

Vs

But likeness"). that such a construction as

case the textual evidence

= "any

Dillmann
is

(see Holzinger, in loc.) objects

here supposed is not possible. In any against this proposal. 2 For a series of other like ungrammatical constructions in the Hebrew text, where as here genitives follow the absolute state, see
is

Gesenius,
p.

Hebrew

Grammar

(Kautzsch),

translated

by

Cowley,

414

sq.

INTRODUCTION
a
likeness

xxxvii

which
it

is

in heaven.
"

In order to get over

proposed by Holzinger, followed " by Peters, to read nor the likeness of anything 16 23 25 But the entire textual (fa rwn), as in D 4
this difficulty,
is
-

is against this proposal. Why should all the authorities agree in giving an unmeaning and 5 8 (Ex 20 4 ), when in the ungrammatical text in

evidence

preceding

chapter

we

find

three

times

these
?

two
It
is

words sound alike in sense and grammar

true that the
in

LXX

58

and Ex 20 4

renders miion hi by iravTos 6/jLoiayfia Here the preserves the

.

LXX

order of the

Hebrew words, but

gives

them an im-

possible rendering.

On
i>3

the other hand, in

(7rai/To<?),

4 23, *
is

the

LXX

has dfiofafia Trdvrcov

nain.

which
16
.

correct rendering of

Cf. also
etc.,

Seeing,

therefore, that the Sam.

LXX,

distinguish care-

fully the order in

5
in

8
,

and ungrammatical form of these words Ex 20 4 from their order and grammatical
4 i6
-

form
the

23 - 25
,

there

is

no evading

of the con-

clusion that not only in the third century B.C. as in

LXX

and N, but

in the fourth century or earlier

it does at present. This unmeaning and ungrammatical text in D 5 8 Ex 20 4 came therefore into being between the composition of D in the
,

the text stood as

seventh century and the end of the fifth B.C. It could not have come from the hand of the Deuteronomist.

How
plained
?

then

is

this

ungrammatical text to be exoriginally

in

The evidence suggests that

(if not in the copy of the Decalogue current in the eighth century B.C.) this Commandment read as

58

xxxviii
follows
"
:

INTRODUCTION
Thou
"

shalt not
likeness,"

make unto
i.e.

thee a graven

image nor any

for
"

of

Yahweh.

The word

(nnn) occurs eight times in the Pentaof these eight, six times in Deuteronomy. teuch, and,
likeness

Of the remaining two, one occurs in is itself, as it appears, borrowed from

therefore,

Ex 20 4 which
,

58

1
.

It

is,

a
is

favourite

word

of

the

Deuteronomist.

Hence

natural to conclude that to the original Commandment, "Thou shalt not make unto thee a
it

graven image," the Deuteronomist added, "nor any likeness." Later, by a scribe of the Deuteronomist's
school, a gloss in
"

was added

in the

margin

= " which

is

heaven above

...
5 8b
- 10
).

in

mandments
to be

(D

them that keep My comThus every phrase in 5 8b is

,

found in

4 39c and 4 18b and not elsewhere

In
59
"

in

the
"

Pentateuch outside the Decalogue.

the

glosser has

drawn the

clauses,

a jealous God," and

visiting the iniquity of the fathers upon the children and upon the third and fourth generation," from

Ex 34 14b and 34 7
JE), 5
10

respectively (which are either

2

or

that love

unto "showing mercy Me and keep My commandments

thousands of
"
is

them
almost

a verbal reproduction of 79 mercy with them that love

: . . .

"

God which keepeth

Him
as

and keep His

commandments

to a

thousand generations."
first

D
1

5 8b_1 ,

which appeared

margin, was incorporated

Elsewhere in the Pentateuch

in the text

a gloss in the by a later scribe

it is

only found in

Nu

12 8 (E).

(nDn nary) is not found elsewhere in D, 12 14 it is a familiar one in J and E in Genesis. Cf. also Jos 2
-

The Hebrew phrase

though

INTRODUCTION
without
a

xxxix

5 8b-1

it
,

Ex 20 4b"6
later

From readjustment of the grammar. was taken over into the Decalogue in possibly in the fifth century B.C. and not
first

than the

half of the fourth.

This last in-

ference follows from the fact that the Samaritan text

(fourth century B.C.)
5.

and the

LXX

reproduce the
"

gloss.

20 8

"11

The divergence between IV. in D 5 12 15 and Ex is great. But this divergence is due mainly to

the comparatively late (fifth century B.C. ?) interpolation

11 in Ex. based on of 20

Gn
and

2 26

and Ex 31 17
a

(both

verses of the Priests' Code)

to the

addition of 5 15 in
clause lost
lost

D
in

by the Deuteronomist.

D
.

5 Uc preserves

Ex 20

8-10

and

preserves the ancient sense of IV.

in

the present

form

of

Ex 20 8"11
of

I have elsewhere dealt with

the

interpolation in

Ex 20

11 1
.

The author

would naturally add

Since this

explanatory clauses but not omit them.

interpolation
"

is practically unquestioned, we may Thus the turn aside to the additions made in D 5 16
.

words,

And

thou shalt remember that thou wast a

servant in the land of Egypt and the Lord thy God brought thee out hence," are found almost verbally in

15 i5 16 i2 24 18

22
.

The next clause

mighty hand and a stretched out arm occurred in 4 34 (only in the Pentateuch

of "
:

5 15

"by a

have already
cf.

6 21 7 8 ).
12 "1 *

Thus

iv.

consists of

20

8 ~ 12

in Ex.

and 5

in D.

The

last clause in

5 14 ,

"

that thy manservant and

is

thy maidservant

may
1

rest as well as thou,"

it

with-

out doubt older than D, as

occurs in

Ex 23 12

(E

See pp. 112-116.

xl

INTRODUCTION

document over a hundred years older than D), " six days thou shalt do thy work, and on the seventh day
thou shalt rest
rest,
:

that thine ox and thine ass

of thine It

may have
that

and the son

handmaid, and the stranger

is

may

be refreshed."

probable

also

the

words "nor thine ox nor thine ass" (which Ex 20 10 omits) go back to the eighth century B.C., seeing that
12 14 they occur in Ex 23 as well as in D 5 12 In 5 the clause "as the Lord thy God com" manded thee is obviously an addition of the
.

Deuteronomist

as

also

in
19

5 16

It

is

favourite
,

4 5 5 32 6 25 20 17 24 8 or expression with him: cf. I " in the form which the Lord thy God hath commanded thee": cf. I 41 5 33 6 17 etc. etc.
This

Commandment,

therefore,

on

the

united

evidence of
"

Ex 20
1

8 " 10
,

12-14

read most probably

:

as follows in the eighth century B.C.

sabbath day, to keep it holy. but Six days shalt thou labour and do all thy work <on> the seventh day is a sabbath unto the Lord
the
;

Eemember

2 thy God <in it> thou shalt not do any work, thou nor thy son nor thy daughter nor 3 thy manservant, nor thy maidservant nor 3 thine ox nor thine ass, nor
;

3 4 (any of) thy cattle, that thy manservant and thy maidservant may rest as well as thou."
1

The words "in

;

reads "observe," but wrongly. it" though omitted

see p. xxiii, note 5.

by

in Ex.

and

are

original
8 4

Found

in D, but doubtful. adds " nor thy stranger that

is

within thy gates."

See note

2,

p. xlii.

INTRODUCTION
6.-4
duced
in

xli

comparison of the Decalogue in

Ex
it

as reprothe

(as

we conclude from

above

investigation

stood in the eighth century or earlier)

and
II.

the Decalogue in

5 in
it

respect of

Commandments

Hi.v. and 1X.-X. (as

stood in the seventh).

Ex 20 4 "12
II. i.e.

17

D
B.C.)

5 8-i6.
8a

2i

(eighth century
(2
4
).

62 i B c .)
.

"Thou
1

shalt

not

make unto

thee

"Thou shalt not ) make unto thee a graven

(5
2 image nor any likeness." 512-M Observe the sabbath day to keep it holy, as the Lord thy God com-

graven image." 8 " 10 "Eemember iv. (20 ). the sabbath day to keep
it

Six days shalt holy. thou labour, and do all but <on> 3 thy work
:

manded
all

thee

six

shalt thou labour,

:

days and do

the seventh day is a sabbath unto the Lord thy

God <in it> 4 thou

:

shalt

not do any work, thou, nor thy son, nor thy daughter,

but the thy work seventh day is a sabbath unto the Lord thy God <in it> 4 thou shalt not do
:

any work, thou, nor thy

son, nor

thy manservant, nor thy maidservant, <nor thine

1

thy daughter, nor manservant, nor thy thy

Here was subsequently added not only the clause from D "nor likeness," but also the marginal gloss that was incorporated by D between 600 and 500 B.C. See next note and also p. xxxvi sqq. 2 Here were incorporated ungrammatically the words that formerly M that is in heaven above and showstood as a marginal gloss unto thousands of them that love Me and keep My ing mercy

any

commandments" (D 5 8b 10 ). 8 The "on" appears to belong

Though

"

LXX
4

" In

of Ex 20 10 loit in the Massoretic it is preserved in and Vulg. and in the parallel passages in Ex 23 12 34 21 . "
it

to the text of the eighth century. also in

belongs to the text of the Decalogue in the seventh

as well as the eighth century.

xlii

INTRODUCTION
ass>,
1

ox, nor thine

2

nor

thy cattle, thy manservant and thy maidservant

< that

maidservant, nor thine ox, nor thine ass, nor any of

thy

cattle,
is

may

rest as well

that

nor thy stranger within thy gates

;

as thou."> 3

that thy manservant and

thy maidservant
as

may

rest

well as

thou.

And

thou shalt remember that thou wast a servant in

the

land of Egypt, 4 and

the Lord thy God brought thee out thence by a

mighty hand and by a

1

Restored from

D5

14

connection.

The phrase

and Book of Covenant, Ex 23 12 in the same occurs five times in the Book of the

Covenant.

Here D adds "nor thy stranger that is within thy gates." The phrase "within thy ('your' or 'any of thy') gates" occurs nearly thirty times in D and not elsewhere in the Pentateuch save in Ex 20 10 where it has been borrowed from D. The clause "thy
2

stranger that

within thy gates recurs in D 31 12 , and the words "thy stranger four times in D but not elsewhere in the Pentateuch save in Ex 20 10 where it is a loan from D. 3 This clause in brackets I have restored. It is found in D 5 Hc
is

"

"
,

also in the

Book

of the Covenant in the

same connection though in

of the conclusion that

The evidence, therefore, is in favour stood originally in Ex 20 after v. 10 , but was omitted by the interpolator of Ex 20 11 . Ex 20 11 is based on
different phraseology,
.

Ex

23 12

it

Gn2 3
4

The words, "that thou wast

closely after clauses in the

a servant in the land of Egypt,"

which follow
recall the

"the stranger within thy gates," certainly Book of the Covenant, Ex 22 21 23 9 "a
,
.

9 stranger shalt thou not wrong (nnn : 'oppress,' fnVn, Ex 23 ) for ye were strangers in the land of Egypt." Seeing that the

Book

of the Covenant to a considerable extent presupposes (see p. liv sqq. ) the

may have

Mosaic Decalogue, the Deuteronomist, who was acquainted with it, been encouraged thereby to add the many explanatory clauses, which as a matter of fact he does.

INTRODUCTION
stretched out
fore

xliii

arm

there-

the

Lord

thy

God

commanded
v.

thee to keep

the sabbath day."

(20

12
).

"Honour thy
1

(5

16

)" Honour thy father

father and thy mother."

and thy mother, as the Lord thy God commanded

be long
thee: that thy days may 2 upon the land

which the Lord thy God

giveth thee."
ix.

(20
bear

16

)."

Thou 3
4

shalt

(5

20

"
)

Neither
vain

shalt

not

vain

witness

thou

bear

witness

against thy neighbour." x. (20 17 ). "Thou shalt

against thy neighbour." " 21 Neither shalt (5 )

not covet thy neighbour's house, thou shalt not covet

thou covet thy neighbour's wife neither shalt thou

;

thy neighbour's wife, nor his manservant, nor his

desire

thy
his

house,
,

field,

neighbour's or his

1 The words that follow in Ex 20 12 "that thy days may be long upon the land which the Lord thy God giveth thee," are simply borrowed from D 5 16 The first clause is a Deuteronomic phrase
.
:

cf.

4 21

40

5 33 6 2 ll 9 17 20 22 7 25 15 30 l8 3247 .

It is
is

in the Pentateuch save in

The second

clause,

Ex 20 12 where it "upon the land which

,

not found elsewhere secondary and borrowed.

(always the participle jni) thee," is not found elsewhere in the Pentateuch save in

the Lord thy God is giving also a Deuteronomic phrase and

Ex 20 12 where
,

it is

borrowed from times in D.

2

5 16 .

With

slight variations it

is

found almost forty

it

Onk. Vulg. add, "and that whereas LXX and N insert this clause before "that thy days may be long." This clause originated in a marginal clause about or before 400 B.C. See note 6,

Here

M.

Sam.

TSam.

Syr.

may

be

well

with

thee,"

p.
4

xxiv.

See p. xviii,
I

11.

18-20.
"
nptf
(

have restored "vain (i.e. kw). which has displaced the original word.

= " false ")

is

a rendering

xliv

INTRODUCTION
manservant, or his maidservant, his ox, or his ass,

maidservant, nor his ox, nor his ass, nor anything

that
is

thy neighbour's."

or

anything

that

is

thy

neighbour's."
7.
earlier,

The Decalogue as
shalt have
shalt

it

existed about

750

B.C.

or

"
I.

Thou

II.

"Thou
"

not

none other gods before Me." make unto thee a graven

image."
ill.

Thou
;

shalt not take the

for the

name

of the

Lord thy
guiltless

God

in vain

Lord will not hold him

that taketh His

rv.

"

name in vain." Eemember the sabbath day

the seventh day
:

to

keep

it

holy.
:

Six days shalt thou labour, and do all thy work

but

<on>

is

a sabbath unto the Lord

thy God

in

it

thou shalt not do any work, thou, nor

thy son, nor thy daughter, thy manservant nor thy maidservant <nor thine ox nor thine ass> nor thy cattle, <that thy manservant and thy maidservant
:

may
v.
vi.

rest as well as
"

thou>."

Honour thy father and thy mother." " Thou shalt do no murder."
"

VII.

Thou
"

shalt not

commit

adultery."

viii.

Thou

shalt not steal."

IX.

"

Thou

shalt not bear false witness against thy

neighbour."

thy neighbour's house, thou shalt not covet thy neighbour's wife, nor his manservant, nor his maidservant, nor his ox, nor his
ass,

x.

"

Thou

shalt not covet

nor anything that

is

thy neighbour's."

INTRODUCTION

xlv

VII
It

The fact that

there

was

as

we have

seen,

steady growth

of explanatory accretions or changes

from

the eighth century to the second B.C., leads naturally to

the hypothesis that such explanatory clauses as still survive in the eighth century Decalogue in

themselves accretions.

so far as I

This hypothesis is found first, aware, in Ewald {Hist. ii. 159), who " writes as follows If we take from the two copies

m.-iv. x. are

am

which have been handed down

to

us,

Ex 20 and

Deut
find

5,

the additions

and explanations which we

there,

they exhibit perfectly that sharp, clear

Dillmann brevity which every law ought to possess." is of the same mind. But neither attempted to Let us now study in. iv. and justify this hypothesis.
x. in

the light of the results

we have
II.

arrived at on

critical

grounds in the case of

iv.
it

v.

and partially in

the case of

First of all as regards

m.

In this
"

Commandment
name
"

seems obvious that the words

for

the Lord will not hold

in vain," are

him

guiltless that taketh His

an accretion.

The second

clause,

name in vain," is simply based on the Commandment itself, and the first clause may be drawn verbally from Ex 34 7 if that passage belongs
that taketh His
to J.

In

iv.

the
"

original

Commandment was
sabbath

most

probably
holy."

Eemember

the

In primitive

races ordinary

day to keep it work was sus-

xlvi

INTRODUCTION
to

pended with a view

some religious function not as in the present day with multitudes, simply and The idea of rest and of solely with a view to rest.
recreation was, of course, early associated with that
of

worship.

Now
in the

the

question arises

Is

the addition in

iv.

anterior or subsequent to the corresponding

commands

Book

of the Covenant,
21
?

i.e.

(J) Decalogue in Ex 34 follows, however we decide.

Ex 23 12 (E) and the No important result

the

But, on the whole, the

addition seems to

be older than

Book

of

the

in other

Covenant, and also than the Decalogue in Ex 34, and words than E and J, as I have to show later

in vii. 5-6.

Thus Ex 34 21ab

consists verbally of

two clauses occurring in two different parts of the As for the words of the Book addition in Ex 20 10
.

of the

Covenant in Ex 23 12 "Six days shalt thou do x that thy work, and on the seventh shalt thou rest thine ox and thine ass may have rest, and the son of
:

thine handmaid, and the stranger

may

be refreshed,"
the corre-

the

first

clause

agrees in thought with

sponding agree with the concluding clauses in

,

phrase in

Ex 20 10

while the last two clauses

Ex 20 10

(as it

i.e.

For "shalt thou rest" the LXX has avdiravais, i.e. "Sabbath," me>n instead of niern. This seems to be right but if so, it would be of the nature of a conjecture, since M. Sam. T Sam. Syr. support the former reading. Baentsch (D. Bundesbuch, p. 94) states categori " to rest " on the seventh cally that command day is more primitive than M to keep it holy." But the analogy of primitive religions proves that the main object is a religious one, and that the command "to rest" is simply with a view to the discharge of the religious
1
;

obligation.

INTRODUCTION
stood in E) though the diction
differs.

xlvii

It is easier to

explain
versa.

34

21ab

and 23

12

as based on

Ex 20 10

than

vice

The analogy of problem is difficult. I.II. v.-ix. and in all probability of iii.-iv. suggests that the original form of this Commandment was
In
x.

the

Thou

shalt

not covet,"

or
If

"

Thou

shalt not covet

is

thy neighbour's house."

accepted, the

the latter conjecture

remaining words are merely a very

"

Hebrew expression the explanation of But the more natural assumption is that " Thou shalt not covet," the original form was simply
natural
house."

and that the exigencies

expansion of this
planation.
is

of

the times called for an

in the

Commandment

way

of ex-

It

is

further to be observed

that there

not the slightest allusion to this Commandment in the Book of the Covenant or in the Decalogue

in

Ex
It

34.

must be acknowledged that this Commandment stands on a higher level than the preceding nine.

But
the

this

fact

in

itself

does

not

conflict
its

with the

possibility, or rather

probability, of
to

existence in
I

Decalogue prior assume that x. originally existed

it

E.

For the time being,

in the form,
"

Thou

shalt not covet," without the accretions that accom-

pany

in

Ex 20 17
:

Hence, I conclude that

as follows
in.

in. iv.

and

x. originally

read

Thou

shalt not take the

name

of the

Lord thy

God

in vain.

xlviii

INTRODUCTION
Eemember
Thou
for
this

iv.

the sabbath day, to keep

it

holy.

x.

shalt not covet. 1

the Decalogue we should probably have to go back to the centuries preceding

But

form

of

900

B.C.

2.

If the above conclusions and

,

the hypothesis in

VII. 1,

are valid,

it

follows that, before

and

J were
concrisp
is

written, the Decalogue existed, each

sisting of one clause, expressed in

Commandment
clear

a few

and

words, in the tenth century or earlier.

so,

But

if this

then there

is

this

Decalogue

can

no outstanding personality to whom be ascribed other than Moses.

Before the eighth century

outstanding personality to

B.C.

there

is

only one great

whom

Israel attributed its

was Moses. primitive legislation, No In this attribution the tradition never wavers.
this, of course,

and

doubt the greater part of this legislation is late, but, whatever else may be of late derivation, the Decalogue, in
the form represented in vi. 7, vn. 1 above, can hardly be traced to any other person than Moses, the founder
of the preprophetic

and

ethical

Yahwism

of

Israel.

For the high ethical Yahwism introduced by Moses " has to be distinguished from the lower and naturalistic
conception of the same deity
1

already prevalent in

The Decalogue, including the introductory words, when relieved of the accretions of centuries, would amount to about 159 letters. These could be written on two small tables of stone. But the text as
stands at present in Ex 20 would run to 620 letters, which would require rather formidable stones for their inscription.
it

That Yahweh was originally an Amorite deity, see Burney, Sayce was the first to discover the existence of Judges, 243 sqq. Yahweh as a divine name in Babylon under the first dynasty.
2

INTRODUCTION
Canaan."
*

xlix
of of

" Burney maintains that no sharp line demarcation can be drawn between the religion

Amos and
and that
as
"

that of the founder of the national

life,"

applied
is

Israel,

implications the earlier religion of the nation of This is rather an largely a misnomer."
?

the title
to

prophetic/ with

its

overstatement.

For, though the

same

ethical character
of the

attaches to the religious beliefs of

Moses and

eighth-century prophets, yet the prophetic conception of Yahweh was monotheistic, while that of Moses was

In this respect a great intellectual gulf does exist between the religious beliefs of the prophets
henotheistic.

and

of Moses. 2

Various objections to the Decalogue without the accretions

3.

conclusion

that

the

of

was Mosaic,
Bundesbuch,

stated

and

answered.

subsequent

ages

Baentsch

(Das

p. 95) and most O.T. scholars rightly maintain that "the higher the spiritual and moral development of a people rises, the more abstract

appear these ethical laws."

"
is

"

The Decalogue

in

Ex 20

represents throughout the standpoint of

"

that which

fas

(or purely ethical).

is

Confessedly the idea, the

abstract
"

ever younger than the concrete "(p. 96). The supremacy of abstract thought was reserved in

Israel for the prophetic period" (p. 97).

sideration in themselves, but

1

These general observations are deserving of conwe cannot conclude from

See Burney, Israel's Settlement in Canaan, p. 55 sq. n.
;

JTS,

1908, 344 sqq. a Burney, of course, recognise! this fact elsewhere p. 315.

see Judges,

INTRODUCTION
is

them that the Decalogue

later than the

Book

of

the Covenant and the Decalogue in Ex 34, unless we maintain at the same time that there was no religious or

moral development outside Israel and anterior to Moses. But no scholar can maintain such a thesis at the
present day.
dition,

According to the universal Hebrew

tra-

Moses was acquainted with the learning

of the

Egyptians, and, accordingly, with the ethical teaching of the Egyptians. Moreover, Egypt was not excluded

from intercourse with the great religions of the East at all events of Babylon. Hence, unless Hebrew and religion sprang spontaneously into existthought

to

ence and grew in absolute isolation and continued grow without any period of reaction, decadence, or

obscurantism, the above theory that the Decalogue is not conceivable before the eighth century B.C. cannot

be maintained.
religions.

There are periods That there have been

is

of reaction in all

such

periods

in

Christianity

a fact too familiar to require further

treatment, though
fact,
its

we

shall

return to

it

later.

In

the ethical teaching of Christianity is purest in In Brahmanism the ancient tenfold beginnings.

laws of

Manu
in

degradation

precede centuries of obscurantism and These are that religion. content:

ment, forgiveness, self-control, abstention from

the

theft,

purification, control of the organs, wisdom, knowledge

(of

supreme
its

soul),

truthfulness, abstention from

anger

(SBE

xxv. 215).

Buddhism,

like

Christianity,

was at

purest in its beginnings.

But even
it

as late

as the beginning of the first century a.d.

requires

INTRODUCTION
the following ten conditions of the heart
:

li

self-control,

inward calm, long-suffering,

voluntary
subjection
to

self-restraint,

temperance,

meritorious

vows,

freedom
of heart
its

from wrath and cruelty, truthfulness, purity

(SBE

xxxv.

173

sq.).

Zoroastrianism has

ten

admonitions in regard to religion, but they are not of a high order (SBE xlvii. 167 sqq.).

Apart from these general analogies

it

should not

be forgotten that in the Egyptian Book of the Dead there are several remarkable parallels to the original

Mosaic

Decalogue.

Burney (JTS,

1908, 350

sq.)

has already drawn attention to these in the Negative Confession, with its forty-two statements (Budge, Books I prefix the on Egypt and Chaldcea, vii. 365 sqq.).

number
in.

of the

Mosaic Commandment.
No. 38. I have not cursed the god. No. 42. I have not thought scorn
of the
city.

god who
5.

is

in

my
not
(Cf.

VI.

No.
slain

have

man
19

or

woman.
I

also No. 12.)

vii.

No.

defiled the wife of a

No. 20. mitted any sin against No. 27. I have purity. not committed acts of
impurity, neither have
lain

have not man. I have not com-

with men.

lii

INTRODUCTION
viii.

ix.

have not Cf No. 2. I have not uttered falsehood. No. 3 1 I have not judged hastily.
4.

No.

committed No. 9.

theft.

Here the statements are

terse

and

direct,

and

cer-

Parallels tainly remind us of the Mosaic Decalogue. in the same crisp form are found in an ancient

Babylonian document to Commandments v.-vni. as I have shown elsewhere see p. xxv sq. n. There is, there;

fore,

no a priori objection to the Mosaic Decalogue, while, on the other hand, there are abundant historical
it.

analogies that can be cited in support of

"

the abstract is ever Again, this objection, that than the concrete," is in direct conflict with younger the actual history of the Decalogue from
B.C.

800

to

200

The fourth Commandment becomes more con:

crete with the progress of the centuries

so also does

the

fifth,

and likewise the second and tenth.

Again, a great religious and moral revelation is not the work of a moral syndicate, but is due to the inspiration of

some great outstanding

personality.

Such

lofty disclosures

may

fail

in

the

lifetime of their

author to effect their ends, but sooner or later they come into their own. Thus the second Commandment

was ignored
(if

in

Southern Israel

till

not later), and in Northern Israel

is

the tenth century till the Exile.

This fact

many

scholars

put forward as irrefragable evidence by that the second Commandment was

non-existent

down

to the tenth century at all events.

INTRODUCTION
But we can never
safely argue

liii

from the non-observance

of a law at a certain period to the conclusion that

no such law existed.

Those who study the history of

the Christian Church are well aware that from the

Seventh General Council, 787 A.D., to the Kef ormation the second Commandment was either explained away
or deliberately omitted from the Decalogue.
this is

In

fact,

the treatment meted out

to

this

Command-

ment by the Koman Church at the present day. 1 Indeed, if we applied the same arguments to the
penal laws connected with breaches of the Sabbath
day, or of a wife's unfaithfulness in the Priests' Code,

we should be

obliged to deny their existence there,

seeing that these laws were never apparently put into

execution by the Jewish authorities except on one or more occasions in the course of all the centuries that

have followed since their enactment.

it is maintained that the eighth-century never appeal to the Decalogue, and therefore prophets it did not exist before their time. But surely the

Again,

reason that they

made no such appeal

331)
. . .

is

that they took

for granted Israel's acquaintance with

it.

(JTS,

1908,

rightly

urges:

As Burney "The eighth-

and

century prophets religious social abuses of their time, appear, in fact, to

when they attack the

attack

them

as abuses,

i.e.

they seem to regard them-

selves not as founders of a

new type

of Yahwe-religion,

but

as

interpreting

essentials

and insisting upon religious which ought to have been patent to Israel
1

See pp. 71-74.

liv

INTRODUCTION
The whole tenor
of their

at large.

teaching

may

be

said to presuppose the

It is difficult to Decalogue. understand the severity of their language, if it was aimed, not against a moral declension, but against a
stage of morals 4.

which as

yet

knew of no higher
its

ideal."

The Mosaic Decalogue and

subsequent

re-

visions

and

accretions

down
the

to

WO

B.C.

See opposite

page.
5.

The Book of

Covenant,

i.e.

Ex 20 22-23 33

presupposes the Decalogue.

In order to avoid complications we have hitherto ignored the relation, chronological or other, in which
the Decalogue stands to the Book of the Covenant,

20 22 -23 33
question
scholars.
it

and

to the

Decalogue

in

Ex
of

34.

This
O.T.

has been discussed by

It is too large to

most

the

be discussed here.

And

cannot be put aside wholly, though only some yet of the chief conclusions can be considered. First, as
to the relation of the

Book

of the

Covenant

to the

Decalogue, Kothstein concludes that the former is a commentary on the latter. Klostermann holds that
the

Covenant was built on the Decalogue. Both these hypotheses have been rejected by the vast
of the of scholars.

Book

body

Notwithstanding, I am constrained to adopt an hypothesis not unrelated to those of the two scholars
just mentioned.
sqq.) that the
1

I have briefly

shown

in 3 (p. xlix

main objections

to the existence of the

mine.
is

The

italics in the last clause are

This designation of this section

found in Ex 24 7

Mosaic Decalogue, each Commandment consisting c. 1320-1300 B.C. of one short clause,

Decalogue with the earliest additions in in. 4 c. 900 B.C. or earlier.

I

5 (?),* iv." x.

Decalogue as

it

stood before

its

incorporation in E.
I

c.

800-750

B.C.

Decalogue in

D with addition in II. of "nor any likeness" in 5 8 ; in iv. of 5 16 ; in v. of

5i6bce.fi
c>

62 i B#a
I

Decalogue
gloss in

in

D with marginal
5^-10^6
i

ii., i.e.

ncor .

porated from margin ; in v., 16d r i.e. D 5 c. 6th Cent. B.C.

.

II

Decalogue in Ex. with borrowings in 4b 6 from D 5 8b10 in 11., i.e. Ex 20 12bc from D 5 16ce 8 and v., i.e. Ex 20
"
, ; ,
,

which interpolation in iv., i.e. Ex 20 has displaced the final clause still pre14 9 served In D 5 c. 5th Cent. B.C.
11
, .

Hebrew Archetype used by LXX

current in Egypt,
I

c.

300

B.C.

Nash Hebrew Papyrus.

c.

200

B.C.

N.B.

Heavy lines denote direct descent, light lines

indirect descent.
3

and last clause in D 5 14 thou shalt not covet "thy neighbour's house, " anything that is thy neighbour's. 4 For the ground for this date see 13 ad Jin. and the footnotes 2, 3. " < 5 as the Lord thy God commanded thee is peculiar to D. 516b 6 58b-io "that is in heaven above keep My commandments." " A nd that it 7 5i6d may go well with thee." 8 Ex 20 12bc u that thy days may be long upon the land which the Lord thy God giveth thee." 9 i.e. "that thy manservant and maidservant may rest as well
1

i.e.

i.e.

Ex Ex

20 7b . 20 7

i.e.

Ex

20 9

10

as thou."
Iv

lvi

INTRODUCTION

Decalogue from the Mosaic period onwards are really without weight.
In the Book of the Covenant there are, as
it

has
in
is

been

shown,
34, and

borrowings
possibly
3

from

the
2

Decalogue

Ex

interpolations.

The order

likewise
ethical,

confused.

There
22 - 26

is

an

intermingling of

and judicial religious (20 elements (21 2-22 17 ). But the ethical commands and the judgments (expressed hypothetically) both alike
rightly

22 17-23 19 )

belong to

the

document.

The

latter

are

cases.

simply a practical application of the former in specific Their aim is to regulate the life of a people under primitive conditions and mainly engaged living

in agriculture.

Now

it is

to be noted that of the

is

ten

Command-

ments account

taken of seven (or possibly nine).

In other words, these seven (or nine) are presupposed. Such a That the tenth is omitted is natural.
practical

document

as the

Book

of the

Covenant can
second Com-

take

little

or no account of the thoughts of the heart. 4

of the

In the next place, the omission

mandment

in a
(for

Kingdom
1

document composed in the Northern the Book of the Covenant is derived

-

i.e.

2 8

from 34 18 22 23 21b 24 23 10 n 13b Thus 21 17 should be restored before 21 16

23 14
-

" 19

**
.

20 22

- 23

22 s3-

21 18

" 25 '4

read in the
is

following order 21
fused.

18 " 19 -

23 " 25 -

P-

20 " 21
.

The

text in 22 1

also con-

4 Some elements which take account of motives appear in 22 21 " 23 4 6, 9 but they are probably of later origin. In any case they do not approach the profound and universal ethical character of the
-

tenth

Commandment.

INTRODUCTION

lvii

from E) would not be astonishing or even remarkable, seeing that it was ignored by Northern Israel as a

whole
then

till

the

Exile.

And

yet, if

20 23

is

original,
(?)

it

presupposes both

the

first

and second

Commandments.

A
ment
of

priori, therefore,

we should not expect

a docu-

of this nature

to deal

with more than eight out

Commandments, and when we examine the Book of the Covenant we find that eight (or
the ten

seven) are actually dealt with. Clearly the Book of the Covenant is incomplete else there would be a
;

section on the adulterous wife.

The seven

(or six)

are as follows

Decalogue before its incorporation in E.

"
I.

Book of Covenant, Ex 20 22-23 33

.

Thou
other

shalt

have
before

none Me."

gods

Commandment is 13 presupposed in Ex 23
This
-

24.

2 o 23

The

Israelites

are required not even to mention the name of other

gods (2 3
to

13

):

they are not

make any covenant with them (23 32 ), nor serve them (23 24 33 ), nor make images of them in silver or gold (20 23 ). But this
'

last

verse

is

regarded as

secondary addition to If it were the text.

it

original

would
forbid

imthe

plicitly (?)

lviii

INTRODUCTION
making of images of Yahweh (i.e. the second Com-

i. ii.

mandment). Ex 20 23 "Ye

shall not
*

make

other

gods

with

gods ye shall not make unto you." These words,

;

Me

gods of silver or

of gold,

if

original,

presuppose the

existence of

Yahweh and

The progods. hibition of images of the

other

may carry with it the prohibition of images

latter

"Thou shalt not take the name of the Lord thy God in vain."
ill.

Yahweh. 28 ? Ex 22 "Thou shalt not revile God." But for " God " we should most
of

probably
judges,"

render
as
in

"
6

the

21

22 8

If the latter rendering is right,

then only seven of

the
"

Commandments

are

presupposed.
iv.

Eemember
to

the
it

Ex 23 12 "Six
the
rest
:

sabbath day

keep

shalt do thy work,

days thou and on

holy servant
.

that thy

manmaidabove,

seventh
that

and

thy
(See

thine

thou shalt ox and

servant
as

may

rest as well

thou."

pp. xli

sq., xliv.)

thine ass may have rest, and the son of thine handmaid, and the stranger,

may
The words "other gods
"

be refreshed."
by Dillmann.

are restored

INTRODUCTION
v.

lix

"

Honour thy

father

Ex
smiteth

21 16
his
shall

"He
father,

that
or

and thy mother."

mother,

put
"

to

surely be 21 17 death."
that

And

he

curseth

his father, or his mother,

shall

surely death."

be
20 *

put
23_24 *

to

yL

]X

21 12-14,
VI.
.

29
.

These are practical applications of

vii.
?

Ex 22 16

This

is

not a

judgment following logically from vii., but may be part of a section now lost
which
dealt

with

the

adulterous wife. The Book of the Covenant would be

incomplete without such a

section.
viii.

ix.

Ex 22 1 "5 Ex 23 1"2
Book

7 ~ 8 - 12
.

That such a document as the

supposed
6.
1

by

the

of

the

Decalogue is preCovenant follows

1

naturally from the above comparison.

The Decalogue in

Ex

8%

(i.e.

J)

has several

"Wellhausen, Comp. des Hexat. pp. 331-332, tries to recover the Decalogue in 34. He makes it out as follows I. Thou shalt worship no other god (34 14 ). II. Thou shalt make thee no molten gods (34 17 ). 18 iv. All in. The feast of unleavened bread thou shalt keep (34 ). that openeth the womb is Mine (34 19 ). v. Thou shalt observe the the feast of feast of weeks (34 22a ). vi. <Thou shalt observe 22c ingathering at the year's end (34 ). vii. Thou shalt not offer the
:

>

blood of

My

sacrifice

with leavened bread (34 26a).

viii.

The

fat of

lx

INTRODUCTION
common with
it

points in

the Decalogue of

Ex <20

as

it

stood

in 900 B.C. before

sqq.).

was incorporated in
Decalogue in

E (see
is

p.

xliv

The former betrays a relation of dependence

latter.

on the

The

Ex 34

very far

removed from that

is

in
,

Ex
the

11-20 preserved in 34

The former Decalogue but practically no two scholars

20.

agree

as

to to

what

ten

Commandments

were.

Baentsch {Das Bundesbuch, p. 98), "The According in Ex 34 stands on the preprophetic stage Decalogue of the Yahweh-Keligion and so undoubtedly nearer to
the

Book
20."
.

of the

Covenant than

to the

Decalogue in

Ex

again (p. 101): "in this its original the Decalogue in Ex 34 is older than the Book of the Covenant: in its revised form, on the

And

form

other hand, in which

it

now

lies

before us,

it

bears

manifestly the stamp of

a later time."

Baentsch
25b

not remain all night until the morning (34 ). of the first-fruits of thy ground thou shalt bring into the house of the Lord thy God (34 26a ). x. Thou shalt not seethe a

My

feast shall
first

ix.

The

mother's milk (34 26b ). So also Holzinger, Ex. 119. Stade L 510) agrees with the above, save that for v. and vi. he reads (Gesch. as follows v. Thou shalt keep the sabbath (34 21 ). vi. Thou shalt

kid in

its

observe the feast of weeks and the feast of the ingathering at the

end (34 22 ). Kennett (Deut. p. 40 sq.) defines them as follows shalt worship no other god. EL The feast of unleavened bread thou shalt keep. in. All that open the matrix is Mine, and very firstling, etc. iv. Six days thou shalt work, but on the seventh day thou shalt rest. In the remaining six he agrees with Wellhausen. This Decalogue presupposes the settlement of Israel in Canaan. The nation has already abandoned the life of the nomad for that of the agriculturist. It celebrates three festivals, two of which are concerned with husbandry solely. But the Decalogue in Ex 20, when
year's
I.
:

Thou

stripped of its later accretions, knows only of a weekly festival a sabbath of rest for worship. This Decalogue is adapted to a nomadic
people.

INTRODUCTION
holds that the Decalogue in

lxi

Ex 20

is

the latest of

the three documents in question.

{Ex.
p.

Holzinger's view

120)

is

interesting.

He

concludes that the

Decalogue in
than that in

Ex 34, which is preserved by J, is older Ex 20 preserved by E; but that this

is

Decalogue in E shows traces of a groundwork which older than the Decalogue of J. In the preceding pages I have sought to show that
the Decalogue in the accretions
it

Ex 20 and
of

received after

when 900 B.C.,

5,

stripped of
consisted of

ten

Commandments
III.

case of

(?),

IV.

one clause each, save in the and X. (see p. xliv sqq.), and also
the

that

the

Book

of

Covenant

presupposes

this

Decalogue (see
If the

5).

Decalogue in

Ex 20
it

stood in this relation

to try

to the

Book
34.

of the Covenant,

we have now

and

discover in what relation

in

stood to the Decalogue

Ex

The

latter, as I

in

some degree

its

hope to show, manifests Let us dependence on the former.

now compare

the two Decalogues.

I.

Ex 20, c. 900 B.C. Ex 20 3 "Thou shalt

other
4

Ex

34,

c.

900-850.
shalt

Ex 34 u "Thou

none before Me."

have
ii.

gods
shalt

worship no other god."

Ex

"Thou

Ex 34 17 "Thou
make
gods."

shalt

not

make

unto

thee

thee

no

molten

graven image"

Molten images belong

to

later

period

than

graven images.

Ixii

INTRODUCTION
"
1

iv.

work

Six days thou shalt but 2 on the

.

seventh day

is

a sabbath."

Six days thou work, but on the seventh day thou shalt
shalt
1

Ex 34 21

"

rest."

one

These correspondences are not coincidences. authority is dependent on the other.

in
to

The
That

Ex 34
question.

secondary

regard to the second Commandment is the form in Ex 20 4 there can be no

the
first

Similarly,
is

Commandment

in

Ex 34

14

or definition of

It is an interpretation secondary likewise. Ex 20 4 If the fourth stood alone, it

.

would not be decisive either way, but when taken in conjunction with the evidence of the first and second

Commandments

Ex 34

it not only attests the dependence of on the Mosaic Decalogue, but also the existence

in that

Decalogue of accretions in the fourth Com(i.e.

c.

mandment, before J
the
materials
in

850
.

B.C.)

made use

of

Ex 34 1-28

Hence the Mosaic

Decalogue with accretions in the fourth, most prob3 and possibly in the third, 4 existed ably in the tenth
in this form in
1

900

B.C.

or earlier.

Exactly the same See footnote 3 on

Hebrew
p. xli.

clause in each case.

3 Seeing that the tenth Commandment in its original form must have been an occasion of great difficulty to the teachers of Israel, it is reasonable to assume that the addition to the original words, "thou shalt not " covet, was made in it at an early date, i. e. 900 b. o. or earlier. For it was already in the Decalogue incorporated in E about 800-750 b. c. D, about

D 5 U and Ex 20 7 presupposes a date anterior E was composed of pre-existing materials.

621 B.C. or rather earlier, recast this addition, as we have already seen. 4 The evidence of D 5 11 throws back the date of the accretion in this Commandment to 621 B.C. at latest, while the joint evidence of
to 800-750 B.C.,

when

INTRODUCTION
7.

lxiii

Ex

3If

has influenced the later form

of the

Decalogue in

W.

5 and

thereby of the Decalogue in

Ex

In

4, p.

xxxvii sqq., I have sought to show that

Mosaic Decalogue with additions in in. (?), iv. X. (see pp. xliv-xlviii). c. 900 B.C. or earlier.
|i
I

Decalogue
its

before

incorporation in E. c. 800-750.
I

Decalogue in Ex. 34 by unknown author preserved in J. c. 850 B.C.

;

Book of Covenant Ex. 20 22 23 33 by unknown author, c. 800preserved in E. 750 b.c.

I

Decalogue in
addition
of

likeness " in n. ; 5 16bce in iv. ;

c.

D 5 with "nor any

of 5 15

in

v.

621

b.c.
I

Decalogue in

5 with of addition ungrammatical gloss, i.e. 5 8b 10 in ii. ; of 5 16d in v.

-

c.

600

B.C.

Decalogue in Ex 20 with
borrowings in n.
v.

and in11
.

terpolation in iv., i.e. 20 See p. Iv. c. 5th Cent. b.c.

N.B. Heavy

lines denote direct descent, light lines indirect descent.

5 9_1

was

originally a gloss based

on Ex 34 14,

7
.

For
5 8b
~ 10

From the other sources of the gloss, see 4. 4b-6 this accretion passed over into the Ex 20
.

lxiv

INTRODUCTION

8. The relations of Ex 34 and the Book of the Covenant (Ex 20 22-23 33 ): the latter is later than the Into this question it is not the duty of the former.

present writer

to

enter here.

Baentsch and other

22

scholars have arrived at the conclusion that

in its original

form

is

older

Ex 34 (J) than Ex 20 -23 23 (E).

Both documents, however, have suffered severely in the course of transmission and editing, so that Ex 34, which is the older document, contains elements which
bear the stamp of a later period than Ex 20 22-23 33 See Baentsch, Das Bundesbuch, 97-103.
9.
.

Relations

of

the

Mosaic

Decalogue

to

the
i.e.

Decalogue in

Ex $4 and
,

the

Book of

the Covenant,

Ex 20 23-23 22 and later form Ex %0. See previous page.

of Mosaic Decalogue in

INDEXES
I. INDEX
Adonai =
as
"

OF SUBJECTS
Asylum,
189. See of, right Sanctuary. Augustine, division of Commandments into groups of three and seven by, 17 n. See Commandments, numbering of. Authority of parent transcends that of ruler, 176.

Lord," reverent use

for

of,

synonym

Yahweh,

3.

Adoration, absolute worship, addressed to God, 55 n.

Adultery,

212-228 (see Commandment VII); extended by

our Lord to cover all impurity, and to include thought as well

as deed, 215. Alcohol, abuse of, 191 ; legitimate use of, 191, 192 ; traffic in, 191, 192; prohibition not best means of reform of, but State Purchase, limitation of hours, etc.,
192.

Babylonian parallel to Decalogue,

xxv, Hi
;

ments

Backbiting = secret

in,

order of Commandxxv, xxvi, notes.

slander,

250.

Anger, in danger of being a breach

Commandment VI., 200-207 need of removing personal element in, by prayer and apprefor fear of it ciation, 204 ; becoming hatred, 204-205 (see moral value of, Forgiveness) See Hatred, Indignation, 205. Wrath.
of
; ;

See Slander. Basil the Great, wrongly appealed to in support of reverence to images, 48 ; Ep. ccclx. of, spurious, 49 ; formula of, as taken out of its usually cited, context, 49, 49 n. See Image

Worship.
Bethel, sanctuary at, 22, 23. Blood, avenging of, a primitive

form

Aniconic

worship.
II.

See

Comof

mandment

Anthropomorphism,

crude,

of justice, mitigated by of sanctuaries and cities of 186-188 ; refuge, generally superseded as between

provision

second conception of Sabbath,

115, 116. Aristeas, Letter of, xvi. Art, destruction of, by Jewish fanaticism, 29 ; realistic, danger arouses of, in religion, 44-^8;
feelings to exclusion of conscience and 45. understanding, Asherim, 27.

individuals, but still prevalent as between nations, 187. Book of Covenant. See Covenant. Book of Sports, 150. -See Lord's

Day. Brazen Serpent, worship

See

sensuous and morbid

Commandment
;

of, 25, 51. II.

Bulls, golden, symbolic of

Yahweh,

22-24

jected to

apparently not obby Micaiah, Elijah,

18

274
Elisha (or

INDEXES
n.
;

24
25.

Amos ?), 23 n., 24, but denounced by Hosea,

Commandment

II.,

14-88

(a)

textual questions concerning, and Deut. agree in, ix ;

Ex. un-

Caesar, ensigns of, excluded from Jerusalem by Jews, 28. Calumny, a deliberate false slander,

grammatical Hebrew in, Deuteronomic phrases in, marginal

gloss of fifth cent. b.o. incorporated in text of D, and then of Ex. of, ix, xi, xxxv-xxxix ; form of, in eighth cent. B.C., xi,
xli, xliv.

247, 251.

See Slander.
of,

Candour, duty

101.

See Out-

iniquitous immunity of clergy under, 188, 189. Capital punishment, necessity of, 197. Capitalism, 265. See Communism, Socialism. Caroline Books, the, forbid image worship, 61, 62 n. Catacombs, discovery of, 41 n. ;

spokenness. Canonical Law,

(b)

teaching
of

of,

forbids woriconic
;

ship

God through

means, as images or aniconic means, as unfigured symbols,

sacred stones, pillars, trees, 19 ; not at first considered as forbidding golden bulls, 22-25 (see Bulls) ; nor brazen serpent, 25, 25 n. ; later extended to cover unworthy conceptions of God, 35.
(c) in Christian Church, observed by Early Church, 36-40 ; later explained away by the Eastern and Western Churches, 68-70 ; omitted by the Western restored by Church, 70, 71 Council of Trent, a.d. 1566, 69, 71 omitted generally by Roman Church since, 72-75 ; in English Church at first transferred to
; ;

altogether authentic memorials (as restored by Furius Philocalus) of fourth cent, a.d., 41 n. ; no image or crucifix found in, 41, 42 ; Christ represented in, only as Good Shepherd, or crowned with thorns, 42. Catechisms, of Luther, Justus Jonas, English Church, 71 ; of Roman Church, 72-74. See

not

Commandment
Chemosh, god
22.
of

II.

Moab,

3,

n., 5,

end

of

Commandments,

later

Christian Church, early, opposition 36-40 of to (see idolatry,

Image Worship); worship

of,

omitted by Peckham, etc., a.d. 1281, as by Luther, 70, 71 ; restored by English Church in a.d. 1552, 71 ; Eastern Church
limits reference to statues, 56.

142-144. See Eucharist. Christian view of property as stewardship, 245. Cities of refuge, 187, 188. See CanoniClergy, immunity of.
cal

See Image Worship.

Commandment
dition
to,

III.,
;
;

xlv

earlier

89-109; adthan
parallel
to,
;

750
in

B.C.,

lxii n.

Law.

Codes, various, of Decalogue, 1, 2.

Egyptian Book of Dead, li connected with Commandments

I.

See Decalogue.

and II., 89

forbids false oath,

Commandment

I.,

1-13;

con-

sistent with polytheistic belief,

but ultimately interpreted only

in monotheistic sense, 2-9, 14

but also implies prohibition of all falsehood, 89-109 ; meaning " in vain," 89 n. of Commandment IV., 110-172
;

given a positive content, as duty of loving 4 6 , 10. God, by Deut 6

(see

Monotheism)
-

distinct versions of, in Ex 20 and Deut 5, x, xxxix, xl, 110-117; with distinct con-

two

INDEXES
Sabbath, 111 (see extrusion of ancient clause (D 5 14 ), x, xxxix, xl 11 interpolation of Ex 20 , x, xviii,
ceptions
of

275
;

property, 213

Babylonian and
li.

Sabbath)

Egyptian

parallels to, xxvi,

113;

form
;

of,

B.C., xi, xl

in eighth cent. original brief form

See Adultery, Fornication, Impurity, Vices ; also Commandments, Order of.

Commandment

of, xlv-xlvii.

See Lord's Day,

;

Sabbath, Sunday.

Commandment V., 173-184 Babylonian

parallel
to,

xxv

n.

Deuteronomic

additions

in,

VIII., 229-245; Babylonian and Egyptian parallels to, xxvi, Mi concerned with property. See Property. Commandment IX., 246-257 Babylonian and Egyptian pa;
;

xxxv
(see

parallels to, in
lix
;

Book

of

rallels to, xxvi,

Covenant,

importance of
Life,

Book

lii ; parallel in of Covenant, lix ; has

Commandment

of, unique in Eositive ecalogue, 173, 174. 185-211 ; VI., ground of for State loss of property in life of citizen, 194, 195 ; for religion inherent dignity of man, made in image of God, 196 in195, Life); (see adequacy of, as external law

Family form

Parents)

primary form

'

vain,'

Ex. sec-

ondary, 'false,' xxxv; forbids lying against neighbour in court, and also in private life and
social intercourse, hence prohibits not only false testimony but also calumny, defamation,

detraction,

and

slander,

247

the

only, 199, 200 expanded by Jewish elders to cover cases of murder and contemptuous language, 201, 203 by our Lord to cover spirit and temper from which such actions spring, 203 order of, placed after VII.
; ; ;

frequently broken 252. See commandment, Slander.

most

Commandment
additions to, as
B.C., lxii n.
;

258-272 ; X., early as 900

original

form

xlvii

;
;

xxxv
17
n.,

text of secondary in, divided into two, 17,

brief,

18

(see
;

Commandments,

in

many

authorities,

times

in N.T.,

and three 15 (see Com-

of) ; origin of, primitive (see Blood) ; avenging of, 186 ; scope of, covers cases of criminal neglect leading to loss of life or harmful conditions, e.g. vicious bull, dangerous buildings, wrongful liquor traffic, slums, congested populations, excessive hours or hurtful conditions of toil, 190-193. See

mandments, order

numbering of) forbids covetousness, and so includes VI.-IX., 259 passes from letter to spirit, and so gives key to our Lord's interpretation of Law, 260 convicted Paul of his inward covetousness sinfulness, 261 ;
;
;

regarded as

(i)

in individual,

258-265; (ii) in bodies and groups, 265-270 ; (iii) in States,

270-272.

Commandments,
varies,

Commandment

Capital Punishment, Murder. 212-228 ; VII., originally very limited in reference to outward act only and to unfaithfulness in married women only, 212, 213 (see and so reUnfaithfulness) ; garded not so much the sin against purity as that against

15;

in

in

Roman

and

numbering of, Judaism, 16; Lutheran

churches, following Augustine's arbitrary division, 16, 17 n. ; hence X. divided into two, 1719, and neighbour's wife precedes neighbour's " house," 19 ; in other Christian Churches, 1 8 ; order of, varies, 15; Egyptian

276

INDEXES
middle of second cent, a.d., 42 but not prominent in Catacombs, 42. unknown in worship Crucifix, until sixth cent, a.d., 42 earliest representations of at Gaza, Tours and Narbonne, 43 veiled by order of bishop at Narbonne, 43 n. first authorised in a.d. 692, 43 n. worship of, arose in 43 n. arguments for, 43 Syria, against, 44 ; ministers to the morbid or sensuous, 45-46 n. wrongly interprets appeal of a false symbol, Christ, 46, 47 See Symbol. 104, 105.
;

origin of inversion of VII. and VI., xxv n., 15, 16; paralleled in Babylonia (?), xxvi n. ; widely attested in certain Greek MSS of Ex 20 and Deut 5, also
20 by Luke 18
,

Ro

13 9 , Ja 2 11
;

Philo, Jerome, Augustine

ex-

planation of by Philo, xxv n., by Dr. Peters, xxv n. all Commandments negative, except one (V.), 173, 174 ; reour Lord, 200, interpreted by 203, 215, 260. See ReinterpreSee Decalogue, Ten tation.

Commandmenta.

Common
236
;

worship on Lord's Day, 162-172. Communism and property, 230theories

of,

influencing

of, 21-23. Decalogue, various versions

Dan, sanctuary

everywhere, 230" all 233 ; extreme views of, baser theft," 231 ; property adherents of, 231 ; serious exlegislation

Ex

34, Book of Covenant, and in Egypt, vii ; Hebrew text of, as in Egypt

20,

Deut

5,

Ex

of,

in

Essenes, Therapeutae, early Christians for a time in Jerusalem, 231, 232 ;

ponents

of

Plato,

300
text

b.o. discoverable
;

from

LXX

as in Ex 20, in fifth cent. B.C., and in Deut 5 about 621 B.C., viii, ix ; their divergences,

sets

up an

ideal,

has developed

ix,

Greek

text of,

an authority

principle of co-operation, 232, 233. Communistic experiments, failure in Paraguay, 233, of, 233 n. ;

for Hebrew text, viii ; corruptions in, viii ; present text of, in Ex 20 goes back to fifth cent. B.C., in Deut 5 to 621 or earlier

234

n.

(omitting

gloss

5 8b

" 10

),

Conceptions of God, 32-35. Concubinage, 213, 214. See Poly-

gamy.
Constantine and the paganising of
Christianity, 26.

Deuteronomic additions in, ixxi ; original shorter form of, older than Book of xi-xii, Covenant, older than Decalogue
in

Ex

Contempt, a breach

of

Command-

by

E and

34, xii ; so presupposed J, tenth cent. B.C., so

ment
to

VI., 200-203, 207 ; hurtful others, begets censorious

and presumptuous judgments, and so hurtful to self, 210,

211.

Covenant, Book of, presupposes Decalogue of Ex 20, therefore See than it, liv-lix. later Decalogue. with connected Covetousness Idolatry, 260, 261 ; slavery of, See Commandment X. 261. Cross, an honoured symbol from

attributable only to Moses, xii, 2 ; relations of Ex 20 and Deut agreement in I., III., VI.VIII., difference in II., IV., V., IX., X. ; in V., X. Deut. secondary, in IX. primary, in II. large interpolation in Ex. from Deut., xxxiv-xxxix ; in IV. large interpolation in Ex. from P (Gen 2 26 , Ex 31 17 ), also in Deut. addition from D, and preservation of phrase omitted by Ex.,

xxxix-xl

an

older

form

of,

INDEXES
presupposed in Book of Covenant, and a different Decalogue

277

20 and ; Deut 5 in eighth and seventh cent. B.C., x, xi, xli-xliv ; explanatory clauses in, are accretions, xlv originally each Law a few crisp words in tenth cent, or earlier, containing about 159 letters as against the present 620 letters,
in
34, 1
text of
;

Ex

Ex

Detraction, unfavourable interpretation of act or character, often a mere insinuation, 251.

Deuteronomic additions,
See

ix-xi, etc.

Commandments, Decalogue. Development and reaction in

{see religion, xlix-li sion) ; in knowledge of

DeclenGod, 1-

xlviii, xlviii n.

arguments

for,

e.g.

early origin of, parallels in

;

other early religions, xlix-liii

nant, liv-lix
lxii
;

13 ; in eschatology, 8, 9 ; of worship, by stages, 29-31 ; hence lower forms permissible in earlier times but not tolerable in later, 30 ; of Command-

presupposed by Book of Cove-

by Ex

34, lix-

ment II. to spiritual worship, 35. See Growth, Reinterpretation.

Early
144.

; arguments against, e.g. non-observance of Command-

Christian

(but this paralleled in Christian Church), hi, liii ; and silence of eighth cent. B.C. prophets (not conclusive), liii, liv ;
II.
to, in Egyptian Book of in a Babylonian Dead, li, lii document, xxv, xxvi, lii daily recital of, in Temple, xv later abolition of, then attempted res-

ment

worship,

142-

parallels

toration of, xv ; alone claimed as divine revelation by Minim, xv.

Decalogue

of

Ex

34,

and
of

far

removed

later than from that

Egypt, Hebrew text of Decalogue about 200 B.C. in, (a) represented in Nash Papyrus, vii; (b) presupposed by LXX of Ex 20 and Deut 5, viii phrase " out of house " of bondage omitted in Nash Papyrus, xxii n. See Decalogue, Nash Papyrus. Ephod, meaning of, 21 n. Eschatology of Israel remains heathen to seeond cent. B.C., in case of Sadducees to a.d.
;

70, 8.

20, presupposes settlement of Israel in Canaan as agricultural people, lx, lx n. ;

Ex

reconstruction

of,

by

Well;

hausen and Kennett, lix-lx n. influence of, on later form of Deut 5 and of Ex 20, and on Book of Covenant, lxiii, lxiv. Declension from true faith, in Israel, in Christian Church, in Contrast DeBuddhism, 26. velopment. a true statement Defamation, maliciously made, 251.
Deities,
Israel,

Eucharist, Pliny's possible reference to, 142 ; Justin's description of, 143, 144 ; held every Lord's Day, 143, 144. Evidential value of miracles as

such

nil, 108, 109.

Experience, not intellect, the best teacher of religious truth, 8, 9.

Faith, true and lasting, founded on truth alone, 108, 109.

Falsehood, xviii, xxvi, xxxv, 89 n. See Commandment III., Lies, Vain.

(independent,

outside
in
pre-

Family

life,

importance

of, in

war

acknowledged

national prophetio times, 3 ; confined to worship of, 3 ; national 4. See territory,

Henotheism.

impurity, 225, 226 ; dependence of State and every human association on, 173 ; hence first in duties to neighbour, 173. See Parents.
against

278

INDEXES
distinguishable from Monotheism = belief in one god, 2-9;
of Moses, xlix. Holiness not limited to any day, place, food, calling, nation or

Fetichism, 20. Fighting on Sabbath Day, 125, 125 n. Fool, meaning of word, equivalent
to Raca, 201, 202. Forgiveness, not only attainment of forgiving spirit, but winning to repentance and restoration to communion, 205, 206. Fornication, placed by our Lord on the same level with adultery,
; though not directly included in Commandment VII., nor so strongly denounced in O.T. as adultery, 213. Frankfort, Synod of, a.d. 794, forbade image worship, 62, 63. Future life, knowledge of, gained through religious experience, 9. See Eschatology.

Honour

215

person, 158, 159. to parents includes reobedience, love, 178 ; spect, duty not cancelled by parents' shortcomings, 182, 183 ; duty of giving honour to others and seeing the good in them, 204, 209-211 ; an incentive to them to improve, 208. " House," originally included all xlvii, 19 ; hence possessions, xx, " " wife in Commandprior to

ment

X., 19.

Cf. xix.

Icon, after the Iconoclastic controversy, means only picture,

Games, Sunday. God, as Father

Christian
fully

See Recreation.

56

n.

of individual, a revelation, 10, 11 ;

Iconic

worship.
II.

See

Command-

ment

mediated

only

through

Iconclastic controversy, 41, 51-56.

Son, 11, 12 ; revealed fully only as Father, Son and Holy Spirit, 11-13. SeeYahweh. Good Shepherd, Christ represented
as, 42,

See Image Worship.

Idol,

meaning of, extended to include unworthy conception of

God,
35.

42

n.

Growth

of Israelites

Israelite

at

heathens, 5 ; tion of henotheism through Moses, 6 ; but heathen views to eighth cent., of future life
persisted to second cent. 6-9.
B.C.,

Religion Semitic received revelafirst

Idolatry, connected with covetousness, 261 ; forms of, 31 ; cf.

heathen arguments for, ; borrowed by Christians, 31, 32,

55, 57

Guild Socialism and Syndicalism, 235-238.

of Empire, 40. Image of God, material more harmful than intellectual, because incapable of growth or subboth of these limation, 32 ;

60, Church after " conversion

;

65

invades

Christian

"

IJammurabi, Code of, 190, 191 n. Hatred, a breach of CommandSee VI., 200, 204, 205. Anger, Wrath. Healing on Sabbath forbidden by Rabbis, 129, 133-135. Heathenism. See Constantino, Declension, Image Worship, Prostitution, Solomon. Henotheism = worship of one god,

contrasted with mental and formless conceptions, 34, 35. Image Worship, in Israel, Jero-

ment

boam not
{see Bulls)
;

under Asa velops under

originator of, 22 revolt against, begins in Judah, 25 ; de-

prophets, 27 ; culminates in entire prohibition of all images, pictures and likenesses in second cent. B.C., which though allowed in Solomon's

INDEXES
temple

279
56, 56 n. ; in recent

from excluded are Herod's, 27, 28; though still appearing on Jewish tombs in satirised by Diaspora, 28 ; in Christian 29 n. ; Philo,
Church,
(

by Roman Church, modern instances of,

eruption of Etna, 58 n. ; modern arguments for, 72 n., 73 n.

denounced

by

early

by Synod
first

hristian writers, 37 ; forbidden of Elvira, 38 ; heathen

;

arguments for, 65-67 arguments against,

appears
;

Christian
66,

Images, religious, approved of by in Leontius, bishop Cyprus (floruit, a.d. 582-602), 50; defended by Pope Gregory 1. as books of the unlearned, 50 cham;

67

among

Gnostics,

pioned by Pope Gregory n., 51, 52 ; actual use of, as godfathers, 58.

37, 59 objected to by Eusebius and Epiphanius of Salamis, and all and Augustine, 38-40
;

the Christian Fathers for four centuries, 60 ; began among ignorant classes, leavened gradually the Church, 60, 61 ; revives
practices

Immaculate conception, denied by first taught by Augustine, Franciscans, 83. See Mary. Impurity, most ignored of sins, 215 ; most persistent of temp216; tations, 215, struggle
216
against, sets in before maturity, insidious appeal of, to ; imagination, 217 ; intimate conof, with higher powers man, 218 ; stimulated by excitement of war or even religious revivals, 219, 220 ;

denounced by Hebrew

prophets, 31, 55, 57 ; explained away as use of symbols, 31 , 32 ; Basil the Great no authority

nection
of

formula "honour rendered to image passes to " has no reference to prototype a material image, but essential nature of our Lord, 49 n. ; lamented by Augustine, 40, 50 ; championed by Pope Gregory
for, 48,

49

n.

rife

in

periods

of

greatest

artistic or intellectual activity,

11.,

a.d. 729, 51, 52

;

by John

of

Damascus, 52-54 opposed by Byzantine Emperors, 51, 54

;

219 ; destructive of empires, 220 connection of, with housing question, 222, 223 war against, to not hopeless, 222 be
;
;

refusal of, regarded as deadly

54 commanded by of Second Council Nicaea, 200 years a.d. 787, 55, 61 ; later in prevailing in France, Germany and England, 61 ;
sin,

53

n.,

waged by nation legislatively, 222-225 by family by parental care, 225, 226 by individual by life and influence, 226 pro;
;

tection against, not sufficiently afforded by dread of conse-

quences,
artistic

by frank
or
;

teaching,

by

condemned by Charlemagne and Alcuin, 62 by Synod of Frankfort, a.d. 794, and Conference
;

intellectual

tion,

217-219

educabut materially

given

by

patriotic

and

self-

at Paris, a.d. 825, 62, 63

;

in

denying

preoccupations,

East insisted on by Empress 56 Irene, supported by Theodore of Studium, a.d. 823, 58 controversy settled by
;

of Constantinople, a.d. 842, worship confined to paintings by Second Council of Nicaea, as by Greek Church since, but extended later to statues

Synod

and effectually Christ and Holy Spirit, 226228. See Adultery, Fornication, Vices. Incarnation, adduced as justifying
suppression of Commandment II, 63 n. Incense, use of, in image worship, 31, 55-57.

220 ; provided by

2&>
Indignation, righteous,

INDEXES
need
of,
I

and hatred, 98

of flattery
;

and

198, 205-207. Individual, importance of, in

war

harmful exaggeration, 97 of weakness and fear, inevitable

evils results of, 98.
Life,

impurity, by private example and public witness, 226. Infallible authority, belief in, fatal to truth of thought, 102-107. See Ultramontanism ; unquestioning submission to, biases or
against
atrophies judicial faculty, leads to superstition and ignorance, 104-106. International relationships, truth

not an absolute but relative and potential good, 196, 197 sacredness of, an unsatisfactory
;

and

195 ; inferior to sacredness of honour and truth, 196 ; saving of, supersedes
principle,

Sabbath restrictions, 130, 131, 135. But see Healing. Likeness, a Deuteronomic phrase,
xxxviii.

God's laws apply to, in, 248 270-272. Invocation of saints, 75 ; of the Blessed Virgin Mary, 75-88. Irene, Empress, evil character of,
;

56, 57, 61 ; supporter of image worship, 55, 56, 61.

Jehovah, an

artificial spelling of

divine name Yahweh, the written with the vowels of 3. See Yahweh. Adonai, Jeroboam, revolt of, against
foreign
cults

Lord's Day, distinctive Christian title. weekly festival, 139 origin of, 139, 140 ; parallels tc in Egypt and Asia Minor, 139. 140 n. observance of, instituted Church because by Early Christ manifested Himself to the Apostles on first day of 161 ; therefore week, 160,
; ;

Sunday is a weekly commemoration of Resurrection, 161, 162 ; and a fresh creation of Christianity, not a substitute for the

Rehoboam,
Worship.

of 22.

Solomon or See Image

Judgment,

private, duty of, 107 ; limitations of vast field of

truth, impossibility of absolute impartiality or absolutely open

observance of, Sabbath, 164 not commanded in N.T., 140, 141 but kept by Paul, 140 ; observance of, necessarily limited to early and late hours of day for bulk of early
; ;

mind, 107, 108

107.

; yet indispensable on things within our ken,

Lamb,

figure of, Crucifix, 43 n.

replaced

by

Law, Jewish, alone to be read on

Sabbath, 129, 130.
Legislation,
inability
of,

Christians, as slaves and subordinates, 141, 142 ; evidence of Pliny's letter to Trajan, 142 ; observed with celebration of Eucharist, after lessons, sermon and prayers, according to Justin Martyr, 143, 144 ; evidence of

to

re-

generate man, 269 ; following on advance in public opinion a corrective of intemperance, 191, of impurity, 222192, 223; 225 of gambling, 223. Lies, prevalent in primitive and
;

144 ; religious observance made compulsory at Council of Illiberis, a.d. 305, 145 ; civil observance by ConTertullian,

barbarous
courtesy,

94-97

of 94 ; times, " not at as home," of covetousness, malice

stantine's decree, a.d. 321, 145 ; games and litigation on, prohibited by Theodosius, a.d. 386, 1 46 ; growing severity of rules for, 146 ; thus at first a day of worship, after 300 years a day also of rest, 165; identified

INDEXES
during two periods with Jewish Sabbath; (a) seventh cent. a.d. to Reformation, e.g. in West by Alcuin and Charlemagne, in

281

East later (a.d. 900) by Emperor 146 n. ; Reformers, e.g. Luther and Calvin, refused to equate with Sabbath, and regarded it as institution of Church, 148, 149 (6) from sixteenth cent, in England, Holland and America by Puritans, 165; lax observance of on Continent due to equation of all holy days with Sabbath, e.g. by Bernard of Clairvaux and Thomas Aquinas, 147 ; hence
Leo,
;

trace of, in Catacombs, 76 ; nor in mosaics at Rome of a.d. 435 and 441, nor at Ravenna of a.d. 451 and 462, 76, 77 ; nor elsewhere till sixth cent, a.d., 77. 78 ; first appears in Syria, 78 ; far advanced by ninth cent, in Rome, 78 ; fully developed in twelfth cent, in mosaics of St. Nicholas in Urbe, 78, 79 ; evidence of Fathers no trace of, in New Testament, where very

subordinate
her,

position

assigned

eclipse of Sunday by holy days, and amusements more and more

freely indulged in, 147, 148; licence encouraged by Book of Sports of James 1. and Charles r. led to Puritan reaction, 150, 151 ; modern questions concerning physical need of rest on, 165, 166; claims of others to rest on, 167 ; mental needs, recreations on, to 168-170 ;

demned by Pope Gelasius (a.d. 492-496), 82 ; cult first appears in Thrace, Syria and Arabia, condemned in fourth cent. a.d. 82 ; later by Epiphanius, appears at Ephesus and Conabout a.d. 450, 82 ; stantinople, developed by, e.g., Peter Damian, the Franciscans, Bonaventura,
de Bustis, and especially Liguori, 83-88 ; decreed by Council of Trent, exceeding worship of saints, but
Bernardinus
differing

nor in Basil, 80, 81 ; Chrysostom, Cyril of Alexandria or Augustine, 82, 83 ; prepared for by Apocryphal works con-

whom

essential,

168

spiritual

needs, 168, 170-172 ; danger of need commercialisation, 169 ; of special days and common worship, 170, 171 ; problem of those who refuse to observe any fixed festivals, 171. See Puritan,

from worship of God, extravagances of Liguori, 86-88. See Immaculate Con84

;

ception.

Sabbath.

Massoretic text of Decalogue, viii, xvii-xxxii, xxxvi, xl, xli, xliii,

xlvi notes.

Love of God, 10. See Commandment I. Love, the supreme principle of conduct and reform, 269, 270
;

Mendacity, and infallible authority, 102-104. Mesha, king of Moab, inscription

of, 5.

fulfilment of law, 263 ; difficult in regard to unlovable persons, but a duty still, 264.

Milcom, god of
109.

Ammon,
in,

3.

Miracles no proof of truth, 108,

Lying, deep guilt and baseness of, often due to cowardice, 248.

Mishnah,

rules

regarding

Sabbath observance, 127.

Maccabean leaders
fighting, 125.

and Sabbath

Mariolatry, 75-88. See Mary. Mary, the Blessed Virgin, worship no of, evidence of monuments

Molech, worship of, 22. Monotheism, not formally asserted in Commandment I., but a result of it, xlix, 6, 14 first taught
;

explicitly

by

8th

cent.

B.C.

282
prophets,

INDEXES
9
;

dispels

super-

270

if

civilised,

has

moral

stition, sorcery, opportunism, 9, 10. See Henotheism.

270

Moral sense,
198.

convictions, ideals and duties, linked ; together by

liable to perversion,

language, ancestry, laws, literature, traditions and character, 270. Nations, duty of, to one another,

Moses,

founder of pre-prophetic

ethical

Yahwism of Israel,
;

xlviii

author of Decalogue in original henotheism of, form, xlviii, 2 xlix ; acquainted no doubt with Egyptian ethical teaching,
Lli.

270-272

selfishness

of,

271

Murder = killing

from

personal

feeling, intentionally,

186 ; distinguished from manslaughter

= killing by accident or in selfSee Blood, Comdefence, 186. mandment VI.

close
of
first

tragic history of, 271, 272 ; justice between, not ensured by courts of arbitration, treaties, commerce, civilisation or fear of war, 272 ; under Divine law, 271, 272 ; families in commonwealth of God, 272.

Nash Papyrus, written towards

cent, a.d.,

used
;

probably Catechism, vii, xiii, covery of, in 1902, xiii

older
xiii
; ;

as

Service

Book or xv dis;

much

than any Hebrew MS, works on, xiii Egyptian

of,
vii,
;

Oath, definition of, by Philo, an invocation of God," 89 ; false, sin of, 89-92, penalty of, 90, 91 taking of, forbidden by our Lord, but not absolutely, 92, 93 by Philo, Essenes, 92, 93 ; necessary in courts of law, 90-94. Obedience to parents, 173-176, 178-184 ; of child, unquestioning, 178; of vouth, discriminat; ;

"

xxvii-xxix found in Cairo, agrees with frequently against Massoretic, has Egyptian order of " Commandments, omits out of house of bondage," xxvii-xxix as a rule agrees with Deut. Ex., vii, xxix-xxx, against xxxiii ; occasionally with Ex. against Deut., xxx, xxxi, xxxiv twice right against Ex. and Deut., xxxi ; has readings and forms of its own not affecting the sense, xxxi ; agrees with more than with any other

character

ing, 179.

LXX

Obscurantism, 101-109. Observances, religious, not an end

in themselves, 137, 138. Opinion, public, an ever open has many court, 248, 249 ; is aggregate of divisions, 249 individual judgments, 249 tone of, being ever raised or lowered by us all, 250.
; ;

of Commandments. See Commandments. Oriental cults, prepare way for

Order

LXX

authority, viii, xxxii, xxxiii, xxxiv ; represents a form of Hebrew text in Egypt 200 B.C., xv, xxxii, xxxiii ; Hebrew text of, restored, xvi, xvii ; critical notes on, xvii-xxii ; translation of, xxii-xxvii. Nation, character of, expressed in State, 271 ; if barbarous, still

Christianity, 40 n. limitaOutput, increase of, 240 tion of, 239. See Trade Unions. Outspokenness, duty of, 255, 256 ; but inadvisable when hatred is 256. See Candour, present, Truth.
;

Paintings, religious, approved of by Gregory of Nyssa and

Paulinus of Nola, 49, 50.

Pictures.

See.

without

moral

responsibility,

INDEXES
Parents, obedience to, 173-184 ; continuity of society bound up with, 174 ; based on factors of heredity and environment, 175, 176; authority of, 176, 177;
;

283

231-234 recognised in some form or degree by Socialists, 234 ; attended by certain evils,
selfishness, e.g. dishonesty, fraud, theft, covetousness, contention, war, inequality of lot, exploitation and profiteering, all of which amenable to legislation and moral advance, 230, 234 ; attended also by certain benefits, e.g. stimulus to pro-

honour due

to, 178 ; children's debts to, 179, 180 duty of, to need of careful children, 180 training by, to overcome impurity, 225, 226; example of, 178; love of, a type of God's love, 184 God's earliest medium of revelation, 178. See Authority, Obedience.
; ; ;

Partizanship, prejudices and blindness of, 249, 250 ; prominent

in religious

and

political press,

250. Paul, moral struggle of, 261, 262 ; conviction of, by Commandment X., led to his conversion, 262.

Perjury, 91, 92. See Oath. Physical pain and agony, a favourite subject for representation in Eastern religions, 45, 46. Pictures of Christ and saints for-

bidden by Eusebius and Epiallowed by phanius, 38, 39 Eastern Church. See Icon, Image Worship.
;

duction, discipline of physical mental and moral powers, 234, 235 ; with regard to individual, duty of giving full measure and supplying full quality, rendering full service, submitting to full taxation, 242-244 ; Christ's conception of dangers and responsibilities of wealth, 244 ; wrongfulness of luxury, ostentation and waste, 245 ; requires from all according to ability and awards to all according to need, 245. See Stewardship. Prophets, Hebrew, two schools of in Northern Kingdom, 23 n. ; monotheism of, 9 ; earlier

prophets,

e.g.

Elijah,
;

do not
later do,

denounce images, 23
25-28.

Pliny, letter of, to Trajan, 142, 143, 163. See Lord's Day. Polygamy, common in O.T., 213, 214 ; tends to low moral code for men, 212.

Prostitution, religious, sanctioned by Rehoboam, 22, 23 ; banished

by

Asa,

Jehoshaphat

and

Josiah, 23 n.

Polytheism. See Deities, Henotheism, Monotheism. Priests' Code, date of, 114 n. based on pre-exilic usage, 114 n. Private judgment. See Judg;

Prototype and image, 49 n., 55 n. See Image Worship. Puritan view of Lord's Day, value of, 150, 151, 156 ; not prevalent on Continent, 149 rejected by English Church, which, however,
;

ment.
Profanity, due to want of selfcontrol, a limited vocabulary, or a lack of education, 92. Prohibition, undesirability of, 192. See Alcohol. Property, considered with regard to

holds to principle of sanctification of one day in seven, 153 ; this not ultimately provable, 156 ; contrary to Paul's teach157 ; and our Lord's, ing, See Holiness, Lord's 157, 158.

Day.
Raca, meaning of word, 200-203. Recreation, Sunday, problem

community, entails responsibility for service for community, 229,

230
;

banned by Communists,

284
of,

INDEXES
168-170; State control
of,

120

strict

167.

became
rules,

rules regarding, intolerable burden, 124 ;

life

Reformed Churches and Sunday,

148, 149.

actual danger to

overrode

Reinterpretation of Commandments by our Lord, 260 ; of VI., 200-203 ; of VII., 215. Rest, day of, weekly, essential to physical health, 165, 166. See Lord's Day, Sabbath. Rites of idolatrous worship, 31, 55,
61, 62, 65, 68.

but this principle limited both for men and animals, 130, 130 n., 135 n. ; in N.T., corrected by our Lord on " Sabbath made for principle Jewish parallel to man," 133 this saying, 133 n. Jewish de130
; ; ;

light

in,

181

n.

classical

Roman

Church, sanctioned image worship earlier than France, Germany or England, 61 permits statues as well as pictures, 56, 65 {see Image Worship) ; see in, Mariolatry Mary ; equates holy days with Sundays, 147. See Lord's Day.
;

authors' slighting references to, 131 n., 138 n. ; Gentile Christians rejected, as part of law,
Ignatius, Justin, Athan139 n. ; 139, though recognised in Apostolic Constitutions and by Council of Laodicea, a.d. 363, 139 n. See Healing, Lord's Day, Puritan.
e.g.,

asius,

Sabbath and Lord's Day, differences between Sabbath commanded, Sunday not Sabbath

seventh

day,
lasts

Sunday

first

from sunset to sunset, Sunday from midnight to midnight Sabbath commemorates God' 8 rest, Sunday Christ's resurrection Sabbath observed by cessation of work on penalty of death, Sunday
Sabbath
;
;

days of, equated with Sunday, 147 n. worship of, See Worship. 41, 75. Samaritan Pentateuch, presumably escaped later corruptions of Jewish text, xxviii n. Samaritan text of Decalogue, viii,
Saints,
;

xvii-xxxii, xliii n.

by worship

(not rest, at

first),

without penalty, 153, 154. Sabbath, name of, connotes rest and cessation from toil, 117 ; no doubt also implied sacred rites, and therefore rest with a view to worship, 117, 118 connected with weekly division of time, 118 (see Weeks) ; observance of, two different reasons gi^en for (a) older, humanitarian, for man, in Deut 5 (and Ex 23 12 ) ; (6) later (about 500 b.c), theological, for God, in Ex 20, 110-114 ; crude anthropomorphism of, 115, 116 after Exile more important than New Moon, 119 ; ultimately the distinctive Jewish festival, 119,
; ;

Sanctuary, right of, for homicide, 187 under Hebrew law, not available for murderer, 188 under mediaeval canon law, offered to murderers and all criminals, with deplorable re; ;

sults, 188, 189.

See Contempt, Honour. Sensuous, the, in religion, 45. See Art, Crucifix, Physical Pain,
Scorn.

Symbols.
xvii-xxxiv, viii, Septuagint, xxxvi, xxxvii, xxxix, xli, xlvi, lv. See Nash Papyrus. Sermon, danger of sensuous apcontrast peals in, 47, 48 ; reserve of Gospels, 48 ; on Mount. See Mount. Sex, appetites of, 218. Sexes, equality of, in Christian view, 224. Sexual precedes development maturity, 216. See Impurity.

INDEXES
form of, xx, xxi ; as; cribed to sons of Jacob, xxi. See Temple Service. Slander, 247 ; disparaging statement, true or false, with malicious motive, 250, 251 ; how differing from backbiting, calumny, defamation and dean execrable traction, 251 ;
vice,
of,

285

Shema', xv

condemned by Paul and

;

Symbols, stir and quicken thought, 44 ; but owing to association* of reverence may tend to idolatry, 44 ; and prototypes, 49, 55, 57 ; mediaeval, mistake of reviving to-day, 105. See Cross, Crucifix, Good Shepherd, Images. Syndicalism, originated with Sorel, aims of, 235, 236; 236;

James, 256, 257

in

Shakespeare,

description 253 ; in

methods age, 236

of violence
;

and sabot; ;

constant strikes and

of

254 ; striking idiomatic expression for, in Semitic languages, 254 ; frequently irremethods sponsible, 252-255 ; of guarding against judging others fairly, avoiding hearing
Leviticus,

limitation

opposition of, constitutional

output, 267 to State, 236

methods

dis-

carded by, 267 ; disregard of agreements by, 267, 268 ; invasion of Trade Unions by,

or repeating evil of others, 255. See Backbiting, etc.

268

selfishness

the bane

of,

267-269.
Socialism.

See

Communism,

from ComSocialism, seeks munism, 233, 265-267 through State agency better
distinct
;

Talmud,

distribution
services,

and and better means of

of

wealth

233 ; aims at production, abolishing capitalistic organisation of industry, 233 n. ; recognises to some extent private
ownership,

rules regarding Sabbath abin, 127, 128 ; surdity of certain rules in, 129 ; Babylonian, xxi.

observance

234

works

on

constructive legitimate bines, and equitable, 266 ; aims at nationalisation of land and means of production, 266, 267.

Samaritan, xvii-xxi, xxiii-xxxii, xxxvi, xxxvii, xliii ; Jerusalem, xxi, etc. Targums, Babylonian, xxi, etc. ; Palestinian, xxi, etc. Temple, of Solomon contained representations of natural objects, 28 ; of Herod contained none,

Targum,

See

Communism, Property, Syn-

28

dicalism.

Solomon, introduction of foreign

See Jeroboam ; cults by, 22. their persistence to reign of 23. Asa, State, duty of, in regard to Sunday
observance,
1

; prostitutes in, 23 n. (see Prostitution) ; daily recital of Decalogue and Shema in, xv.

See Decalogue.

Ten Commandments,

cf.

tenfold

67-1 69.

See Legis-

laws of Manu, ten conditions of heart of Buddhism, ten admonitions of Zoroastrianism,

1, li.

lation. " Statue of Peter, described as earth," 52. god upon

Teraphim, image in

Stewardship, Christian view of property as, 245. Sunday games. See Lord's Day, Recreation, Sabbath.

human form, 21,22. Trade Unions, long struggle of, for fair wage, 239 ; self-sacrifice of, 239 ; brotherhood of, 239 ;
limitation of output by, 239
selfishness of, labour, 166.
;

Sunday Observance Act,

149
w.

a.d. 1625,

239

and Sunday

286

INDEXES
supply and demand, 237. See Employers. War, necessity of, 197, 198 ; excitement of, leads to impurity,
219, 220.

Trent, Council of, 64, 65, 68, 84. See Image Worship, Mary. Truth, duty of, for truth's sake,

94 ; of word, 94-99 need of courage and unselfishness for, 98, 99 ; of life expressing convictions, being ourselves, fulfilling our trust, avoiding finesse and chicaneries, 99-101 ; of thought, rarest and hardest to attain, 101 ; incompatible with
;

Wealth,
244.

difficulties

and dangers

of,

ignorance, conceit, expediency, 102 ; or submission to an infallible authority, 102, 103; the only lasting foundation of faith, 108, 109.

Weeks, Hebrew origin of, 119 connection of, with Babylonian holy days of rest possible, 118, 119 but Babylonian seventh " day an evil day," while Babylonian Sabattum = fifteenth day, i.e. "resting" of moon, 118,
; ;

119.

Westminster, right of sanctuary

at, till

James

i.'s

reign, 189.

Ultramontanism, promotion and inculcation of mendacity by, 102, 103 ; testimony of Lord

Acton

concerning,

103.

See

Infallible Authority.

Wife, originally regarded as a piece of property, 212 ; and subsumed at first under " house " in Commandment X., xix, 19. See Woman.
oriental view of, a low one, 213 ; still prevails among Jews, 214, 215. Worship of gods, confined to to tribe or territory, 4, 5 ; nation, 2, 3 ; of saints, led to

Unemployment,
of,

241

relief of, dangers insurance against, by

Woman,

industries, 242. Unfaithfulness of man to wife, no Hebrew or Greek term for, 212 ; owing to polygamy and conception of wife as property, 212. See Adultery.

image worship, 41, 75 35 outward, forms

;

spiritual,
of, 31,

35

Vain, 89 n. See Falsehood. Veneration = relative worship, addressed to images, 55 n. Vices, unnatural, regarded as inevitable and incurable by Plato, 221 n. by Greece and Rome
;

Adoration, Idols, Rites, Veneration) ; of early Christians, 142-144. See Eucharist.

(see

Wrath,

distorts

judgment,

dis-

organises

body and

nerves, 205.
;

Yahweh, God
of,

of Israel, 3

name

generally, 221, 222 ; but eradicated by Christianity within three centuries, 222.

Wages, the problem of, 237 ; not to be wholly determined by

not pronounced except as Adonai or Elohim, nor written with own proper vowels, 3. See Jehovah originally an Amorite deity, but name found in Babylonia under first dyn;

asty, xlviii n.

INDEXES
II. PASSAGES
(a)

287

QUOTED

From

the

Old Testament

Gen 1-2 8

288

INDEXES
]

Ex

20 22 -23 33

INDEXES
Deut 5
58 5 8-16 5 8b
-

289
18
. .

vii,

viii,

ix,

x,

xxxiv, xxxv,
lxi, lxiii, 1,
.
.

xli,

xxxiii, xlv,
n.,

Deut 6
6 21 6 26
78 79 II 9

xxv
.

n.,

xxxv
xxxix
xl

111, 112

xvii,

xxx vi, xxxvi

.
.
. . .

xxxix
xxxviii
xliii

xxxvii, xxxviii, lv
21
.

xli

n,

xxxviii
t

58b -10

j x>

Xj

XXX viii, xxxix,

xli n., lv, lxiii

59 " o 9 10 510 5U 5 12 " 5 12 14 5 51*

12 " 16
.

xxiii, xxxi, xxxii,

xxxviii
lxiii

xxxviii
lxii n.

12 12 . 12 18 . 12 26 12 28 . " 13 6 9 14 26b .
i

112 n, 112 n.

xxv n., xxxv xxv n., xxxv 2T

112 n.
xxxix.

xxx, xl
.

xxxix,

xl, xli-xlii,

15 16 16 11 16 12
17
20

.'

112 n. xxxix:

...
viii,
.

110, 132
x,

172sqq.
,

2T
xliii n.

xxxix
xxxii,

x, xvii, xxiii, xxiv,

w.,

19

13
.

xxv

n.,

xxxv
90
90
xl

xxxi, xxix, xxxix, xl, xlii 111, 121

X 915-21

lv,

19 20 17

19
. .

5 14c 5 15 5 16bc 5 16

xxxix, xlii n., lv xviii, xxxix, lv, lxiii

.

2110s<iq.

xix

22 7

xxxv,

xliii n.

.
.

lxiii

2213sqq

xix

viii,

xxiv, xxxii, xxxii

xxxvii,

xxv

n.,

xxix,

23 17

23

n.

n.,

xxxv,
lv lv lv
lv, lxiii

241sqq.

xix
xl

xl, xliii, xliii n.

24 8
2418 2422

.
,

5 16b 5 16bc < o 16ce 5 16d 517 " 5 17 19

518-21

g .

xxxix xxxix
xliii n.

25 16
2718

. .

180
xliii n.

.
.

xxv

n.,

xxix
xxxii

30
31

18
12
.

viii,

xlii n.
xliii n.
14

XV1U
xix
xviii,
viii,

32 47

'

5 5 20 o 21 5 29 5 32 5 83 61 68
63
6*

19
.
.

xxix, xliii xix, xx, xxviw., xxix, xxx, xxxi, xliii, 19

n.,

xxvi

Jos2 Judg
1

12

xxxviii n.

ll 24
.

4
"

17-18
18 30

xxv
xxv
n.,

n.,

xxxv
xl

Sam
26
19

19 13
.

21 21 21

4
15
1

.
. .

xxxv,

xl, xliii n.

2
1

Sam

16 14

n. .,

133

n.

xxi
xvii, xx,

Kings ll
1423. 24
.

xxv

xxvii
.
.

n., xxvii, n., xliii n.

n.,

.xxv
xv,
xvii,

xxxv

xxvii,

xxi, xxii, xxviii, xxxiii,

xx,

15 12 15 12-13 184
.

1910-14

22 23 23 n. 23,25 23 n. 23 n.
23
n.,

xxxiv
64 66 6 17
-

19 18
.

31

10 xvii, xxvii . xl

22
22 22 12

.
. .

23 n. 23 n. 23 n.

19

290
1

INDEXES
.

Kings 22"
.

23

ft.

Ezek 20 12
20 20 45 17 46 3 Hos. 2 11
8 10 6 " 13 1 3 13 2 Amos 8 5 8 14
.

2 Kings 4 23 5 97
17

118

n.

119

n.,

120 ft., 123 ft. 5

122 122

ft.

w.

23
4

71.

112, 118

ft.,

13

27

119 . 119 w. 119 ft., 120 ft.

18 23 8 23 7 23 16

25

ft

51

ft.

4 "6

27
23
119 119
ft.,
ft.

27
ft.,

....
.

25 25 25
31

Chron 23 31 2 Chron 2 4 26 16
1
.

120 120

ft. ft.

118
.

w.,

119, 120 w.,

123
. .

ft.

51 w.

24

Neh

31 3 . 10 31

119

ft.

13 15 13 16. 13 19

123ti. 124ti.

The Ten Commandments

(Supplementary
to (a)
I.

17
.

123

71.

1 323-31

124ti. xxviii ft.

Introductory formula as

Com-

Job

31 l Ps 10 3 31 1 .

50

21
.

150 6

Prov
Isal
2
8

7 3Q17
13

27

'.

112,118

.
. .
.

2 20
14

213 203 7i. 83,84 34 84 213 180 119 120w. 25 25

*

16, 18. I. ix, xxxiv, xliv, xlvi, lviilviii, lxi, lxii, 1-13, 16, 17, See Ex 20 3 18, 24, 89.
.

mandment,

II. ix,

x,

xi,

xxxiv,

xxxv14-88,

xxxix,

xli, xliv, xlvii, lv,

lviii, lxi, lxii, lxiii,

16, 17, 18, 21, 24, 68-75, See Ex 20 4-6 . 89.

III. ix, xi, xii, xxxiv, xliv, xlv,
xlvii, li, lv, lviii, lxi, lxii, lxii ft., lxiii, 89-109. See

19
40 28

25

ft.

4Q18-20
.

41sqq. 449-20

27 116 27 27
31 31

Ex20 7
IV.
viii,

xi, xii, xxviii, xxxii, xxxiii, xxxiv,xxxv, xxxix-xliii, xliv, xlv,

ix, x,

4415

, .

xlvi, xlviii, lv, lviii, lxi,

lxii,
lxiii,

46 1
46 3
<i
(

i. .

27
31

See

Ex

20 8

" 11

8,
.

110-172.
w., xxxii,

46

V.

viii, ix, x, xi,

xxvi

57 15 58 13 " Jer 10 2 6 10 5 . 10 9
.
.

35
126
ft.

xxxiii, xxxiv, xxxv, xliii, xliv, xlvii, lii, lv, lix,

lxiii,

27
31

173-184.

See
ft.,

Ex

20 12
VI.
viii,

JQ14sqq
1 719
-27

27,31 27 120, 124 ft.

xxiii

ix,

xxvi

xxviii,

xxix, xxxiv, xliv, xlvii, See li, lii, lix, 185-211.

17 24 . 17 26 Ezek 8 U 143 .
_

Ex
VII.
viii,
li,

20 13
ix,

124

ft.

xxvi
lix,
.

ft.,

xxviii,

31

xxix, xxxiv, xliv, xlvii,

lii,

34
31

212-228.

See

1618

Ex

20 14

292
Jas3 8
5 12
1

INDEXES
256
92 35

Shabb.

John
315

48
521

204 35 35
l 10

Rev

19 10 22 9
(c)

140, 141 81 81
the

From
2 19
.

Apocrypha and
10
ft.

Pseudepigrapha

Wisd
Sir 17

2412-21
17
.

27-28
10 n. 10 ft. 31

23 1 51 10 Ep. Jer. 4," 6,

1

19.

26

Mace 2 34

38

Mace 5 24s(wg25-28
151sqq.
J
.

Jub

6 " 13

217-32

2 18
219-21

31
. !
.

125 n. 125 n. 125 n. 125 n. 125 n. 125 n. 125 n. 123%. 123 w. 123 w.
xviii

50 7

Test. Levi 4 2 Test. Judahl8 2

10 n.

19 1

260 260
92
etc.
.

2 Enoch 49
(d)

1 "2

From Talmud,
. .

Zara, 276 Berachoth, 3c, 11a 12a

Aboda

130 n.

Beza,26
Mekilta on
104a, 6

.129
. .

xv xv

Gittin, ix. 10

214
31 13
. . .
.

Ex
.

Peah, viii. 7 Pesach, 56a Sanh. vii. 6 Shabb. i. 2 vii. 2

x. 6

.
.

. .

133 n. 123 w. 126 n. xxi

31

xvi. 2
xxii.

129 127, 127 n. 129 126 n. 129

.
.

INDEXES
Clem. Alex. Strom, Strom, vi.
tate, vii.

293
37

Cyprian, de Idolorum vani-

... ...
iv. 3.
.

139

n.

15 38

con Paschale, p. 483 . . (ed. Dindorf ) Minucius Felix, Octavius,

10 Octavius, 23

38 Testimonia, 51 Cyril of Alexandria, Migne, 80 n. P.O. iv. 1064, 1065 xxv n., 16 Didaehe, ii. 2 xxv n., 16 iii. 2 . . sq. 144 xiv. 1
.
.

... ...
.
. . .

38 38

Diognetum, Ep. ad,

Elvira,

ii.

Canon xxxvi. of Epiphanius, Ep. ad Joann

Hieros. Hav. lxxix. 7
. .

37 38

c. Celsum, vii. 62, 65 . c. Celsum, vii. 66 . Paulinus of Nola, Carmen ix. and x. de S. Felicis Natali Peter Damian, Sermo de

Origen,

64,

38 66

....
Mar.
(P.L.
.

50

...
.

Nativ.

39
82
n.

cxliv. 740)

...
. .

83
82 82 37

Eusebius, H.E.

iii.
.

27
.
.

H.E.W.2Q

n. H.E. vii. 18 65 Prap. Evang. iii. 7 126 n. Prcep. Evang. viii. 7 Evangelium de Nativitate 82 n. Marice Gregory L, Ep. ad Se verum 50 Cregory 11. ad Leonem .51, 52 Imp. i. ii. Gregory of Tours, de gloria 43 martyrum, i. 23 139 n. Ignatius, ad Magn. 9 37 Irenseus, Hmr. i. 25. 6 Jerome, Migne, P.L. xxv 60 n. Jerome v. 437, 438 John of Damascus, de Im 53 n. aginibus oratio, i. 328 de Fide orthodoza, iv. 16 49 n. Pratum John Moschus,
. . . .

138 144 . 39, 39

.

n.
n.

Proclus, Laudatio Deiparaz Virginis, iv. p. 343

Protevangelium Jacobi Tatian, ad Otobcos, iv.

Tertullian, adv. Jud&os, iv. adv. Nationes, i. 12 . de Fuga in Persecutions,

139

n.

42
144
n.
n.

11,14.

142
.

n.,

de Idol. i. 3. 4 de Idol. 14 . de orat. 23 .

.37 n.
145
144, 145

Theodore of Studium, Migne, P.O. xcix. 962963 Theophilus of Antioch, ad

...
ii.

58
37

Autolycum,

Spirituale

53
9
. .

n.

29 n. Philo, de decern Orac. xiv. de decern Orac. xv. . 29 n. de decern Orac. xvi. 29 n. de decern Orac. xvii. 89, 90, 93 de decern Orac. xviii. . 91 n. de decern Orac. xxiv., xxv. 15 de decern Orac. xxix. . xxv n.,
. .

Justin Martyr, Apol. Apol. i. 65 . Apol. i. 67 Apol. xvi.

.

i.
.

...
.
.

Cohort, ad Gentiles Dial. c. Tryph. xii. . Dial. c. Tryph. xci.

. .

Lactantius, Institut. ii. Institut. vi. 2 Leontius, Bp. of Neapolis

.

37 143 142 n., 143 93 . 37 1 39 n. 42 2 38

.

29 n.
de
Vita Contemplativa,
i.ii.
. .

29

w.

Josephus, Ant.
Ant. Ant. Ant. Ant. Ant. Ant. Ant. Ant. Ant.
viii. 7.

iii.

5.

5
.

xxv
28
.

n., 16, n., 89 n.

28
125

n.

xi. 7.
xii. 1

8
.
.

. . .

n.

31

2 xiv. 4. 2
xii. 6.

.125 n. .125 n.
.

in

Cyprus

50, 50 n.
et
.

Liber de Infantia Marias

Christi Salvatoris

82

n.

Melito of Sardis, Chroni-

xiv. 10. 11-19 xvi. 2. 4 . . xvi. 6. 2 . . xvii. 6. 2-4 .

125

n.

.126 n. .126 n.
.

28, 28.

2 94
Josephus, Ant. xviii. 3 c. Apion. ii. 40

INDEXES
28, 28 n.