National Seeds Policy, 2006

@IjazAhmadRao luckystarpk@gmail.com

Draft National Seeds Policy, 2011

Government of Pakistan Ministry of National Food security and Research Federal Seed Certification & Registration Department

Draft National Seeds Policy 2011

Pakistan has made enormous progress in the field of Agriculture during the past 40 years, raising 3-4 times the production of food-grains and industrial crops. However the country is still Food Deficit Country and net importer of edible oils, pulses, vegetables and dairy products. The aim now is to achieve food and nutritional security at the national and household level. The increase in agricultural production however is uneven across regions, crops and also across different sections of farming community. In the decade of the 'nineties', a marked slackening in the pace of growth occurred which re-emerged in the year 2006 onwards, pointing to the need for infusing a new vitality in the agricultural sector. Seed is the determinant factor of agricultural production potential on which the efficiency of other agriculture inputs is dependent. Seeds of appropriate characteristics are required to meet the demand of diverse agro-climatic conditions and intensive cropping systems as well as to meet varying demands of consumers. Sustained increase in agriculture production and productivity is dependent to a large extent on the development of new diversified and improved varieties of crops and an efficient system for timely supply of quality seeds to farmers. The seed sector has made impressive progress over the last three decades. The area under certified seeds has increased from less than 1% in 1976-77 to over 32% in wheat and nearby 31% in cotton and 49% in rice during 2009-10. The quantum of quality seed production has crossed 385000 MT. The Seeds Act, 1976 and Truth-in-Labeling Rules 1991 and other rules promulgated there-under, form the basis of promotion and regulation of the Seed Industry. Far-reaching changes, however, have taken place in the national economic and agricultural scenario and in the international environment since the enactment of the existing seed legislation. New legislation and Policy Matrix is on the way to cover emerging issues of seed regulation, plant variety protection, seed trade and conservation of genetic resources. Objectives of the Policy

Main intent of the National Seeds Policy is to make available and promote utilization of best quality seeds and planting material of diverse elite genetic resources; to enhance and sustain crop productivity, improve food security, generate additional sources of farm income and employment; provide base for value-added agricultural exports and alleviate poverty in rural areas of Pakistan.

Detailed objectives: 1. Major increase in production of quality seeds, enhancement of seed replacement rates, improvement in genetic diversity of crops, and encouraging healthy competition among public and private sector companies to keep seed prices in the reach of common farmers; for maximum utilization of best planting material and for broadening of seed business activities. 2. Emphasis will be given on improvement of vegetative planting material of crops including fruit plants, potato and vegetables; and production of certified fruit plant nurseries and plug nurseries of vegetables crops will be encouraged; to enhance productivity and quality of products to fit in highly competitive world market. 3. Creation of congenial environment for mobilization of domestic and direct foreign investment and joint ventures in seed industry and protection of Breeders Rights to bring in new technologies and elite genetic resources; to expand variety development and seed production programs. 4. Encouraging initiatives for domestic production of high-tech and hybrid seeds to improve crop productivity and dilute over-dependence on seed imports to ensure seed security. 5. Promotion of biotechnology for developing crop varieties with a higher level of tolerance to biotic and abiotic stress, herbicide resistance and improved nutritional qualities. 6. Increasing participation of private sector in variety development, variety evaluation for VCU and DUS examination, early generation pedigreed seed production, accredited seed quality testing, production of seed processing machinery and biotechnology research through appropriate incentives. 7. Revision of existing regulations at Federal and Provincial level to safeguard the interest of farmers, researchers, breeders and others. 8. Promotion of seed exports through participation in regional seed schemes, OECD seed scheme and other initiatives under SAARC, ECO or bilateral arrangements. 9. Endorsing the imperative role of farm-saved seeds in meeting planting needs, in traditional genetic advance, in preserving land races and farmers varieties and in conserving crop biodiversity; the farmers seed saving practices will be improved through community-based special

programs; to enhance over all crop production and to achieve food security. 10. Recognizing the significant contribution of small farmers in agricultural production; working on marginal lands under conditions of various abiotic stresses like drought, flooding and salinity; part of public sector research resources will be diverted to develop crop varieties suited to such farmers; and fitting seed supply system will be evolved through encouraging nonprofit organizations. 11. Adopting initiatives of CBD and FAO for Conservation of Plant Genetic Resources for Food and Agriculture steps will be taken, on national and provincial basis, to conserve crop biodiversity with maintaining minimum seed supply system through establishment of Seed Banks for land races, farmers varieties and extant varieties. 12. Responding to emerging challenges of Climate Change research systems will be sensitized to develop heat-tolerant crop varieties, especially in wheat, cotton, corn and oilseed crops. Variety Development & Plant Breeders Rights

1. The development of new and improved varieties of plants and availability of seed of such varieties to the farmers is crucial for a sustained increase in agricultural productivity; however the new varieties should match with the market trends, technological advances, suitability for biotic and abiotic stresses, location adaptability and with farmers' needs. 2. Plant Breeders Rights will be protected to stimulate investment in research and development of new plant varieties and to facilitate the growth of the Seed Industry in the country. 3. The registration of new plant varieties by the PBR Authority will be based on the criteria of novelty, distinctiveness, uniformity and stability whereas the criteria of novelty could be relaxed for registration of extant varieties, which will be done within a specified period to be decided by the PBR Authority. 4. The rights of small farmers to save, use, exchange, share or sell farmsaved seed of all varieties will be protected, with the proviso that farmers shall not be entitled to commercialize sale of seed of a protected variety under the brand name. 5. The rights of researchers to use the seed/planting material of protected varieties for scientific research or plant breeding as an initial source of variety for the purpose of creating other varieties provided that the authorization of the breeder of a protected variety shall be required where the repeated use of such variety as a parental line is necessary for commercial production of such other newly developed variety; 6. The varieties developed through introduction or evaluation of elite genetic material donated by any International or Foreign Research Institution will 4

be considered for Plant Breeder Rights after completing the codal formalities. 7. The varieties developed merely through selection from land races will be treated as collective property of the farmers of a specific community, province or national property, as the case may be. 8. Farmers/groups of farmers/village communities will be rewarded suitably for their significant contribution in evolution of a plant variety subject to registration. The contribution of traditional knowledge related with such genetic resources needs to be addressed through suitable mechanisms and incentives. 9. A National Gene Fund will be established for payment of compensation to village communities for their contribution to the development and conservation of plant genetic resources and also to promote conservation and sustainable use of genetic resources. 10. Plant Genetic Resources for Food and Agriculture will be permitted to be accessed by Research Organizations and Seed Companies from public collections as per the provisions of the 'Material Transfer Agreement' of the International Treaty on Plant Genetic Resources and the legislation on Biological Diversity. 11. Complete information in respect of Plant Breeders Rights, details of applications, description of protected varieties, available genetic resources with public collections and details related with such resources will be displayed on internet for the benefit of the stakeholders. 12. Regular interaction amongst the Private and Public Researchers, Seed Companies/Organizations and Development Agencies will be fostered to develop and promote growth of a healthy seed industry in the country. 13. The PBR Authority may, if required, resort to compulsory licensing of a protected variety in public interest on the ground that requirements of the farming community for seeds and propagating material of a variety are not being met or that the production of the seeds or planting material of the protected variety is not being facilitated to the fullest possible extent. 14. Governing bodies of research institutes be revamped by including eminent scientists, progressive farmers and private entrepreneur. Thus institutes would become result oriented relying on their own sources by exploiting their commercial potential. 15. Private sector Research and Development initiatives in respect of variety development and seed production of vegetable, fodder and oilseed crops and in respect of development of hybrid seed technology will be encouraged and liberally considered for financial assistance under development projects. 16. Private sector Research Organizations and Seed Companies will be encouraged and facilitated in import of Plant Genetic Resources for Food and Agriculture. 17. The public sector Research Institutes will be encouraged to enter into joint venture with private sector for commercialization of hybrids developed by them through a standard Material Transfer Agreement. 18. Private sector will be facilitated to participate in variety evaluation trials for VCU and DUS examination. 5

19. Biotechnology Institutes and Biotechnology Faculties of Universities will be encouraged to carry on research assignments sponsored by the private sector on mutually agreed terms; for incorporation of useful traits in commercial varieties. 20. Arrangements will be made to make available useful gene constructs, developed by the national institutes, freely available to national breeding programs for incorporation in commercial varieties. 21. Appropriate legislation will be enacted to protect national rights in domestic plant genetic resources for food and agriculture. 22. Special research initiatives will be taken for development of plant varieties suitable for saline soils and for areas with low water availability.

Seed Production and Distribution 1. To meet the Food Security needs, it is important to make available to the farmers a wide range of seeds of superior quality, in adequate quantity on a timely basis. Public and Private Sector Seed Institutions will be encouraged to enhance production of seed to meet objective of food and nutritional security. 2. Pakistans seed program adheres to the limited four generation system of seed multiplication, namely, Pre-basic, Basic, Certified and Approved seed. Pre-basic seed is the progeny of Breeders Nucleus Stock (BNS) seed. 3. Presently Provincial Governments are managing supply of Basic Seed through public sector institutions. Legal provision will be made to encourage private sector participation in Basic Seed production through access to Pre-basic seed of public sector varieties. 4. Public Sector Institutions will have the primary responsibility for production of Pre-basic seed as per the requirements of the public and private seed sectors. 5. Public sector resources will be diverted to non traditional sectors of seed production instead of indulging in un-necessary competition in certified seed production of wheat, cotton and rice varieties. Certified seed production of vegetable, fodder, pulses and oilseed crops as well as hybrid seed production will be given priority in public sector seed programs. MOST, in consultation with Research Institutes and Provinces, will prepare a National Seed Map to identify potential, alternative and nontraditional areas for seed production of specific crops. 6. Special attention will be given to the need to upgrade the quality of farmers saved seeds through interventions such as the Seed Village Scheme. 7. Farmers will be encouraged for in situ conservation of genetic diversity for food and agriculture. Seed Laws will be made in harmony with the objectives of Biodiversity Conservation. 8. Seed replacement rates will be raised progressively with the objective of expanding the use of quality seeds.

9. Seed Banks will be established for stocking specified quantities of seed of required crops/varieties for ensuring timely and adequate supply of seeds to farmers during adverse situations such as natural calamities, shortfalls in production and to provide seed of farmers varieties. Seed Banks will be suitably strengthened with cold storage and pest control facilities. 10. The storage of seed by the private sector will be encouraged to facilitate immediate availability of seeds in the event of natural calamities and unforeseen situations. For the storage of seeds at farm level, scientific storage structures will be popularized and techniques of scientific storage of seeds will be promoted. 11. Seed growers will be encouraged to avail of Seed Crop Insurance to cover risk factors involved in production of seeds. The Seed Crop Insurance Scheme will be reviewed so as to provide effective risk cover to seed producers and will be extended to all traditional and non-traditional areas covered under the seed production program. 12. Private sector will be facilitated to establish accredited seed testing laboratories and licensed field inspection services. 13. Free services for field inspection and seed testing in public and private sector will be replaced with fee-paid certification services to encourage private sector participation in such services. 14. Seed certification will continue to be an obligation and all seed lots entering into seed market must meet the prescribed requirements of labeling/tag and maintenance of quality standards in accordance with the category of seed. Private seed companies having accredited lab and licensed field inspector as prescribed will be encouraged for certification and labeling. 15. The Government will encourage multinational seed companies to go for local seed production and technology transfer in collaboration with National based seed companies.

Quality Assurance and Monitoring

1. The Seed Act will be revised to regulate the production, processing, sale, import and export of seeds and planting materials of agriculture crops including fodder, green manure and horticulture and supply of quality seeds and planting materials to farmers throughout the country. 2. The National Seed Council (NSC) will be strengthened and will have permanent existence with the responsibility of executing and implementing the provisions of the Seeds Act and advising the Government on all matters relating to seed planning and development. The NSC will function as the apex body in the seed sector. 3. All varieties, both domestic and imported varieties, which are placed on the market for sale and distribution of seeds and planting materials, will be registered under the Seeds Act. However, for vegetable, medicinal and

ornamental crops a simple system of variety registration based on breeders declaration will be adopted. 4. The Council (NSC) will undertake registration of kinds/varieties of seeds that are to be offered for sale in the market, on the basis of identified parameters for establishing value for cultivation and usage (VCU) through tests/trials. 5. The variety evaluation trials for VCU and DUS examination be carried by the approved Agriculture Research Institutes / Stations and FSC&RD, for the purpose of registration as per prescribed standards. 6. The NSC will maintain the National Seeds Register containing details of varieties that are registered. This will help the Council to coordinate and assist activities of the Public and Private sector in their efforts to provide quality seeds to farmers. 7. The NSC will have the right to exclude certain kinds or varieties from registration to protect public order or human, animal and plant life and health, or to avoid serious prejudice to the environment. 8. The NSC will have the power to cancel the registration granted to a variety if the registration has been obtained by misrepresentation or concealment of essential data, the variety is obsolete and has outlived its utility and if the prevention of commercial exploitation of such variety is necessary in the public interest. 9. Registration of Seed Processing Units will be required if such Units meet the prescribed minimum standards for processing the seed. 10. The NSC will guide individuals or organizations to carry out seed certification including self-certification on fulfillment of criteria as prescribed. 11. To meet quality assurance requirements for export of seeds, Seed Testing facilities will be established in conformity with ISTA and OECD seed certification programs. FSC&RD laboratories (CSTL) be accredited and upgraded to meet the Challenges of WTO and emerging seed industry. 12. The Federal Government, in conformity with guidelines and standards specified by the NSC, will establish one or more Federal Seed Testing Laboratories or declare any Seed Testing Laboratory in the Government or non-Government Sector as a Federal Seed Testing Laboratory where analysis of seeds will be carried out in the prescribed manner for the purposes of the Seed Act. 13. Federal Government in consultation with the Provinces will allow seed production for export to other provinces and foreign countries, under such terms as it deems fit. 14. For effective monitoring of seed business, NSC will register all eligible seed companies, seed importers, seed exporters, seed dealers, seed processing plants, horticultural nurseries, plant breeding establishments and seed testing laboratories. 15. Appropriate package of incentives will be provided to the seed industry to encourage development of new varieties, hybrid seed production, production of seed processing machinery, establishment of seed testing labs and export of seeds. The incentives will be in terms of concessions in import duty, income tax, sales tax, duty drawback on exports, low interest 8

credit line, eligibility for corporate farming incentives and matching grants for purchase of lab equipments. 16. A mechanism will be established for collection and dissemination of market intelligence regarding preference of consumers and farmers. 17. A National Seed Grid will be established as a data-base for monitoring of information on requirement of seed, its production, distribution and preference of farmers on a district-wise basis; as well in international markets to facilitate seed industry. 18. Distribution and marketing of seed of any variety, for the purpose of sowing and planting will be allowed only if the said variety has been approved by the Provincial Seed council and registered by the National Seed Council. 19. The Provincial Government shall grant registration to the applicant for seed dealer and can direct a dealer to sell or distribute seeds in a specified manner in a specified area if it is considered necessary to the public interest. 20. Private sector will be encouraged to participate in Basic Seed production of public sector varieties through providing unhindered access to Prebasic Seed; however all Pre-basic and Basic Seed lots must be certified by official agency.

Infrastructure and Human Resources Development

1. To meet the enhanced requirement of quality/certified seeds, creation of new infrastructure facilities along with strengthening of existing facilities, will be promoted. 2. National Seed Research and Training Center will be set up to impart training and build a knowledge base in various disciplines of the seed sector. 3. The Central Seed Testing Laboratory will be part of the National Seed Research and Training Center to perform referral and other functions as required under the Seeds Act. 4. Modernization of seed processing facilities will be encouraged in terms of modern equipment and latest techniques, such as seed treatment for enhancement of performance of seed, etc. 5. Conditioned storage for BNS and Pre-basic seed and aerated storage for basic and certified seeds would be created in different regions. 6. Private sector will be facilitated through development projects to establish infrastructure for production of high-tech and hybrid seeds of agronomic crops and vegetables; and for production of certified nurseries of fruit plants and plug nurseries of vegetable crops. 7. Arrangements will be made for development of human resources in the fields of vegetable seed production, hybrid seed production, early generation seed production, maintenance of inbred lines, seed processing, seed storage and seed conditioning. 9

8. Strengthen the Federal Seed Certification and Registration Department in terms of technical manpower, resources, pay/service structure and infrastructure to coordinate seed activities in a better way and promote linkages/collaborations among relevant institutions as well as the private sectors. Genetically Modified Plant Varieties 1. Biotechnology will play a vital role in the development of the agriculture sector. This technology can be used not only to develop new crops/varieties, which are tolerant to disease, pests and abiotic stresses, but also to improve productivity and nutritional quality of food. 2. All genetically modified crops/varieties will be tested for environment and bio-safety before their commercial release, as per the Biosafety Rules, 2005 and Biosafety Guidelines, 2005 under the Environment Protection Act (EPA), 1997. 3. Seeds of transgenic plant varieties for research purposes will be imported only through the Plant Genetic Resources Institute (PGRI). 4. Transgenic crops/varieties will be tested to determine their agronomic value for at least two seasons under the Contained Trials of PCCC/NARC, in coordination with the tests for environment and bio-safety clearance as per the EPA before any variety is commercially released in the market. 5. After the transgenic plant variety is cleared by EPA, its seed will be registered and marketed in the country according to the provisions of the Seeds Act. 6. All seeds imported into the country will be required to be accompanied by a certificate from the Competent Authority of the exporting country regarding their transgenic character or otherwise. 7. If the seed or planting material is a product of transgenic manipulation, it will be allowed to be imported only with the approval of the National Biosafety Committee (NBC), set up under the EPA, 1997. 8. Packages containing transgenic seeds/planting materials, if and when placed on sale, will carry a label indicating their transgenic nature. The specific characteristics including the agronomic/yield benefits, names of the transgenes and any relevant information shall also be indicated on the label. 9. Development of infrastructure for the testing, identification and evaluation of transgenic planting materials will be accelerated at Federal and Provincial

10

Import of Seed and Planting Material

1. The objective of the import policy is to provide the best planting material available anywhere in the world to Pakistani farmers, to increase productivity, farm income and export earnings, while ensuring that there is no deleterious effect on environment, health and bio-safety. 2. All imports of seeds will require a permit granted by the Department of Plant Protection and Phytosanitary Certificate issued by official agency of the exporting country so as to prevent entry into the country of exotic pests, diseases, weeds and invasive species detrimental to agriculture and environment. 3. Seeds and planting materials imported for sale into the country will have to meet minimum seed standards of seed health, germination, genetic and physical purity as well as prior registration for genetic suitability as prescribed. 4. Seeds and planting materials of flowers, ornamental plants and medicinal plants will not require prior registration for imports. 5. All importers will make available a small sample of the imported seed to the Gene Bank maintained by ABGRI of NARC. 6. Seed quality test certificate issued by official agency of exporting country will be acceptable for bonded release of imported seed consignments to avoid delays in custom clearance and demurrages. However such bonded seed consignments will not be distributed in the market before completion of the regular tests and final release order. 7. After the arrival of seed consignments at the port of entry, quarantine checks would be undertaken; which may include visual inspection, laboratory inspection, fumigation and grow-out tests. For the purpose of these checks, samples will be drawn and the tests will be conducted concurrently.

Export of Seed and Planting Material 1. Given the diversity of agro-climatic conditions, strong seed production infrastructure, efficient seed certification system and market opportunities, Pakistan holds significant promise for export of seeds. 2. The export policy will specifically encourage custom production of seeds for export and will be based on long term perspective, dispensing with case to case consideration of proposals. 3. Establishment and strengthening of Seeds Export Promotion Zones with special incentives from the Government will be facilitated. 4. A data bank will be created to provide information on the International Market and on export potential of Pakistani varieties in different parts of the world. 5. Joint ventures for seed production under export agreements will be encouraged and facilitated.

11

6. Pakistan will consider joining multilateral arrangements like CWANA, ECO or OECD seed schemes to facilitate seed exportsx.

Strengthening of Domestic Seed Industry

1. Incentives will be provided to the domestic seed industry to enable it to produce seeds of high yielding varieties and hybrid seeds at a faster pace to meet the challenges of domestic requirements. 2. Seed Industry will be provided with a congenial and liberalized climate for increasing seed production and marketing, both domestic and international. 3. Membership to International Organizations and Seed Associations like ISTA, OECD, UPOV, ASSINSEL, WIPO, at the National level or at the level of individual seed producing agencies, will be encouraged. 4. Financial support for capital investment, working capital and infrastructure strengthening will be facilitated through BOI / SMEDA / Commercial Banks / Cooperative Banks. 5. Tax rebate/concessions will be considered on the expenditure incurred on in-house research and development of new varieties and other seed related research aspects. 6. To encourage seed production in non-traditional areas including backward areas, special incentives such as transport subsidy will be provided to seed producing agencies operating in these marginalized areas. Non profit organizations will be assisted to participate in such programs. 7. Reduction of import duty will be considered on machines and equipment used for seed production and processing, for production of plug nurseries; and for import of greenhouse equipments which are otherwise not manufactured in the country. 8. Seed Industry be declared priority sector by the government, thereby attracting financial and regulatory support from the concerned department.

Conservation Agriculture

of

Plant

Genetic

Resources

for

Food

and

1. Pakistan is rich in crop biodiversity and in genetic diversity of many crops. There is a long list of land races and farmers varieties in various crops. Public sector research institutes have done excellent job by developing hundreds of plant varieties including released and un-released crop varieties. This wealth of plant genetic resources for food and agriculture will be properly documented and protected against bio-prospecting by other countries or multinationals; and for effective utilization by future breeding programs. 2. The plant genetic resources for food and agriculture will be protected through diverse legal instruments including international conventions like ITPGRFA, WIPO and CBD and through national legislation of Seed Act, 12

3.

4. 5.

6.

7.

Plant Breeders Rights Act, Biodiversity Act and Protection of Geographical Origins Act. NARC, PCCC, Universities and Research Institutes will be facilitated to strengthen documentation and conservation activities related to plant genetic resources in their relevant fields. Non profit organizations will be encouraged to participate in conservation and seed production of land races and farmers varieties. Farmers will be facilitated for in situ maintenance of land races and farmers varieties through extension service, training programs and other incentives. Special research initiatives will be launched to purify and improve land races and farmers varieties; for increasing productivity and sustainability of conservation programs; as such varieties have special place in marginal farming and for niche markets. Seed Banks will be established to maintain land races and farmers varieties with regular seed increase and availability to the farmers interested in such varieties by PGRI of NARC. Improvement in Farm-Saved Seed

1. Farm-saved seed play significant role in meeting planting needs, in traditional genetic advance, in preserving land races and farmers varieties and in conserving crop biodiversity; the farmers seed saving practices will be improved through community-based special programs; to enhance over all crop production and to achieve food security. 2. Recognizing sizeable contribution of small farmers in agricultural production; working on marginal lands under conditions of various abiotic stresses like drought, flooding and salinity; part of public sector research resources will be diverted to develop crop varieties suited to such farmers; and fitting seed supply system will be evolved through encouraging non-profit organizations. 3. Seed processing facility will be made available to maximum number of small farmers for cleaning of farm-saved seed to enhance national crop production. 4. Awareness and training programs will be organized to improve onfarm seed saving practices. 5. Village based farmers organizations will be encouraged to build seed storage facility for safe storage of farm-saved seed.

Challenges posed by Global Climate Change 1. Climate change is a global phenomenon and yield losses in wheat and sunflower crops has been observed during recent years due to abrupt increase in day temperature during fertilization and seed setting season.

13

Therefore research systems will be sensitized to develop heat-tolerant crop varieties, especially in wheat and oilseed crops. 2. Similarly there is dire need for developing frost tolerant varieties of sugarcane, potato and vegetable crops to cope with frequent yield losses in winter crops. CONCLUSION The Government of Pakistan is confident that the National Seeds Policy will be supported by the Provincial Governments / FATA Administration, Agricultural Universities, plant breeders, seed producers, the seed industry and all other stakeholders, and it will serve as a catalyst to meet the objectives of sustainable development of agriculture, food and nutritional security for the population, and improved standards of living for farming communities. The National Seeds Policy will be a vital instrument in attaining the objectives of enhancing food production and making Pakistan hunger free. It is expected to provide new momentum to agricultural production, based on an efficient system for supply of seeds of the best quality to the cultivator. The National Seeds Policy will provide the basis for liberalizing the seed sector and pave the way for required changes in the legal framework to update the seed system in line with requirements of WTO agreements on TRIPS, TBT, SPS and AOA and will fulfill the needs of our rapidly expanding seed industry. The National Seeds Policy aims at broadening the scope of domestic seed industry, enhancement of its technological base, expansion of seed production operations through increased investment in research and development programs and enabling environment for production of hybrid seeds and certified vegetative planting material, initiating seed exports; and thus contributing in national agricultural production and providing jobs to thousands of professionals, skilled workers and small farmers in highly competitive, market driven global scenario of seed trade. ______________________________________________________
National Seeds Policy, 2011

14