Applied Science 278 Midterm Examination February 13, 2009

THE UNIVERSITY OF BRITISH COLUMBIA Department of Materials Engineering

APSC 278 Engineering Materials MID-TERM EXAMINATION, February 13, 2009

This is a closed book examination. Use of relevant material stored in programmable calculators prohibited. Answer all questions. Show all work and units. The complete exam is 6 pages in length.

Name:

Student #:

Solutions

Applied Science 278 Midterm Examination February 13, 2009

(5)

a) Describe the two key characteristics for each of covalent, ionic and metallic bonds.

Covalent: Strong, Directional, Sharing of electrons, Localized, Specific bond angel Ionic: Attraction between opposites charged ions, Non-directional Metallic: Non-directional, Sharing of electrons between all lattice ions

b) Using a sketch of a typical bond energy diagram explain the well known observation that materials expand when heated, i.e. they have a positive coefficient of thermal expansion
Energy T

The coefficient of thermal expansion comes from asymmetry of bond diagram

Distance

(5)

Consider a steel wire with a diameter of 1 mm and a length of 500 mm was observed to elastically stretch by 2 mm with an unknown weight was hung on the wire. Given that the modulus of elasticity for steel is 210 GPa and Poissons ratio = 0.3, calculate what the load must be. (note: it was observed that the wire would return to its original length when the load was removed).

l 2mm = = 0.004 l0 500mm 1 mm 2 = 659.7 N 4

= E = 210000MPa 0.004 = 840MPa

F = A = 840 MPa

Suggest a common object that would weigh approximately this amount. This is about 65 kg or 140 lbs, i.e. the weight of a small adult.

Applied Science 278 Midterm Examination February 13, 2009

(5)

Determine the Miller Indices for the two planes shown below. Show all steps in the determination. B: Int (a,b,c) Red Recip. X 1 a 2 1 2 2 (230) A: Int (a,b,c) Red Recip. Y 1 b 3 1 3 3 Z

c
0

X -a -1 -1 (111)

Y -b -1 -1

Z c 1 1

What is the difference between [111] and (111)? [111] is a direction and (111) is a plane. (5) The metal niobium has a BCC crystal structure. If the angle of diffraction for the (211) set of planes occurs at 75.99o (first order reflection) when monochromatic x-radiation having a wavelength of 0.1659 nm is used, compute:

a) the interplanar spacing for this set of planes

2 = 75.99
d 211 = n = 2sin

(1)( 0.1659nm )
75.99 ( 2 ) sin 2

= 0.1348nm

b) the atomic radius for the niobium atom.

a = d 211 22 + 12 + 12 = 0.1348 nm 6 = 0.3300 nm

R=

a 3 0.3300 3 = = 0.1429nm 4 4

Applied Science 278 Midterm Examination February 13, 2009

(5)

Given the engineering stress-strain curve for brass shown below, determine: a) the modulus of elasticity

E=

175 = = 87.5 GPa 0.002

b) the 0.2% offset yield stress

250 MPa
c) the strain to the onset of necking
175

0.27

(5)

a) Draw 2D sketch of the atomic positions in a simple cubic crystal which has an edge dislocation. b

b) Identify the Burgers vector on the sketch

c) explain why the stress to move a dislocation is so low.

Motion of the dislocation involves sequential breaking of bonds rather than simultaneous bond breaking. Dislocation movement involves small local rearrangements which are easy to accommodate.

Applied Science 278 Midterm Examination February 13, 2009

(5)

Cold work and recrystallization a) sketch the change in the grain structure one would expect before and after cold working by 50% (try your best to draw this to scale showing the grains before and after cold work).
d0
Cold working

dcw

d0 2 = d cw 1

b) the dislocation density in a crystal changes from 1010 m/m3 to 1015 m/m3 during cold working. Determine the line length of dislocation defect before and after cold work in the crystal if one had a crystal with a volume of 1 cm3. Please report the line length in km. 1010 m 1km 1000m = 10 km before cm3 100cm m3 m

m = 1010 3 = m

m = 1015 3 = m

1015 m

1km 1000m = 106 km after cm3 100cm m3 m

(5)

The plate shown below with two opposing surface cracks of length, a, is made from aluminum alloy 2024-T4. The plate has a thickness of 5 mm and a width of 100 mm. The surface crack length was measured to be 5 mm. Given the fracture toughness of this alloy is 40 MPa m , determine the failure load.

2a 2 5 mm = = 0.1 from the graph, Y W 100 mm

40

1.115

F=

K cWB Y a

N m 100 mm 5 mm mm 2 = 143.1 KN 1.115 0.005 m

Total = 40 marks

Applied Science 278 Midterm Examination February 13, 2009

Useful Equations
= y x = z z

Qv N v = N exp RT

E = 2G(1 + )
y 1 Ur = y = 2 2E
2

theoretical

E 10

R = cos cos

toughness

y +u
2

a m = o 1 + 2 t
a m = 2 o t
1 2

T = (1 + )

T = ln(1 + )
n T = K T

2 E s c = a

nA / N A Vc

n = 2d sin
d hkl =

2 E ( s + p ) c = a
a

(h

+k +l
2

y =

K
2r

f y ( )

rate = Ae Q

RT

K = Y a
K B 2.5 Ic y
2

t recrx = Ae Q RT
= o + kyd
1 2

s = K 1 n
s = K 2 n exp
Q RT

min max Na =6.02x1023 atoms/mol gas constant, R = 8.314 Jmol-1K-1

R=