SEMESTER 1 SESI 2011/2012

SFE 3013 BASIC ELECTRONICS

LABORATORY REPORT

NUR HAFIZAH BT ABDUL HADI NAME SITI NORAMIRA BT MOHMAD NOOR 29 NOVEMBER 2011 DR BAKAR

D20091035072 D20091035073

DATE LECTURER

Experiment 6 : Transistor Amplifying Circuit Objectives : 1. To understand the basic characteristics of CE amplifying circuit. 2. To understand the meaning of three modes of operation of the transistor, and transistor operating. Procedures : (A) Experiment for CE Amplifier Fixed Biasing

1. First, the module KL-23003 is fixed in the KL-21001 Linear Circuit Lab, then the block marked 23003- block a is located. 2. The short-circuit clip jumper are inserted by referring to Figure 6.1 and the short-circuit clip jumper arrangement diagram in Figure 6.2. 3. The Ammeter is connected to measure Ib, Ic. 4. VR4 (1 M) is adjusted so that Ib 0 A (approximately) then the Ic value is viewed. 5. VR4 (I M) is adjusted so that Ic reaches maximum (Ic sat), the Ib value is viewed. When Ic is saturated, VR4 is adjusted so that Ib increased correspondingly.

6. VR4 is adjusted and Voltmeter is used to measure Vbe and Vce (out) so that Vce=1/2 Vcc, then Vbe, Vce are viewed and recorded. 7. Signal generator in the input terminal (IN) is connected and Oscilloscope (AC position) is connected to the output terminal (OUT), then signal generator is adjusted so that the oscilloscope can display maximum non-distorted waveform of 1 kHz sine wave and recorded. 8. When the maximum non-distorted waveform is generated at OUT, Oscilloscope is used to measure input signal, then recorded make. 9. The input signal is remained unchanged and VR4 (1 M) is adjusted, then the output waveform is viewed if it is distorted. 10. The result is recorded in Table 6-1

(B) Experiment for CE Amplifier - Emitter Self-Biasing

1. The short-circuit clip jumper are inserted by referring to Figure 6.3 and the short-circuit clip jumper arrangement diagram in Figure 6.4. 2. The Ammeter is connected to measure Ib, Ic. 3. VR1 (1 k) is adjusted to 0.

4. VR4 (1 M) is adjusted so that Ib 0 A (approximately) then the Ic value is viewed. 5. VR4 (I M) is adjusted so that Ic reaches maximum (Ic sat), the Ib value is viewed. 6. When Ic is saturated, VR4 is adjusted so that Ib is increased, then Ic (sat) is viewed if it is increased correspondingly. 7. VR4 is adjusted and Voltmeter is used to measure Vbe and Vce (out) so that Vce=1/2 Vcc, then Vbe, Vce are viewed and recorded. 8. Signal generator in the input terminal (IN) is connected and Oscilloscope (AC position) is connected to the output terminal (OUT), then signal generator is adjusted so that the oscilloscope can display maximum non-distorted waveform of 1 kHz sine wave and recorded. 9. When the maximum non-distorted waveform is generated at OUT, Oscilloscope is used to measure input signal, then recorded make. 10. The input signal is remained unchanged and VR4 (1 M) is adjusted, then the output waveform is viewed if it is distorted. 11. VR1 (1 k) is adjusted to maximum. 12. Step 7,8,9, and 10 are repeated. 13. The result is recorded in Table 6-2

(C) Experiment for CE Amplifier Bias Independent of Value

1. The short-circuit clip jumper are inserted by referring to Figure 6.5 and the short-circuit clip jumper arrangement diagram in Figure 6.6. C2 is connected. 2. The Ammeter is connected to measure Ib, Ic. 3. VR2 (10 k) is adjusted so that Vc (out) = Vcc, then the Ic and Ib value is viewed. 4. When Vc = Vcc, the voltmeter is used to measure Vbe. 5. Signal generator in the input terminal (IN) is connected and Oscilloscope is connected to the output terminal (OUT), then 1 kHz sine wave of signal generator is adjusted so that the oscilloscope can display maximum non-distorted waveform output. 6. The input signal is remained unchanged and VR2 (10 k) is adjusted, then the output waveform is viewed if it is distorted. 7. C2 is disconnected (20 F), then step 5 and 6 are repeated. 8. The result is recorded in Table 6-3.

Result: Experiment A. Table 6-1 IC (Sat) (mA) Ib (mA) 3.57 0.023 When Ib0A Ic=2.37A. 155 VCE (V) 5.95 VBE (V) 0.68

When used external resistance 2800K the wave displays at oscilloscopes non-distorted. And the wave will distorted when we adjust the button VR4 to maximum. Graph

Input

Output

Analysis graph: Calculation Voltage peak to peak Vpp= 20mV x 3.2 = 0.064V Frequency Vpp=2V x 5.2 = 10.4V

= 1.25Khz.

Gain Voltage.

= 163

Differentiate the gain voltage by used digital voltmeter and oscilloscope Diff %= =5%. Experiment B VR1=0 When Ib0A. Ic=1.10mA Ic=3.54mA Ib= 0.15mA Vc=1/2 Vcc= 6 Vbe=0.68 x 100%

When Ic is saturated the 1b increased correspondingly. When VR4 is adjust the output voltage is distorted. Graph

Input

Output

Analysis graph: Calculation Voltage peak to peak Vpp= 20mV x 5.8 = 0.116V Frequency Vpp=0.6V x 4.2 = 2.52V

= 1.25Khz. Gain Voltage.

= 21.7

Differentiate the gain voltage by used digital voltmeter and oscilloscope Diff %= =8.3%. VR1=max When Ib0A. Ic=1.10A Ic=2.68mA Ib= 0.029mA Vc=1/2 Vcc= 6 Vbe=0.68 x 100%

When Ic is saturated the 1b increased correspondingly. Graph

Input

Output

Analysis graph: Calculation Voltage peak to peak Vpp= 20mV x 6 = 0.12V Frequency Vpp=2V x 4.2 = 8.4V

= 1.25Khz. Gain Voltage.

= 70

Differentiate the gain voltage by used digital voltmeter and oscilloscope Diff %= x 100%

=24.2%.

Experiment C Connect C Ic=2.83mA Ib= 0.040mA Vc=1/2 Vcc= 6 Vbe=0.68 C=22 F Vcc=12V

Graph

Input

Output

Analysis graph: Calculation Voltage peak to peak Vpp= 20mV x 5.8 = 0.116V Frequency Vpp=2V x 4 = 8V

= 1.25Khz. Gain Voltage.

= 68.9

Differentiate the gain voltage by used digital voltmeter and oscilloscope Diff %= = 2.6 %. x 100%

Disconnect C C=0 Vcc=12V Ic=0.14mA Ib= 0.04mA Vc=1/2 Vcc= 6 Vbe=0.68

Graph

Input

Output

Analysis graph: Calculation Voltage peak to peak Vpp= 20mV x 5.8 = 0.116V Frequency Vpp=0.1V x 4.0 = 0.4V

= 1.25Khz.

Gain Voltage.

= 3.45

Differentiate the gain voltage by used digital voltmeter and oscilloscope Diff %= =1.43%. x 100%

Discussion: In this experiment we used common emitter to amplifying circuit. We also used NPN transistor to configuration the potentiometer is used to increase or decreased the emitter base bias potentials. Which will causes the output voltage to vary. The range at which this transistor operates is between saturation and cutoff. When the transistor is turned to maximum level, the condition is called saturation. When it is completely off the condition is called cutoff and when the transistor is between saturation and cutoff, it operates in a condition called the active region. Basic Transistor Operation for correct operation, the two pn junctions must be correctly biased with external dc voltages. The operation of the pnp is similar as that of npn, but the roles of electrons and holes, bias polarities, and current directions are all reversed. The figure below shows the correct biasing of a bipolar junction transistor (BJT).

We must note the base-emitter (BE) junction is forward biased and the base-collector (BC) junction is reverse biased. The forward bias from base to emitter narrows the BE depletion region. Beside that, The reverse bias from base to collector widens the BC depletion region.then the heavily doped n-type emitter region is packed with conduction-band (free) electrons.The free electrons from the emitter diffuse easily through the forward biased BE junction into the p-type base region. In the base, the electrons become minority carriers (like in a forward biased diode). While the base region is lightly doped and very thin, so it has a limited number of holes because of that light doping, only a small percentage of all the electrons flowing through the BE junction can combine with the available holes in the base. These relatively few recombined electrons flow out of the base lead as valence electrons, forming the small base electron current. Most of the electrons flowing from the emitter into the lightly doped base region do not recombine, but diffuse into the BC depletion region. Once here, they are pulled through the reverse-biased BC junction by the electric field set up by the force of attraction between the positive and negative ions. Electrons now move through the collector region, out through the collector lead, and into the positive terminal of the collector voltage source. This forms the collector electron current. The collector current is much larger than the base current. This is the reason transistors exhibit current gain. From graph above: IE = IC + IB. We also used same frequency in all experiment. But our output voltage value is not same. This is because we used variety mathode to collect the data. The mathode we used is for fixed bias, emitter self bias and biased independent of voltage gain. In fixed biased we need to find the value of output at Vce which are from Collector to Emitter. From emitter self bias we need to record the output voltage at collector, Vc. While in independent of voltage gain we also need to find the output voltage at collector, Vc but in connect of capacitor or disconnect capacitor. So we can calcalate the input voltage, output voltage and voltage gain.

Conclusion: This experiment is transistor amplifier circuit. From this experiment we can conclude that we understanding the basic characteristic amplifying circuit which we need to collect the output voltage (Vce) from collector to emitter. From fixed bias Vop-p is 10.4V. from emitter self biasing Vop-p is 2.52V when VR1 is minimum and 8.4V when VR1 is maximum. Then from bias independent of value is 8V when connect to C=22F and 0.4V when disconnect capacitor. We also understand the meaning of operation of transistor and transistor operating. We has discuss about it at discussion. Reference: 1. Laboratory manual for SFE 3013 Basic Electronic. 2. http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/solids/trans2.html. 3. http://www.wisc-online.com/objects/ViewObject.aspx?ID=SSE3603.