Bioenergetics and Introduction to Metabolism -2

The transfer and utilization of energy in biologic systems

Faisal Khatib MD; PhD Faculty of Medicine, University of Jordan

Other nucleotide triphosphates

GTP, UTP, CTP Synthesized from ATP ATP + GDP

ADP + GTP

GTP in protein synthesis UTP in polysaccharide synthesis CTP in phospholipids synthesis

UDP- is a carrier of activated sugar

UDP-glucose in glycogen synthesis

Glycogen synthesis from glucose requires energy
Glucose Glycogen + H2O

UDP-glucose is the activated carrier of glucose

UTP + Glucose 1-P UDP-Glc + Glycogen(n) UDP-Glc + PPi UDP + Glycogen(n+1)

Acetyl Coenzyme A is a high energy compound

Coenzyme A is a universal carrier of Acyl groups Forms thioester bond with carboxyl group

O RC~S-CoA Acyl CoA Acetyl CoA + H2O Acetylcholine + H2O

O CH3C~S-CoA Acetyl CoA Acetate + CoA G = -7.5kcal

Acetate + Choline G = -3 kcal

2 phosphates

Adenine
Ribose

Pantothenic acid

Coenzyme A is a donor of Acyl groups

Acetate + Choline Acetyl CoA + H2O Acetyl CoA + Choline Acetylcholine + H2O G = +3 kcal Acetate + CoA G = -7.5kcal

Acetylcholine + COA

Oxidation of fuel molecules occurs in two stages

Oxidation: Loss of electrons Reduction: Gain of electrons Aerobic oxidation: Transfer of electrons to oxygen - 1st stage: Transfer of e to electron carrier - 2nd stage: Transfer of e to oxygen Fuel electron carrier Oxygen

A Carrier
ATP

A carrier
ADP + Pi

Electron carriers
Electron carriers are dinucleotides Nucleotide is formed from Phosphate- ribose- Nitrogenous base Two nucleotides connected through phosphate Dinucleotide One of the bases is Adenine
Base Ribose

Ribose

Adenine

NAD+: Nicotinamide Adenine Dinucleotide FAD: Flavin Adenine Dinucleotid

Reduction potential A- P
+ B A + B- P Type of reaction What determine the direction of the reaction?

A++ + B++ A+ + B+++ Type of reaction What determine the direction of the reaction?

Reduction potential and direction of the reaction

A + BB oxidized form B- reduced form V

A- + B

G = -ve

Redox couple

A A-

B B-

Reduction potential and direction of the reaction

H+ + XH2 + X
G = -ve X oxidized form X- reduced form V
H2

Redox couple
X- has higher tendency to loose electrons than H2 does

X X-

H+
Negative reduction potential

Reduction potential: Ability to accept electrons

Oxidized + eSuccinate Acetate NAD+ Acetaldehyde Pyruvate Fumarate Cytochrome+3 oxygen Reduced ketoglutarate Acetaldehyde NADH Ethanol Lactate Succinate Cytochrome+2 water E - 0.67 - 0.60 - 0.32 - 0.20 - 0.19 + 0.03 + 0.22 + 0.82

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Calculation of G from E
G = - nF E
F = Farady constant = 23.06 kcal/ Volt

Calculate G of the following reaction NADH + 1/2O2 NADH O + 2eNAD+ + H2O NAD+ + 2e- E = +0.32 O2E = +0.82

G = - 52.6 kcal/mol

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Degradation and synthesis occur in a stepwise manner

A G Not a single step but a sequence of steps A B C D E F G

Called metabolic pathway Anabolic or Catabolic

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