Introduction Square Packing Hypercube Packing Summary

Approximating the Orthogonal Knapsack Problem for Hypercubes

Rolf Harren
University of Dortmund

2007.09.07

Rolf Harren

Approx. the Orthogonal Knapsack Problem for Hypercubes

Introduction Square Packing Hypercube Packing Summary

Outline
1

Introduction Problem Preparation Square Packing Separation into Large, Medium and Small Items Packing the Large Items Optimally Adding the Small Items Putting Everything Together Hypercube Packing Generalization Summary

Rolf Harren

Approx. the Orthogonal Knapsack Problem for Hypercubes

Introduction Square Packing Hypercube Packing Summary

Problem Preparation

Outline
1

Introduction Problem Preparation Square Packing Separation into Large, Medium and Small Items Packing the Large Items Optimally Adding the Small Items Putting Everything Together Hypercube Packing Generalization Summary

Rolf Harren

Approx. the Orthogonal Knapsack Problem for Hypercubes

Introduction Square Packing Hypercube Packing Summary

Problem Preparation

Multidimensional Orthogonal Packing Problems

Input: d-dimensional cuboid items a1 , . . . , an

...

...

Objective: an orthogonal, non-rotational and non-overlapping packing into a given space such that...

Rolf Harren

Approx. the Orthogonal Knapsack Problem for Hypercubes

Introduction Square Packing Hypercube Packing Summary

Problem Preparation

Multidimensional Orthogonal Packing Problems

B IN PACKING ...the number of bins is minimized
k=1 2 3

...

S TRIP PACKING ...the total height is minimized

h

K NAPSACK PACKING ...the prot of the packed selection of items is maximized

Rolf Harren

selection

... ...
Approx. the Orthogonal Knapsack Problem for Hypercubes

Introduction Square Packing Hypercube Packing Summary

Problem Preparation

Orthogonal Knapsack Packing for Hypercubes

Considered problem All items are squares, cubes or hypercubes 0 < a1 , . . . , an 1 Items have prots pi Bin has unit size

selection

...

...

Rolf Harren

Approx. the Orthogonal Knapsack Problem for Hypercubes

Introduction Square Packing Hypercube Packing Summary

Problem Preparation

Results

B IN PACKING 2- dim 3- dim d- dim 1.525..

APX-complete Bansal, Correa, Sviridenko

S TRIP PACKING AFPTAS Kenyon, Rmila 1.691.. open Hypercube S TRIP PACKING AFPTAS APTAS
Bansal, Han, Iwama Sviridenko, Zhang

3.382.. open Hypercube B IN PACKING APTAS Bansal, Correa,

Kenyon, Sviridenko

2- dim d- dim

APTAS

Bansal, Correa, Kenyon, Sviridenko

Rolf Harren

Approx. the Orthogonal Knapsack Problem for Hypercubes

Introduction Square Packing Hypercube Packing Summary

Problem Preparation

Results

B IN PACKING 2- dim 3- dim d- dim 1.525..

APX-complete Bansal, Correa, Sviridenko

S TRIP PACKING AFPTAS Kenyon, Rmila 1.691.. open Hypercube S TRIP PACKING AFPTAS APTAS
Bansal, Han, Iwama Sviridenko, Zhang

3.382.. open Hypercube B IN PACKING APTAS Bansal, Correa,

Kenyon, Sviridenko

2- dim d- dim

APTAS

Bansal, Correa, Kenyon, Sviridenko

Rolf Harren

Approx. the Orthogonal Knapsack Problem for Hypercubes

Introduction Square Packing Hypercube Packing Summary

Problem Preparation

Results
K NAPSACK PACKING General 2- dim 3- dim d- dim 2+ 7+ APX-complete open
Jansen, Zhang Diedrich, H., Jansen Thle, Thomas
2d +1 2d

Hypercube 5 4 +
9 8

+ +

Further results exist on

PACKING WITH LARGE RESOURCES , MAXIMIZING THE VOLUME , MAXIMIZING THE NUMBER ,

...

Rolf Harren

Approx. the Orthogonal Knapsack Problem for Hypercubes

Introduction Square Packing Hypercube Packing Summary

Problem Preparation

Results
K NAPSACK PACKING General 2- dim 3- dim d- dim 2+ 7+ APX-complete open
Jansen, Zhang Diedrich, H., Jansen Thle, Thomas
2d +1 2d

Hypercube 5 4 +
9 8

+ +

Further results exist on

PACKING WITH LARGE RESOURCES , MAXIMIZING THE VOLUME , MAXIMIZING THE NUMBER ,

...

Rolf Harren

Approx. the Orthogonal Knapsack Problem for Hypercubes

Introduction Square Packing Hypercube Packing Summary

Problem Preparation

Open Question

NP-Completeness It is unknown for all previous packing problems whether the restriction to Hypercube packing is NP-hard for d 3.

Rolf Harren

Approx. the Orthogonal Knapsack Problem for Hypercubes

Introduction Square Packing Hypercube Packing Summary

Problem Preparation

Applications

Cutting Problems All packing problems can be seen as cutting problems, e.g., cutting textile or wood Transportation Industry Arranging container on a ship Arranging items inside a container

Rolf Harren

Approx. the Orthogonal Knapsack Problem for Hypercubes

Introduction Square Packing Hypercube Packing Summary

Problem Preparation

Applications

Cutting Problems All packing problems can be seen as cutting problems, e.g., cutting textile or wood Transportation Industry Arranging container on a ship Arranging items inside a container

Rolf Harren

Approx. the Orthogonal Knapsack Problem for Hypercubes

Introduction Square Packing Hypercube Packing Summary

Problem Preparation

Applications

Advertisement Placement Arranging ads in a newspaper Arranging ads on a ash page Scheduling Bounded running time on a computer with a grid layout for the processors Tasks need a xed running time on a rectangular grid of processors

Rolf Harren

Approx. the Orthogonal Knapsack Problem for Hypercubes

Introduction Square Packing Hypercube Packing Summary

Problem Preparation

Applications

Advertisement Placement Arranging ads in a newspaper Arranging ads on a ash page Scheduling Bounded running time on a computer with a grid layout for the processors Tasks need a xed running time on a rectangular grid of processors

Rolf Harren

Approx. the Orthogonal Knapsack Problem for Hypercubes

Introduction Square Packing Hypercube Packing Summary

Problem Preparation

Outline
1

Introduction Problem Preparation Square Packing Separation into Large, Medium and Small Items Packing the Large Items Optimally Adding the Small Items Putting Everything Together Hypercube Packing Generalization Summary

Rolf Harren

Approx. the Orthogonal Knapsack Problem for Hypercubes

Introduction Square Packing Hypercube Packing Summary

Problem Preparation

NFDH

l4

N EXT-F IT-D ECREASING -H EIGHT (NFDH) is a very efcient layer based packing algorithm for small items

l3 l2 l1

Lemma For small items ai , the unlled volume is bounded by d

Rolf Harren

Approx. the Orthogonal Knapsack Problem for Hypercubes

Introduction Square Packing Hypercube Packing Summary

Problem Preparation

Gaps in a Packing

Lemma Given a packing P of m squares we can partition the free space into at most 3m rectangles
At least one item in P has to be aligned to the bottom of the bin

Rolf Harren

Approx. the Orthogonal Knapsack Problem for Hypercubes

Introduction Square Packing Hypercube Packing Summary

Problem Preparation

Shifting Technique
L
... ...

dispose

L h
S1 S2 S3 S4

...

Si

...

Sl

w=1

Lemma For small items ai it is possible to free a given line L by shifting the items into a gap losing not more than O()p(I) of the prot.

Rolf Harren

Approx. the Orthogonal Knapsack Problem for Hypercubes

Introduction Square Packing Hypercube Packing Summary

Problem Preparation

Shifting Technique
L
... ...

dispose

L h
S1 S2 S3 S4

...

Si

...

Sl

w=1

Lemma For small items ai it is possible to free a given line L by shifting the items into a gap losing not more than O()p(I) of the prot.

Rolf Harren

Approx. the Orthogonal Knapsack Problem for Hypercubes

Introduction Square Packing Hypercube Packing Summary

Problem Preparation

Rectangle Packing with Large Resources

If the bin is much bigger than the items we can derive a good approximation ratio Lemma There is an approximation algorithm for R ECTANGLE PACKING into a bin B = (a, b) where a = 1 and b 1 with approximation 4 ratio (1 + )
Idea: Bin has strip-like shape Pack a selection of items with the AFPTAS for S TRIP PACKING and apply a shifting technique to the overhang

Rolf Harren

Approx. the Orthogonal Knapsack Problem for Hypercubes

Introduction Square Packing Hypercube Packing Summary

Problem Preparation

Rectangle Packing with Large Resources

If the bin is much bigger than the items we can derive a good approximation ratio Lemma There is an approximation algorithm for R ECTANGLE PACKING into a bin B = (a, b) where a = 1 and b 1 with approximation 4 ratio (1 + )
Idea: Bin has strip-like shape Pack a selection of items with the AFPTAS for S TRIP PACKING and apply a shifting technique to the overhang

Rolf Harren

Approx. the Orthogonal Knapsack Problem for Hypercubes

Introduction Square Packing Hypercube Packing Summary

Separation Large Items Small Items Everything

Outline
1

Introduction Problem Preparation Square Packing Separation into Large, Medium and Small Items Packing the Large Items Optimally Adding the Small Items Putting Everything Together Hypercube Packing Generalization Summary

Rolf Harren

Approx. the Orthogonal Knapsack Problem for Hypercubes

Introduction Square Packing Hypercube Packing Summary

Separation Large Items Small Items Everything

Outline
1

Introduction Problem Preparation Square Packing Separation into Large, Medium and Small Items Packing the Large Items Optimally Adding the Small Items Putting Everything Together Hypercube Packing Generalization Summary

Rolf Harren

Approx. the Orthogonal Knapsack Problem for Hypercubes

Introduction Square Packing Hypercube Packing Summary

Separation Large Items Small Items Everything

Separation
A little bit technical... Separation Let r =
1

and 0 = , i+1 = i4 for 1 i r

Divide (unknown) optimal solution Iopt Mi = {s Iopt : s [i+1 , i [} i {1, . . . , r } with p(Mi ) p(Iopt )

Large, medium and small items Lopt := {s Iopt : s i } M := Mi S := {s I : s < i +1 }

Rolf Harren

Approx. the Orthogonal Knapsack Problem for Hypercubes

Introduction Square Packing Hypercube Packing Summary

Separation Large Items Small Items Everything

Separation
A little bit technical... Separation Let r =
1

and 0 = , i+1 = i4 for 1 i r

Divide (unknown) optimal solution Iopt Mi = {s Iopt : s [i+1 , i [} i {1, . . . , r } with p(Mi ) p(Iopt )

Large, medium and small items Lopt := {s Iopt : s i } M := Mi S := {s I : s < i +1 }

Rolf Harren

Approx. the Orthogonal Knapsack Problem for Hypercubes

Introduction Square Packing Hypercube Packing Summary

Separation Large Items Small Items Everything

Separation
A little bit technical... Separation Let r =
1

and 0 = , i+1 = i4 for 1 i r

Divide (unknown) optimal solution Iopt Mi = {s Iopt : s [i+1 , i [} i {1, . . . , r } with p(Mi ) p(Iopt )

Large, medium and small items Lopt := {s Iopt : s i } M := Mi S := {s I : s < i +1 }

Rolf Harren

Approx. the Orthogonal Knapsack Problem for Hypercubes

Introduction Square Packing Hypercube Packing Summary

Separation Large Items Small Items Everything

Separation
A little bit technical... Separation Let r =
1

and 0 = , i+1 = i4 for 1 i r

Divide (unknown) optimal solution Iopt Mi = {s Iopt : s [i+1 , i [} i {1, . . . , r } with p(Mi ) p(Iopt )

Large, medium and small items Lopt := {s Iopt : s i } M := Mi S := {s I : s < i +1 }

Rolf Harren

Approx. the Orthogonal Knapsack Problem for Hypercubes

Introduction Square Packing Hypercube Packing Summary

Separation Large Items Small Items Everything

Separation
A little bit technical... Separation Let r =
1

and 0 = , i+1 = i4 for 1 i r

Divide (unknown) optimal solution Iopt Mi = {s Iopt : s [i+1 , i [} i {1, . . . , r } with p(Mi ) p(Iopt )

Large, medium and small items Lopt := {s Iopt : s i } M := Mi S := {s I : s < i +1 }

Rolf Harren

Approx. the Orthogonal Knapsack Problem for Hypercubes

Introduction Square Packing Hypercube Packing Summary

Separation Large Items Small Items Everything

Separation
A little bit technical... Separation Let r =
1

and 0 = , i+1 = i4 for 1 i r

Divide (unknown) optimal solution Iopt Mi = {s Iopt : s [i+1 , i [} i {1, . . . , r } with p(Mi ) p(Iopt )

Large, medium and small items Lopt := {s Iopt : s i } M := Mi S := {s I : s < i +1 }

Rolf Harren

Approx. the Orthogonal Knapsack Problem for Hypercubes

Introduction Square Packing Hypercube Packing Summary

Separation Large Items Small Items Everything

Separation

In a nutshell Large items are large (i.e., i ) Small items are small (i.e., < i +1 ) Medium items are unimportant (i.e., p(M) OPT(I)).

Rolf Harren

Approx. the Orthogonal Knapsack Problem for Hypercubes

Introduction Square Packing Hypercube Packing Summary

Separation Large Items Small Items Everything

Separation

In a nutshell Large items are large (i.e., i ) Small items are small (i.e., < i +1 ) Medium items are unimportant (i.e., p(M) OPT(I)).

Rolf Harren

Approx. the Orthogonal Knapsack Problem for Hypercubes

Introduction Square Packing Hypercube Packing Summary

Separation Large Items Small Items Everything

Separation

In a nutshell Large items are large (i.e., i ) Small items are small (i.e., < i +1 ) Medium items are unimportant (i.e., p(M) OPT(I)).

Rolf Harren

Approx. the Orthogonal Knapsack Problem for Hypercubes

Introduction Square Packing Hypercube Packing Summary

Separation Large Items Small Items Everything

Outline
1

Introduction Problem Preparation Square Packing Separation into Large, Medium and Small Items Packing the Large Items Optimally Adding the Small Items Putting Everything Together Hypercube Packing Generalization Summary

Rolf Harren

Approx. the Orthogonal Knapsack Problem for Hypercubes

Introduction Square Packing Hypercube Packing Summary

Separation Large Items Small Items Everything

Enumeration

Enumeration All relevant values are constant: r , i and i {1, . . . , r } at most

1 2 i

large items t into the bin (volume argument)

1 2 i

try all values for i and all possible selection of items

large

we assume i and an optimal packing of the large items are known

Rolf Harren

Approx. the Orthogonal Knapsack Problem for Hypercubes

Introduction Square Packing Hypercube Packing Summary

Separation Large Items Small Items Everything

Enumeration

Enumeration All relevant values are constant: r , i and i {1, . . . , r } at most

1 2 i

large items t into the bin (volume argument)

1 2 i

try all values for i and all possible selection of items

large

we assume i and an optimal packing of the large items are known

Rolf Harren

Approx. the Orthogonal Knapsack Problem for Hypercubes

Introduction Square Packing Hypercube Packing Summary

Separation Large Items Small Items Everything

Enumeration

Enumeration All relevant values are constant: r , i and i {1, . . . , r } at most

1 2 i

large items t into the bin (volume argument)

1 2 i

try all values for i and all possible selection of items

large

we assume i and an optimal packing of the large items are known

Rolf Harren

Approx. the Orthogonal Knapsack Problem for Hypercubes

Introduction Square Packing Hypercube Packing Summary

Separation Large Items Small Items Everything

Enumeration

Enumeration All relevant values are constant: r , i and i {1, . . . , r } at most

1 2 i

large items t into the bin (volume argument)

1 2 i

try all values for i and all possible selection of items

large

we assume i and an optimal packing of the large items are known

Rolf Harren

Approx. the Orthogonal Knapsack Problem for Hypercubes

Introduction Square Packing Hypercube Packing Summary

Separation Large Items Small Items Everything

Unlled Volume

Packing of Lopt

Gaps in packing

NFDH

Small items

At most 3m gaps Unlled volume per gap 2

Rolf Harren

Approx. the Orthogonal Knapsack Problem for Hypercubes

Introduction Square Packing Hypercube Packing Summary

Separation Large Items Small Items Everything

Unlled Volume

Packing of Lopt

Gaps in packing

NFDH

Small items

At most 3m gaps Unlled volume per gap 2

Rolf Harren

Approx. the Orthogonal Knapsack Problem for Hypercubes

Introduction Square Packing Hypercube Packing Summary

Separation Large Items Small Items Everything

Unlled Volume

Adding small items with N EXT-F IT-D ECREASING -H EIGHT

number of gaps unlled volume per gap

Unlled volume =

3m 3 3
1 2 i 1 2 i

i2

2 2i +1 2i4

Rolf Harren

Approx. the Orthogonal Knapsack Problem for Hypercubes

Introduction Square Packing Hypercube Packing Summary

Separation Large Items Small Items Everything

Outline
1

Introduction Problem Preparation Square Packing Separation into Large, Medium and Small Items Packing the Large Items Optimally Adding the Small Items Putting Everything Together Hypercube Packing Generalization Summary

Rolf Harren

Approx. the Orthogonal Knapsack Problem for Hypercubes

Introduction Square Packing Hypercube Packing Summary

Separation Large Items Small Items Everything

3 Methods

Enough remaining space Several large items Only one very large item

Rolf Harren

Approx. the Orthogonal Knapsack Problem for Hypercubes

Introduction Square Packing Hypercube Packing Summary

Separation Large Items Small Items Everything

Enough Remaining Space Vol(Lopt ) 1 i

Guess Lopt
constant packing

Packing of Lopt

Gaps in packing
partition free space in 3|Lopt | gaps

te ple ion com merat enu

Input I
separated by i selection with
2 FracKnap+ (S, V 2i )

NFDH

...

...

i p(S ) V i OPT(S) (1 )OPT(S) i p(Lopt S ) (1 O( ))OPT(I)

V 22

22

Rolf Harren

Approx. the Orthogonal Knapsack Problem for Hypercubes

Introduction Square Packing Hypercube Packing Summary

Separation Large Items Small Items Everything

Enough Remaining Space Vol(Lopt ) 1 i

Guess Lopt
constant packing

Packing of Lopt

Gaps in packing
partition free space in 3|Lopt | gaps

te ple ion com merat enu

Input I
separated by i selection with
2 FracKnap+ (S, V 2i )

NFDH

...

...

i p(S ) V i OPT(S) (1 )OPT(S) i p(Lopt S ) (1 O( ))OPT(I)

V 22

22

Rolf Harren

Approx. the Orthogonal Knapsack Problem for Hypercubes

Introduction Square Packing Hypercube Packing Summary

Separation Large Items Small Items Everything

Enough Remaining Space Vol(Lopt ) 1 i

Guess Lopt
constant packing

Packing of Lopt

Gaps in packing
partition free space in 3|Lopt | gaps

te ple ion com merat enu

Input I
separated by i selection with
2 FracKnap+ (S, V 2i )

NFDH

...

...

i p(S ) V i OPT(S) (1 )OPT(S) i p(Lopt S ) (1 O( ))OPT(I)

V 22

22

Rolf Harren

Approx. the Orthogonal Knapsack Problem for Hypercubes

Introduction Square Packing Hypercube Packing Summary

Separation Large Items Small Items Everything

Several Large Items

Guess Lopt
k items constant packing

Packing of Lopt

P1
complete enumeration

Lopt \ {ak }

k 1 items constant packing

Same packing without ak

Gaps in packing

Input I
separated by i

partition free space in 3|Lopt |gaps

P2
selection with Knapsack(S, 1 Vol(Lopt ), ) NFDH

...

...

Rolf Harren

Approx. the Orthogonal Knapsack Problem for Hypercubes

Introduction Square Packing Hypercube Packing Summary

Separation Large Items Small Items Everything

Several Large Items

Prot P1 k pk Prot P2 p(Lopt S ) pk

0.5

P1

P2

0.25

0.5

0.75

k max(P1 , P2 ) ( O( ))OPT(I) k +1

Rolf Harren

Approx. the Orthogonal Knapsack Problem for Hypercubes

Introduction Square Packing Hypercube Packing Summary

Separation Large Items Small Items Everything

Several Large Items

Prot P1 k pk Prot P2 p(Lopt S ) pk

0.5

P1

P2

0.25

0.5

0.75

k max(P1 , P2 ) ( O( ))OPT(I) k +1

Rolf Harren

Approx. the Orthogonal Knapsack Problem for Hypercubes

Introduction Square Packing Hypercube Packing Summary

Separation Large Items Small Items Everything

Only One Very Large Item amax 1

S1

g2
amax

S4

S5 1 + amax

1 amax

g1

amax

amax

g1

S2

g2

S3

1 amax

1 amax

Use R ECTANGLE PACKING WITH L ARGE R ESOURCES for the free space

p(Lopt S ) (1 O( ))OPT(I)

Rolf Harren

Approx. the Orthogonal Knapsack Problem for Hypercubes

Introduction Square Packing Hypercube Packing Summary

Separation Large Items Small Items Everything

Only One Very Large Item amax 1

S1

g2
amax

S4

S5 1 + amax

1 amax

g1

amax

amax

g1

S2

g2

S3

1 amax

1 amax

Use R ECTANGLE PACKING WITH L ARGE R ESOURCES for the free space

p(Lopt S ) (1 O( ))OPT(I)

Rolf Harren

Approx. the Orthogonal Knapsack Problem for Hypercubes

Introduction Square Packing Hypercube Packing Summary

Separation Large Items Small Items Everything

Outline
1

Introduction Problem Preparation Square Packing Separation into Large, Medium and Small Items Packing the Large Items Optimally Adding the Small Items Putting Everything Together Hypercube Packing Generalization Summary

Rolf Harren

Approx. the Orthogonal Knapsack Problem for Hypercubes

Introduction Square Packing Hypercube Packing Summary

Separation Large Items Small Items Everything

Putting Everything Together

We derived methods for Case 1 Case 2 Case 3 Enough remaining space Several large items Only one very large item (1 O( ))OPT(I) k ( k +1 O( ))OPT(I) (1 O( ))OPT(I)

We show that k < 4 can be reduced to Case 1 or Case 3

Rolf Harren

Approx. the Orthogonal Knapsack Problem for Hypercubes

Introduction Square Packing Hypercube Packing Summary

Separation Large Items Small Items Everything

Main Idea

Three similarly large squares cannot ll a square bin almost completely

Rolf Harren

Approx. the Orthogonal Knapsack Problem for Hypercubes

Introduction Square Packing Hypercube Packing Summary

Generalization

Outline
1

Introduction Problem Preparation Square Packing Separation into Large, Medium and Small Items Packing the Large Items Optimally Adding the Small Items Putting Everything Together Hypercube Packing Generalization Summary

Rolf Harren

Approx. the Orthogonal Knapsack Problem for Hypercubes

Introduction Square Packing Hypercube Packing Summary

Generalization

Methods for Hypercube Packing

Direct adoption of 2-dim methods With suitable separation parameters Case 1 Enough remaining space Case 2 Several large items work as well More work needed For Case 3 we need an approximation algorithm for O RTHOGONAL K NAPSACK PACKING WITH L ARGE R ESOURCES FOR H YPERCUBES with ratio (1 + ) if the bin is big enough

Rolf Harren

Approx. the Orthogonal Knapsack Problem for Hypercubes

Introduction Square Packing Hypercube Packing Summary

Generalization

Methods for Hypercube Packing

Direct adoption of 2-dim methods With suitable separation parameters Case 1 Enough remaining space Case 2 Several large items work as well More work needed For Case 3 we need an approximation algorithm for O RTHOGONAL K NAPSACK PACKING WITH L ARGE R ESOURCES FOR H YPERCUBES with ratio (1 + ) if the bin is big enough

Rolf Harren

Approx. the Orthogonal Knapsack Problem for Hypercubes

Introduction Square Packing Hypercube Packing Summary

Generalization

Wellstructured Packing
amax big enough
free of items

1
x3
space for

amax
x2 x1

Rolf Harren

Approx. the Orthogonal Knapsack Problem for Hypercubes

Introduction Square Packing Hypercube Packing Summary

Generalization

Construction of a Wellstructured Packing

amax big enough
H2 H2 H1 H1

x3

amax

x2 x1

C
Rolf Harren Approx. the Orthogonal Knapsack Problem for Hypercubes

Introduction Square Packing Hypercube Packing Summary

Generalization

Packing the Small Items

Applying the algorithm for O RTHOGONAL K NAPSACK PACKING WITH L ARGE R ESOURCES FOR H YPERCUBES
S2 S1

S3
x3
space for

amax
x2 x1

Rolf Harren

Approx. the Orthogonal Knapsack Problem for Hypercubes

Introduction Square Packing Hypercube Packing Summary

Generalization

Improving Approximation Ratio

Seven similarly large cubes cannot ll a cube bin almost completely In general For d-dim Hypercube Packing, we can reduce Case 2 with k < 2d to Case 1 or Case 3

Rolf Harren

Approx. the Orthogonal Knapsack Problem for Hypercubes

Introduction Square Packing Hypercube Packing Summary

Generalization

Improving Approximation Ratio

Seven similarly large cubes cannot ll a cube bin almost completely In general For d-dim Hypercube Packing, we can reduce Case 2 with k < 2d to Case 1 or Case 3

Rolf Harren

Approx. the Orthogonal Knapsack Problem for Hypercubes

Introduction Square Packing Hypercube Packing Summary

Outline
1

Introduction Problem Preparation Square Packing Separation into Large, Medium and Small Items Packing the Large Items Optimally Adding the Small Items Putting Everything Together Hypercube Packing Generalization Summary

Rolf Harren

Approx. the Orthogonal Knapsack Problem for Hypercubes

Introduction Square Packing Hypercube Packing Summary

Summary
Result We developed an approximation algorithm with approximation 1 ratio 1 + 2d + for d-dimensional O RTHOGONAL K NAPSACK PACKING FOR H YPERCUBES Main Steps Separation of large, medium and small items Packing the large items Adding the small items Three similarly large squares cannot ll a square bin almost completely

Rolf Harren

Approx. the Orthogonal Knapsack Problem for Hypercubes

Introduction Square Packing Hypercube Packing Summary

Summary
Result We developed an approximation algorithm with approximation 1 ratio 1 + 2d + for d-dimensional O RTHOGONAL K NAPSACK PACKING FOR H YPERCUBES Main Steps Separation of large, medium and small items Packing the large items Adding the small items Three similarly large squares cannot ll a square bin almost completely

Rolf Harren

Approx. the Orthogonal Knapsack Problem for Hypercubes

Introduction Square Packing Hypercube Packing Summary

Additional notes

Practical application of this algorithm The running time is dominated by huge enumerations, making the algorithm practically unusable. Asymptotic behavior The structure of the problem does not allow asymptotic algorithms. Neither in the size of the input, nor in the value of an optimal solution.

Rolf Harren

Approx. the Orthogonal Knapsack Problem for Hypercubes

Introduction Square Packing Hypercube Packing Summary

Additional notes

Practical application of this algorithm The running time is dominated by huge enumerations, making the algorithm practically unusable. Asymptotic behavior The structure of the problem does not allow asymptotic algorithms. Neither in the size of the input, nor in the value of an optimal solution.

Rolf Harren

Approx. the Orthogonal Knapsack Problem for Hypercubes

Introduction Square Packing Hypercube Packing Summary

The End

Thanks for your attention

Rolf Harren

Approx. the Orthogonal Knapsack Problem for Hypercubes