NSS Physics in Life (Heat and Gases)

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Chapter 2

Heat and Internal Energy

Checkpoint (p.36) 1. 2. C (a) Incorrect. The internal energy of a body is related to its temperature, mass, material and state. Thus, a body of a higher internal energy is not necessarily the one of a higher temperature. (b) Incorrect. The internal energy is also related to the material of a body. Although the two cups of liquid have the same mass, temperature and state, they have different internal energy. (c) Correct (d) Incorrect. Temperature is a measure of the average kinetic energy due to random motion of the molecules of a body. Since the two liquids are at the same temperature, the average kinetic energies due to random motion of the molecules of the two liquids are the same. (a) (1) (b) (2) (c) (1) Peter is incorrect. Heat always flows from a body of a higher temperature to another body of a lower temperature. Heat is the energy transferred due to the temperature difference between two bodies while internal energy is the energy stored in a body.

3.

4.

Checkpoint (p.39) 1. B
1 kW h = (1000 W ) ( 60 60 s ) = 3 600 000 W s = 3.6 10 6 J = 3.6 M J

2.

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NSS Physics in Life (Heat and Gases)

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3.

(a) Energy consumed by two air conditioners = ( 2 ) (1.5 kW ) ( 4 h ) = 12 kW h (b) Energy consumed by the tree lights
= (100 W ) (12 24 h ) = 28 800 W h = 28.8 kW h

(c) Energy consumed by the washing machine

= (800 W ) ( 30 0.5 h ) =12 000 W h =12 kW h

Therefore, in cases (a) and (c), 12 kW h of energy is consumed by the electrical appliance. Exercise (p.39) 1. B Internal energy of a body is the sum of the kinetic energy due to random motion and the potential energy of all its molecules. It is not the sum of the kinetic energy and potential of the body. A A (a) (1) The molecular average kinetic energy of the milk increases when the temperature of the milk increases. (2) The molecular potential energy of the milk does not change because the state of the milk does not change in the process. (Assume the thermal expansion of the milk is negligible.) (3) The internal energy of the milk increases when the temperature of the milk increases. (b) (1) The molecular average kinetic energy of the water does not increase because the temperature of the water remains unchanged. (2) The molecular potential energy of the water increases when the water changes from the liquid state to the gaseous state. (3) The internal energy of the water increases when water changes from the liquid state to the gaseous state.

2. 3. 4.

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NSS Physics in Life (Heat and Gases)

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5.

(c) (1) Heating a gas inside a rigid container will increase its temperature. Thus, the molecular average kinetic energy of the gas increases in the process. (2) Since the container is rigid, the average distance between the gas molecules remains unchanged in the process. Thus, the molecular potential energy of the gas does not increase. (3) The internal energy of the gas increases when the temperature of the gas increases. (a) Temperature is a physical quantity that measures the degree of hotness or coldness of an object. Internal energy is the energy stored in a body. Microscopically, temperature is a measure of the average kinetic energy due to random motion of the molecules of a body. The internal energy of a body is the sum of the kinetic energy due to random motion and the potential energy of its molecules. (b) I agree with Jane. Internal energy is the energy stored in a body. It is related to the mass, material, temperature and state of the body. It increases with the temperature of the body. However, an increase in internal energy does not necessarily imply an increase in temperature. (a) Heat is the energy transferred from one body to another as a result of the temperature difference between the bodies. Internal energy is the energy stored in a body. (b) His statement is incorrect. Heat is the energy transferred from one body to another due to the temperature difference between the two bodies. Heat flows from a body of higher temperature to another body of lower temperature when the two bodies are brought in contact. (a) Applying P =
P= 2.7 10 6 30 60 = 1500 W E , t

6.

7.

The power rating of the heater is 1500 W.

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NSS Physics in Life (Heat and Gases)

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(b) Applying P =
1500 0.8 =

E , t

10 6 t t 833 s

It takes 833 s to transfer 1 MJ of energy to the liquid. Checkpoint (p.41) 1. 2. (c), (a), (b), (d) Applying Q = CT , the energy removed is
Q = (1200 ) ( 25 5) = 24 000 J

Thus, an amount of 24 000 J of energy should be removed from the can of cola. Checkpoint (p.46) 1. 2. A (a) W (b) Z

Exercise (p.46) 1. 2. A (a) Applying C =

C=

Q , T

0.3 10 6 180 25 =1935 .48 1940 J C 1

The heat capacity of the oil is 1940 J C1. (b) Applying c =

c=

C , m

19435 .48 0 .8 2420 J kg 1 C 1

The specific heat capacity of the oil is 2420 J kg1 C1.

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NSS Physics in Life (Heat and Gases)

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3.

(a) Applying Q = mc T ,
Q = ( 0.2 ) ( 4200 ) ( 85 50 ) = 29 400 J

The energy loss to the surroundings is 29 400 J. (b) Applying P =

P= 29 400 28 60 =17 .5 W

E , t

4.

The average rate of energy lost by the soup is 17.5 W. (a) Let E be the energy provided by the whole pack of oat flakes. By proportion,
387.4 4200 E = 100 650 E = 10 576 020 J 1.06 107 J

The energy provided by the whole package is 1.06 107 J. (b) Applying Q = mc T ,
10 576 020 = m ( 4200 ) ( 90 25 ) m = 38 .74 kg

5.

Using 1.06 107 J of energy can heat 38.74 kg of water from 25C to 90C. Applying Q = mc T , the energy gained by the sushi when its temperature is raised from 2C to 22C is
Q = ( 0.5) ( 3000 ) ( 22 2 ) = 30 000 J

Applying P =
7=

E , t

30 000 t t = 4285 .7 s 71.4 min

6.

Jack must eat the sushi within 71.4 minutes after taking it out of the refrigerator. (a) Applying Q = mc T , energy removed from the air is
Q = ( 310 ) (1000 ) ( 32 22 ) = 3.1 10 6 J

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NSS Physics in Life (Heat and Gases)

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Applying P =
3500 =

E , t

3.1 10 6 t t = 885 .71 s 14.8 min

The air conditioner is switched on for 14.8 minutes. (b) The energy drawn out Q = ( 4000 ) (3.1 10 6 ) = 1.24 10 10 J Applying Q = mc T ,
1.24 10 10 = (3 10 5 ) ( 4200 ) T T 9.84 C

7.

8.

The temperature rise of the pool of the water will be 9.84C. (a) The value of the specific heat capacity of water obtained will be larger than the standard value. This is because there is heat lost to the surroundings. (b) (1) Covering the cup with a lid can achieve a more accurate result in the experiment. This is because heat lost to the surrounds is reduced. (2) Using more water cannot achieve a more accurate result in the experiment. When more water is used, a smaller change in the water temperature is obtained. The percentage error in measuring the temperature is larger and hence affects the accuracy of the results. (3) Immersing the heater completely in the water can achieve a more accurate result in the experiment. This is because most of the energy supplied from the heater is transferred to the water, instead of the air. (a) Applying Q = mc T ,
425 140 421 500 = ( 0.5) c ( 31 22 ) c 809 J kg 1 C 1

The specific heat capacity of the metal is 809 J kg1 C1. (b) The value obtained in (a) is much higher than the actual specific heat capacity of the metal. This is because part of the energy supplied by the heater is transferred to the surroundings. (c) (Any reasonable answer) (1) Add a few drops of oil to the holes in the metal block to enhance heat transfer between the block, the heater and the thermometer. (2) Place a wooden block beneath the metal block to reduce heat lost to the bench through conduction.

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NSS Physics in Life (Heat and Gases)

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Checkpoint (p.50) 1. 2. C Ivans statement is correct while Joes statement is incorrect. The law of conservation of energy only states that when two bodies are brought in contact, the energy lost by a hotter body is equal to the energy gained by the colder body if there is no heat lost to the surroundings. The forms of energy involved in the process depend on individual situation.

Checkpoint (p.52) 1. 2. D (a) incorrect (b) incorrect (c) correct

Exercise (p.53) 1. 2. B (a) Let m be the mass of the milk added to the hot tea. Energy Q1 gained by the milk
=m c T = m ( 4000 ) (90 25 ) = 260 000 m

Energy Q2 lost by the tea

=m c T = ( 0.25 ) (3800 ) (95 90 ) = 4750 J

By the law of conservation of energy, we have

Q1 = Q2 260 000 m = 4750 m = 0.018269 0.0183 kg

Therefore, 0.0183 kg of milk has been added.

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NSS Physics in Life (Heat and Gases)

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(b) Let T be the final temperature of the tea. Energy gained by the two slices of lemon Q1 = CT = ( 2) ( 40) ( T 30) Energy lost by the tea Q2 = CT = ( 0.25) ( 3800 ) ( 95 T ) By the law of conservation of energy, we have

( 2) ( 40 ) (T 30 ) = ( 0.25 ) ( 3800 ) ( 95 T )
T = 89 .951 90 .0C

Q1 = Q2

Thus, the total energy transferred from the tea to the two slices of lemon
= ( 2 ) ( 40 ) ( 89 .951 30 ) 4800 J

3.

(a) Since the density of water is 1 kg L1, the mass of the hot water and tap water flowing out of the tap per second is 0.05 kg and 0.15 kg respectively. Let T be the final temperature of the mixture. Energy Q1 gained by the tap water
= mc T = ( 0.15 8 60 ) ( 4200 ) (T 25 ) = ( 302 400 ) (T 25 )

Energy Q2 lost by the hot water

= mc T = ( 0.05 8 60 ) ( 4200 ) ( 70 T ) = (100 800 ) ( 70 T )

By the law of conservation of energy, we have

( 302

400 ) ( T 25 ) = (100 800 ) ( 70 T ) T = 36 .25 C

Q1 = Q2

The final temperature of the mixture is 36.25C. (b) Let M be the mass of the hot water added. Energy Q1 gained by the tap water
= mc T = ( 0.15 8 60 ) ( 4200 ) ( 40 25 ) = 4 536 000 J

Energy Q2 lost by the hot water

= mc T = ( M + 0.05 8 60 ) ( 4200 ) ( 70 40 ) = ( M + 24 ) (126 000 )

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NSS Physics in Life (Heat and Gases)

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By the conservation of energy, we have

4 536 000 = ( M + 24 ) (126 000 ) M = 12 kg Q1 = Q2

4.

He should add 12 kg of hot water for the final water temperature to be 40C. (c) The final water temperature is lower than 40C. This is because part of the energy is lost to the surroundings. (a) Since the metal is heated by boiling water for some time, its initial temperature should be 100C. The metal block is then transferred to the water quickly. Let c be the specific heat capacity of the metal. Energy lost by the metal
=m c T = ( 0.3) ( c ) (100 32 ) = 20 .4 c

Since the density of water is 1 kg L1, the mass of 250 mL water is 0.25 kg. Energy gained by the water
= mc T = ( 0.25 ) ( 4200 ) ( 7 ) = 7350 J

By the conservation of energy, we have

20 .4 c = 7350 c 360 J kg 1 C 1

The specific heat capacity of the metal is 360 J kg1 C1. (b) (i) It is a possible reason. If the metal is still hotter than the water when the thermometer reading is taken, it means heat is still transferring from the metal to the water. The energy transferred to the water is underestimated. Thus, the measured value of the specific heat capacity of the metal is smaller than the actual value. (ii) It is not a possible reason. This is because the boiling water adhered to the block will transfer heat to the water in the cup. More amount of energy is transferred to the water. Thus, the measured value of the specific heat capacity of the metal should be larger than the actual value.

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5.

(iii) It is a possible reason. The metal block loses heat to the surroundings when it is transferred. The energy gained by the water is smaller than the energy lost by the metal block. Thus, the measured value of the specific heat capacity of the metal is smaller than the actual value. hot water pack

Chapter Exercise (p.56) 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. C A B B A C A (a) Let T be the final temperature of the glass envelope. Energy gained by the glass envelope
=100 0.04 10 = 40 J
(1A)

According to Table 2.1 on p.41, the specific heat capacity of glass is 840 J kg1 C1. Applying Q = mc T , we have
40 = (5 10 3 ) ( 840 ) (T 25 ) T 34 .5C
(1M + 1A)

9.

The final temperature of the glass envelope is 34.5C. (b) When the temperature of the glass envelope rises, the temperature difference between the glass envelope and the surroundings will become (1A) larger. Thus, the rate of energy lost to the surroundings will increase. When the rate of energy gained by the glass envelope is equal to the rate of energy lost to the surroundings, the temperature of the glass envelope will (1A) stop rising. Applying Q = mc T , the energy gained by the air per second is
Q = ( 0.041 ) (1000 ) ( 57 28 ) = 1189 J
(1M + 1A)

Part of electrical energy consumed is transformed into the kinetic energy of the moving air and the internal energy of the hair dryer and part of the energy is lost to the surroundings through radiation. Therefore, the electrical energy consumed (2A) is different from the energy gained by the air.

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NSS Physics in Life (Heat and Gases)

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NSS Physics in Life (Heat and Gases)

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10. The mass of air in the room

=(1.2 ) ( 4 5 7 ) =168 kg

Applying Q = mc T , the energy required to raise the air temperature to 20C is

Q = (168 ) (1000 ) ( 20 10 ) = 1.68 10 6 J
(1M + 1A)

Let t be the time taken for the air temperature to rise to 20C. Applying P =
E , we have t
1 .68 10 6 t t = 0.336 h
(1M)

1 10 7 0.5 10 7 =

It takes 0.336 h for the air temperature to rise to 20C. 11. Applying E = Pt , the energy lost by the soup in the bowl is
E = (18 ) ( 45 60 ) = 48 600 J

(1A)

(1A)

Let T be the final temperature of soup in the bowl. Applying Q = CT , we have

48 600 = ( 2000 ) ( 90 T ) T = 65 .7 C
(1A)

Therefore, the temperature of the soup in the bowl is 65.7C after 45 minutes. Let T1 be the temperature of the soup after the soup is poured into the cup and T2 be the final temperature of the soup in the cup after 45 minutes. By the law of conservation of energy, we have ( 2000 ) ( 90 T1 ) = 200 ( T1 25 ) (1A) T1 = 84 .09 C Applying E = Pt , the energy lost by the soup in the cup is
E = ( 3) ( 45 60 ) = 8100 J

Applying Q = CT , we have 8100 = ( 2000 ) ( 84 .09 T2 ) T2 80 .0 C The temperature of the soup in the cup is 80.0C after 45 minutes.

(1A)

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NSS Physics in Life (Heat and Gases)

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12. (a)

The temperature of the aluminium block increases almost linearly from 20C to 27C in the first 3 minutes. Let c be the specific heat capacity of aluminium. Assume that there is no energy lost to the surroundings. The energy gained (1M) by the aluminium block is E = Pt = ( 65 ) ( 3 60 ) = 11 700 J Applying Q = mc T , we have
11 700 = (1.7 ) c ( 27 20 ) c 983 J kg 1 C 1
(1A)

From the first 3 minutes of the graph, the specific heat capacity of aluminium is 983 J kg1 C1. (b) Let E be the energy lost to the surroundings in 8 minutes. According to the law of conservation of energy and applying Q = mc T , we have

( 65 ) ( 8 60 ) = (1.7 ) ( 870 ) ( 36 20 ) + E
E = 7536 J

(1M + 1A)

The energy lost to the surroundings in 8 minutes is 7536 J. (c) As the temperature of the aluminium block increases, the rate of heat lost to the surroundings gradually increases (1A). The effective power in heating the aluminium decreases (1A) and the slope of temperature-time graph decreases accordingly. 13. (a) From Table 2.1 on p.41, the specific heat capacity of copper is 390 J kg1 C1. Applying Q = mc T , the energy lost by the block is
Q = ( 0.3) ( 390 ) (100 32 ) = 7956 J
(1M + 1A)

(b) Since the density of water is 1 kg L1, the mass of 250 mL water is 0.25 kg. Applying Q = mc T , the energy gained by the water is
Q = ( 0.25 ) ( 4200 ) ( 32 25 ) = 7350 J
(1M + 1A)

(c) The percentage of energy lost by the copper block to the surroundings is
7956 7350 100 % 7956 7.62 % =
(1M + 1A)

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NSS Physics in Life (Heat and Gases)

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14. (a) Since the density of water is 1 kg L1, the mass of 250 mL water is 0.25 kg. Let T be the final temperature of the mixture. Applying Q = mc T , the energy Q1 lost by the water is
Q1 = ( 0.25 ) ( 4200 ) ( 96 T ) = 100 800 1050 T

Applying Q = CT , the energy Q2 gained by the glass and the egg is

Q2 = C glass T + C egg T = (150 ) ( T 25 ) + (130 ) ( T 25 ) = 280T 7000

By the law of conservation of energy, we have

Q1 = Q2 100 800 1050 T = 280 T 7000 T 81 .1C
(1M + 1A)

The final temperature of the mixture is 81.1C which is lower than the suggested temperature 84C. It is not hygienic to take in the drink. (b) (Any reasonable answers) (1) Using more water at 96C. (2) The glass is preheated before the hot water is poured into it.

(1A)

(1A) (1A)

15. (OCR Higher 2003 Specimen) 16. (HKCEE 2000 P1 Q8) 17. (a) A dry roof will heat up more quickly than a wet roof in daytime. This is because a wet roof has more water than a dry roof (1A). In daytime, a roof will absorb heat from the sunshine. Since water has a high specific heat capacity, it absorbs a large amount of energy with only a small temperature change (1A). Thus, the wet roof has a lower temperature change than the dry roof in daytime. (b) This method can also be used at night (1A). At night, a roof will release heat to the surroundings (1A). Since water has a high specific heat capacity, it releases a large amount of energy with only a small temperature change. Thus, the wet roof will cool down more slowly than the dry roof at night (1A).

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