SPHERE DEFINITION: If a half circle is rotated with the diameter as the axis of rotation, then a half circle will

describe a curved area called the sphere plane. The object that is restricted by the sphere plane is called a sphere. Sphere is the locus of all points that have same distance to a fixed point called the center point. The distance between the center point and a point on the sphere plane is called the radius. The Position Of A Sphere To The Line Theorem 86: If the distance from the center of the sphere into a plane is less than the radius of the sphere, then the plane will cut the sphere plane by a circle Proof: Draw a line PQ perpendicular to plane M, so that PQ < r. If L is a common point between sphere and plane M, then PL = r. On the triangle PQL, then QL = if PQ = d. This equation is hold for all common points between M and sphere, so that as a radius. the common point is located in one circle with Q as a centre and

Theorem 87: If the distance between center of a sphere and a plane are equal to the radius of the sphere, then the sphere and plane has one point in common.

Proof: We drawn line PQ perpendicular with plane M, then PQ = r, so that Q is located in sphere and also in the plane M. If we take point L in plane M, then we get PL > PQ. It holds for every point in plane M. Since PQ = r, then its clear that every point in plane M except Q will lie outside of sphere. Definition: A plane which has one common point with the sphere is called tangent plane. Theorem 88: If the distance from the center of a sphere into a plane is greather than the radius of the sphere, then the plane that lies outside the sphere.

Proof: We drawn line PQ perpendicular to plane M, if we take any point L then PL > PQ so that PL > r. It holds for every point in plane M, so plane M outside the sphere.

From theorem 87 we obtain: Theorem 89: A tangent plane on the sphere is perpendicular to radius of sphere which through a common point between tangent plane and sphere. The Position of a line g to a Sphere To check the position of a line g to a sphere, then through g and the center of sphere is created a plane K which intersects spheres plane (bidang bola) according to a big circle. Since line g and that big circle are laying on a plane, then some probabilities which will be got are: Line g intersects a circle on two points, which means the line pierces the sphere at two points. Line g touches the circle, which means that between line g and the sphere have a common point. This line is called a tangent line. Line g doesnt intersect the circle, which means that line g is outside the sphere.

Theorem 90: A tangent line of a sphere is perpendicular to the radius which is through a tangent point. Proof: Based on the explanation of the previous slide, then a tangent line touches the big circle. Based on planimetry, then the tangent line is perpendicular to radius of circle which is through a tangent point. Since the radius of big circle is also the radius of sphere, then its clear that the tangent line of a sphere is perpendicular to radius of sphere. Theorem 91: If through a point on a sphere we make a line that is perpendicular to radius of sphere which is passing through that point, then the line is a tangent line of sphere. Theorem 92: If a line touches a sphere, then the line touches every section of the circle which is lies on a plane with tangent line. Proof: Look at the picture! If line g is a tangent line of sphere P, then we can make some planes through g, for example plane K which intersects the sphere according to circle P, and plane L which intersects the sphere according to circle M.

Since line g only has one common point with the sphere, then g also has one common point Q with that circle, which means that g touches circle P and M. Theorem 93: If a line tangents a circle section (whether big or small); then the line will tangent every circle section which is coplanar with that line.

The Position of Two Spheres to Each Other Definition: A Connecting line between center points of two spheres is called Central. Theorem 94: If the distance between two spheres is less than the sum of radius of spheres, however its greater than the difference of radius, then two spheres are intersects to each other according to a circle; the circles plane is perpendicular to central, while the center of circle lies on central. Proof

Proof From two spheres with center P and radius r or its written Sphere (P, r ) and Sphere (Q, R) , it is determined that R - r < PQ < R + r . Through P and Q is created a plane K, then this plane intersects two spheres planes on circle (P, r) and circle (Q,R), which intersects to each other at points L and M. Based on planimetri, LM is perpendicular to PQ and if A is a common point between LM and PQ then LA=MA. If plane K is rotated with PQ as a rotation axis, then L and M form a circle which lies on spheres plane (P, r) and (Q, R), while the circle plane is perpendicular to PQ and its center lies on A.

The two spheres surface dont have other common points, except points on circle. It can be proved like below: Let a point T is a common point outside the circle. If T is connected with P and Q, then triangle PTQ is congruent with triangle PMQ (three sides are the same). The altitude from T to PQ on triangle PTQ will be the same as MA, while its points of feet lay on A too. So that, the altitude AT lies on circle A with the radius AM. Since AM=AT, then T must be laid on the circle. Based on Planimetry, if d=central, r and R are radius then in Stereommetry will obtain : d > R + r : two spheres dont intersect to each other; one sphere is outside the other one. d = R + r : two spheres tangent to each other outside and have one point in common. R - r < d < R + r : two spheres intersect according to a circle. d = R - r : two spheres tangent to each other inside. d < R - r : one sphere lies inside another one. d = 0 : two spheres have unique center.

PARTS OF SPHERE Sector of Sphere An object that is bounded by some part of sphere and a circle.

Keratan Ball Some of the sphere which is bounded by two parallel plane.

Segment of Sphere An object that is limited by a sector of sphere and a cone which has the same base area with sector of sphere and culminating in the center of the ball.

Shell of sphere An object that is bounded by some part of sphere and the shell of cylinders or truncated cones are draw in a cylinders

Area of Sphere and Its Parts Theorem 100: If line AB is rotating with the line s as rotation axis which located in one plane with AB but not intersect, then the area of curved surface which made by AB is equal to multiplication of the projection of AB to the line s and the circumference of a circle which its radius equal to the length of AB axis that measured from the middle of line AB until the intersection between line axis with the line s.

Known: AC=CB AA is perpendicular to s, BB is perpendicular to s, & DC is perpendicular to AB. Prove that: The Area of (AB) on s=AB x 2CD Proof: The area of rotation surface AB is equal to shell area truncated cone where s as an axis, base as radius and upper base are BB and AA respectively. Area of (AB)= AB x (AA+BB) We make CG perpendicular to s, then CG=1/2 (AA+BB), while the area of (AB)= 2 x CG (1), and then make AK//AB, then triangle BAK similar with triangle DCG, till AK : CG = AB:CD or CG x AB =AK x CD and since AK= AB, then CG x AB= AB X CD. We substitute this value to (1), so we get: The area of (AB) = AB x 2CD Note: This Theorem is hold if AB and s have one point in common or if AB// s. Theorem 101: If a half of the circumference of a regular polygon rotate with the outer circle diameter as the axis of rotation, while that axis is not cut off a half of circumference, then the sides of the polygon which is garis patah that describes a plane which its area is equal to the projection of garis patah at the axis of rotation multiplied with a circumference of a circle in the polygon. Proof: (See picture) If ABCD is a half of a regular polygon, while EN = FN = GN = a = apothem, and PQ is the axis of rotation, then:

Area (ABCD) = Area (AB) + area (BC) + area (CD) Area (AB) = A'B 'x 2a Area (BC) = B'C 'x 2a Area (CD) = C'D 'x 2a Area (ABCD) = A'D 'x 2a = projection of ABCD x circumference of a circle in polygon.

If the sides of the polygon was multiplied, then the garis patah ABCD approach an arc of the circle, while the apothem a is increasing until it achieve the radius r as a limit; the length AT is constant. The area of the plane that we made by garis patah is increasing too and has limit 2 r AD. From this limit we obtain area ( arc AD) = 2 r AD. If the projection of AD on rotation axis we called t, then area ( arc AD) = 2 r t. So, we get the theorem 102 Theorem 102: If an arc rotates with a center line that does not intersect the arc as the axis of rotation, then the area of plane that was drew by the arc equal to the projection of the arc to the axis of rotation multiply with a circumference of a circle that containing the arc.

The curved surface area of segment of sphere Theorem 103 The curve area of segment of sphere is 2rt

Where: t: borderline high r: radius of sphere The curved surface area of Keratan of sphere Theorem 104 The curved surface area of Keratan of sphere is 2 r t

Where: t : keratan high ball r : radius of sphere

The curved surface area of shell of sphere Theorem 105: The curved surface area of shell of sphere is 2 r t The Area of Sphere Plane Theorem 106: The area of sphere plane is 4 r2 = d2

Where: r = radius of sphere d = 2r

The Volume of Sphere and its Part Theorem 107: The volume of objects that occur due to rotation of a triangle with an axis of rotation that through a triangle vertices, and which is lie on an area with a triangle, but do not cut the triangle in other place, equal to area that created by the triangular area in front of point angle through which the axis of rotation, multiplied by one-third of height line on that side.

Theorem 108: If a sector of polygon rotates with the outer circle diameter as the axis of rotation, while the center line was not intersect the sides of the polygon, then the volume of objects that occurs because the rotation was equal to the area of plane that created by the garis patah was multiple by a third its apothem. Proof: Triangular NABCD rotates with PQ as axis Volume (NABCD) = V (NAB) + V (NBC) + V (NCD)

= =

x Area (AB) +

x Area (BC) +

x Area (CD)

x Area (ABCD) (I)

Area (ABCD) = AD x 2 a We can change with (I) so we get: Volume (NABCD) = = x 2 a x AD

2

x AD

(II)

Volume sector of sphere If the side between the A and D reproduced, then apothem become larger and have a limit of R, while the projections A'D constant. Thus, the volume objects that are formed because rotation of the polygon sector also becomes greater. If many of the polygons are enlarged continuously, then the limit state of fracture line into an arc AD, to volume (sector NAD) is equal to limit of volume (NABCD), or: Volume (sector NAD) = Volume (sector NAD) , and if A'D '= t then:

Therefore obtained: Theorem 109: The volume objects that occur because rotation of a circle with a diameter that does not intersect it as an axis of rotation sector, equal to one third of the radius multiplied by area of plane that occurs because of the rotation arc. The Volume of sphere and its segment Theorem 110: Volume sector of sphere = Proof: If sector of sphere ANP rotated with radius NP as the rotations axis, then there is a sector of sphere NAPB. Volume sector of sphere NAPB = R x Area (Arc AP) = R x 2 R x PQ =2Rtx R Volume sector of sphere = (t= height sector of sphere)

Theorem 111: Volume of sphere = Often the volume of sphere is express in diameter, then if the diameter called d we obtain: Volume of sphere = Volume of segment APB from sphere (N,R) = volume of sector NAPB volume of cone NAB Volume sector NAPB = 2/3 R2 t Volume cone NAB =1/3 NQ x r2 (I) (II)

From (I) and (II) we can find formula of volume segment of sphere (in r dan t) In triangle KPB right angle on B we get ; r2 = KQ x QP or r2 = (R+NQ)t Or r2 = (2R - t)t = 2Rt - t2

then NQ= R - t = That result we plug in (I) and (II) :

Volume segment of sphere: 2/3 R2 t - 1/3 R2 NQ = 1/3(2 t ( = 1/3 ( = 1/3 ( = x 1/3 x Volume segment of sphere = 1/2 r2 t + 1/6 t3

r2 ( ) )

If we see that formula, we can conclude: = volume of cylinder with height 1/2t and radius r, and = volume of sphere with diameter t Such that: Theorem 112: Volume a segment of sphere equal to volume of cylinder with a height equal to half the high segment and with the same base area with a plane segment, adding by volume a sphere with a diameter equal to the high segment.

If we denoted R and t, where R= radius of sphere, and t = height of segment, then: Volume of sector APB of sphere(N,R) = volume of segment NAPB volume of corn NAB Volume of segment NAPB = 2/3 R2 t Volume of corn NAB =1/3 NQ x r2 As we know r2 = 2Rt-t2 and NQ = R - t Then we plug in i and ii, we get: Volume segment of sphere: (i) (ii)

Volume Keratan of sphere

To find volume of keratan, assumed QK = x and MP = y and PQ = t Volume of Keratan Bola ABCD = Volume of segment ABCKD volume of segment DCK Volume of segment ABCKD = Volume of segment DCK =

Look triangle MAK : Look triangle MCK : Volume keratan of sphere =

= = = = = = = = = =

Theorem 113: The volume of keratan of sphere equal to the sum volume of two cylinders and a sphere; two cylinders having the same base plane with the upper plane and base plane keratan of sphere, whereas sphere has a diameter equal to the height of keratan bola Volume of keratan of sphere ABCD = V. of cylinder I + V. of cylinder II + V. of sphere.