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Comparing scanning technologies CIS vs CCD

Information from Paradigm Imaging Group

Scanning technologies have improved and matured considerably over the last 10-15 years. What initially started as large format scanning for the CAD market segment in the early nineties has found its way into new market segments and new application driven demands for large format scanner solutions in CAD, GIS, reprographics and the photo market segment.

raphtec has positioned its highend Contact Image Sensor (CIS) scanners as the de facto standard to meet the business demands in the CAD, GIS and reprographics market segments. In particular they claim to have demonstrated leadership in five key areas: higher geometric scanning accuracy, higher scanning reliability, higher scanning productivity, lowest technology cost, and lowest total cost of ownership. Each of these areas is covered in detail below by a discussion on the underlying technology for both CIS and CCD based scanners.

in this article, the CIS image sensors span the entire scan line with a 1:1 mapping between a pixel across the current scan line and the pixel in the image sensors. This important distinction is the key factor in higher geometrical accuracy obtained in the CIS scanners.

daily productivity. If used before the waiting period the users will experience degraded colour quality because the lights output power has not stabilised. Another issue with CCD technology experienced in the market place is the constant stitching requirement and colour calibration needed to ensure that the scanner will operate effectively. Stitching problems can occur when the operator moves the scanner, or when the temperature rises or falls in the environment where the scanner is operating. Due to the relative long focus length of around 1 m; even small changes in temperature or chassis torque can result in visible stitching problems. Imagine two or three people standing side by side, trying to take one panoramic photograph. Stitching on a CCD based scanner requires the end user to use a proprietary stitching chart that they feed into the scanner and run proprietary maintenance software to stitch the scanner correctly. The whole stitching and calibration process takes 10-20 minutes, which is a disruptive process in any productive environment. CIS scanners only require stitching after replacing the scan glass. The CIS elements are calibrated and stitched at the factory due to the CIS elements' short focus length and compact nature, it is relatively insensitive to changes in temperature or movement. Another problem that frequently occurs with CCD based technology is the need for frequent colour calibration. It is quite common for the CCD based technology to colour calibrate daily. Actually some of the CCD manufacturers recommend doing this every time the user has cleaned the glass plate of dust/dirt.

Higher scanning reliability and productivity

High reliability and productivity is the key reason for choosing CIS technology and it offers several advantages. It is suited for any environment with a demand for high productivity and reliability. For example in the reprographics industry, where downtime means revenue and opportunity loss, and the scanning service bureaus, where less productivity results in higher labour costs and longer job throughput. It also offers CAD conversion for fast, high-detailed engineering drawings. Due to the integrated nature of CIS technology, it usually requires less board circuitry in the image capture process as compared to the much more complex nature of CCD technology. This fact makes CIS technology considerably more reliable with lower failure rates than its CCD counterpart. Besides the technology benefits of CIS there are other tangible differences that affect the overall productivity of CCD technology. Most CCD based scanners require a long warm-up period in order to stabilise the light emission from one scanner. Typically, warm up time can be one hour, which significantly hurts the

The CIS business benefits Higher geometric scanning accuracy

As explained in more detail in the Overview of the CIS Technology further

Fig. 1: Using CCD based scanner.

Fig. 2: Using CIS based scanner.

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Although manufacturers claim that there can be months between colour calibrations, end users experiences are different. Due to the CIS light source lasting longer and being more stable, calibration is required less often reducing downtime.

Added together the CIS based technology not only has a competitive procurement cost, but the lowest failure rate and spare parts replacement costs, making it the clear winner when it comes to total cost of ownership.

or focused scanning methodology. Although both technologies share some basic concepts, they both have some distinct advantages and disadvantages. To simplify the discussion we will denote CCD for Focused Image Sensor technology and CIS for the Contact Image Sensor technology.

Low technology cost

The CIS scanner design is considerably less complex to build than the CCD scanner. The primary reason is the absence of folded optics and complex logic to compensate for the inherent deficiencies in CCD based scanning technology, making CIS scanners affordable for business use compared to the much higher priced equivalent CCD scanners.

Truly understanding the technologies

A scanner consists of a light source, one or more image sensors and a lens system. This is true for both of the two competing scanning technologies on the market today. The Contact Image Sensor (CIS) technology and the Focused Image Sensor (FIS) technology. The CIS is in near contact with the image while scanning the document. The CCD FIS, requires a much longer focus distance. The CCDs longer focus distance is usually obtained through a folded optics directing the light path through a series of mirrors to create a focus length of approximately 1 m. Contrary to a digital camera that contains area image sensors, the large format scanner market utilises linear image sensors to scan the image. This is a practical and cost effective solution. The scanner image sensors read one line of scanned data at a time from a document that is moving across the sensors. Today the focused image sensors use a Charge Couple Device (CCD) to capture the scanned image. While a Contact Image Sensor can use either a CCD or a CMOS image sensor. A naming confusion arises because CCD is commonly used to denote scanners that use focused scanning technology and the actual photo sensor technology that captures the image. Both of these technologies originated back to the 60s and both used CCD photo image sensors. The difference is how it is applied, through either contact

Overview of CIS technology

The CIS technology has been steadily improving since the 60s. Today CIS is widespread in use for the multifunctional desktop all-in-one printer/ scanner/copiers, desktop scanners, fax machines and also found in cheque, lottery and ATM readers. This makes it very likely that in your daily tasks you see CIS technology at work. Since the 90s CIS has been deployed in the large format scanner segment and is making in-roads into the traditional CCD based scanning technology. A CIS scanning system typically used light-emitting diodes (LED) to light up the document (see Fig. 3). The LED light is passed through a light pipe to ensure even distribution of light across the entire scan line. The light is then reflected by the document and captured by a glass rod lens, directing light towards the image sensors that capture the pixel. The CIS image sensor(s) span the entire scan line and the pixel in the image sensors. This important distinction is a key factor in higher geometrical accuracy obtained in CIS scanners. The LED lights are a series of red, green and blue LEDs that are turned on in a round robin fashion to capture the red, green and blue information in the scanned image. To ensure accurate monochrome and colour capturing the CIS technology internally captures grey tone information with 14-16 bits

Total cost of ownership

First, is the actual procurement cost of the scanner. Next and probably more important is the cost of operating the scanner over its active lifespan. In regards to the operating cost of the scanners, there are really only three factors that come into play: Daily power consumption Failure rate Replacement parts

The CIS LED light source consumes 1/3 of the power that a comparable CCD based scanner does. In addition the LED light source is only on during the actual scan. The CCD based scanner must keep its light source on unless it goes into stand-by mode. Although some of the new CCD scanners are Energy Star compliant, they still have a serious drawback. To achieve compliance they must turn off their light source. When the CCD scanner wakes up from the stand-by mode the scanner has to warm up for up to an hour before the user can begin to produce quality colour scans. This makes the Energy Star feature on CCD scanners dubious. Failure rate and spare part replacement costs are really where the costs add up. CCD technology with its relatively high complexity of circuit boards has demonstrated a higher failure rate than CIS technology. The fluorescent bulb light source for CCD scanners lasts approximately 8 000 hours. The CIS Scanners LED light source has a lifespan of 50 000 hours. The replacement cost for another key spare-part, the glass plate can be twice the price for CCD than CIS, and when comparing the replacement of Photo Sensor elements, the CCD technology is more expensive being one-and-a-half times the price of CIS.

Fig. 3: CIS scanning system.

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and colour information between 42-48 bits, passing the best 8 bits of grey tone and best 24 bits of colour to the application.

Overview of CCD technology

Focused based technology using CCD image sensors has certainly been the dominating player throughout the 80s and 90s for scanning. However primarily due to the cost issue it has lost market share to other technologies like CIS. A CCD based scanner uses a broad daylight source for illumination of the image to be scanned (see Fig. 4). The lights are reflected by the images and pass through an aperture and a series of mirrors to create a focus length of approx 1 m before it passed through a lens that focuses the lights onto one to four CCD sensors. The CCD sensors are 5 8 cm wide. The CCD consists of either three or four linear sensors with a colour filter in front to filter out the red, green, blue colour information and an optional fourth line to capture monochromatic information only. The three linear colour CCD arrays are spatially displaced with respect to each other. During a scan it will read the information at location [x,y] and, at the same time, read the blue at [x,y + displacement] and the green at [x,y +2 * displacement]. A logical CCD based system therefore requires complicated logic in firmware and hardware to reorder the information to compensate or interpolate for this displacement.

Fig. 4: CCD based scanner.

To ensure accurate monochrome and colour capturing, CCD technology usually internally captures grey tone information, at 12-16 bits and colour information between 36-48 bits, passing the best 8 bits of grey tone and best 24 bits of colour to the application.

The CIS technology advantages

Since there are no mirrors or lenses involved, CIS technology scanners are very inexpensive to maintain compared to their CCD counterparts, which require expensive optical elements. CIS has a clear advantage in compactness with reduced space requirements, and in being easy to transport. Further, due to the CIS 1:1 correspondence of pixels in the image and pixels in the sensor, CIS has a much higher geometrical accuracy than CCD based scanners. It is well known that CCD scanners

have spherical errors dominant at the edge of the camera lenses. That means that the size of a pixel varies across the camera lenses, which is of course not desirable from a quality perspective. It is possible to correct this problem, but to do so requires a more complex and sophisticated hardware logic. The CIS technology does not suffer from the spherical errors as on CCDs and no spherical corrections have to be made. Another problem found on all CCD based scanners is the optical falloff of light at the edges of the sensors. This fall-off is due to less light received from the edge of the camera compared to the middle of the camera, and can account for up to 35% loss of light intensity. Although the CCD scanners on the market today compensate for these inherent CCD deficits, it does require extra and more complex hardware logic, which again widens the cost gap between the technologies. Due to the relative long focus depth of the CCD based scanner, it has also been shown to be more sensitive to stitching problems than the CIS based scanner. Just the slightest change in temperature or movement of a CCD based scanner will require a re-stitching of the cameras.

Advantages Less Cost Higher reliability CIS Contract Image Sensor High productivity More compact No stitching required High optical resolution High MTH (contrast) = sharper lines No lens distortion

Disadvantages

Sensitive to focus depth Lower signal/noise ratio due to light source

Acknowledgement
Information provided in this article has been taken from a review of technologies by mixed technology reseller, Paradigm Imaging Group. Contact Samantha Seymour, Kinetic Distribution, Tel 031 266-7027, sam@kinetic.co.za

Higher cost More complex and fragile technology FIS (CCD) Focused Image Sensor High signal/noise ratio due to light source Relatively insensitive to focus depth At least twice the size of CIS technology Requires frequent stitching and calibration Lower optical resolutions Lower MTF (contrast) = blurred lines Inherent lens distortion

Table 1: In summary.

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