ANP 214 Test 3 (Endocrine System + Hearing & Equilibrium) Answer T for TRUE or F for FALSE. 1. A. B. C. D. E. 2. A. B. C. D. E. 3. A. B. C. D. E. 4. A. B. C. D. E. 5. A. B. C. D. E 6. A. B. C. D.

. The following statements are TRUE of the endocrine system: It is essential for the maintenance of homeostasis. It consists of hormone-secreting cells and glands. It shares some common functions and properties with the nervous system. Its glands secrete their products into the lumen of target organs via specialized ducts. It allows intercellular communication by producing neurotransmitters. The followings are examples of an endocrine gland: The parotid gland. The pineal gland. The liver. The pancreas. The gallbladder. Regarding the pituitary, it is connected to the hypothalamus by a stalk. it main products are releasing and inhibiting hormones. it is divided into anterior neurohypophysis and posterior adrenohypophysis. the hypothalmo-hypophyseal tract is a bundle of nerve fibers (axons) the hypophyseal portal system consists of capillaries supplying blood to the anterior pituitary. The anterior pituitary releases hormones under the influence of nervous stimulation from the hypothalamus. releases prolactin when it receives PIH from the hypothalamus. synthesizes FSH under the influence of GnRH. also produces LH, GH and TSH. regulates adrenal gland functions by producing CRH. The posterior pituitary is the site of oxytocin hormone synthesis. influences urinary output by releasing ADH into the blood. is neurosecretory in nature. receives releasing or inhibitory hormones from the hypothalamus. also produces trophic hormones. With regards to the hypothalamus, it receives inputs from the nervous system. it is the site for synthesis of ADH. it secretes releasing and inhibiting hormones that regulates posterior pituitary secretions. it is in turn, regulated by negative and positive feedback from its target organs. (T) (T) (F) (T) (F) (T) (T) (F) (F) (F) (F) (T) (T) (F) (T) (F) (F) (T) (F) (F) (T) (T) (T) (F) (T) (T) (T) (F) (F) ID No.

E. 7. A. B. C. D. E. 8. A. B. C. D. E. 9. A. B. C. D. E. 10. A. B. C. D. E. 11. A. B. C. D. E. 12. A. B. C. D. E.

it forms the interface between the nervous and endocrine systems. The following statements are TRUE regarding endocrine glands. The thymus gland secretes serotonin and melatonin. The parathyroid glands secrete PTH. The adrenal cortex secretes aldosterone and cortisol. The ovaries secrete inhibin. The testes secrete inhibin. The following statements are TRUE regarding hormones T3 and T4 stimulate metabolism. Glucagon is produced by the thyroid gland. Calcitonin promotes bone deposition and lowers blood Ca2+. Parathyroid hormone antagonizes the effects of calcitonin. Thymosins help in immunity regulation. The adrenal medulla secretes corticosterone. secretions raise blood glucose levels. secretions help the body to adapt to stress. releases its hormones under the influence of ACTH . secretes epinephrine and norepinephrine in response to nervous stimulation. The adrenal cortex is the main source of androgens in females. promotes Na2+ and water retention by producing the aldosterone hormone. secretions help reduces blood sugar levels. is a major source of estrogens in post-menopausal women. is neurosecretory in nature and responds mainly to nervous stimulations. Many hormones are not produced by glands but by groups of cells in organs. In this regards, ANP or atrial natriuretic peptide is produced by cells in the heart. erythropoietin is produced by cells in the intestine. vitamin D is produced by sequential action of cells in the skin, liver and kidneys. angiotensinogen is produced by cells in the arteries. estrogens and progesterone are produced by cells in the placenta. The following statements are TRUE of hormones: The peptide hormones require transport proteins for movement in blood. The steroid hormones are synthesized from cholesterol. Steroid hormones bind to nuclear receptors. Monoamine hormones bind to receptors on target cells plasma membrane. Transport proteins prolong the half-life of steroid hormonesin blood circulation

(T) (F) (T) (T) (T) (T)

(T) (F) (T) (T) (T)

(F) (T) (T) (F) (T)

(T) (T) (F) (T) (F)

(T) (F) (T) (F) (T)

(F) (T) (T) (F) (T)

13. A. B. C. D. E. 14. A. B. C. D. E. 15. A. B. C. D. E. 16. A. B. C. D. E.

The following statements are TRUE regarding second messenger mechanisms of hormones: It is required by steroid hormones to exert their effects on target cells. The common steps in its pathways are activation of G proteins and protein kinase. The cAMP system requires activation of adenylate cyclase enzyme. The inositol triphosphate system requires activation of phospholipase enzyme. The diacylglycerol pathway requires influx of Ca2+ ions to activate protein kinase. Regarding hormone actions, the chain, cascading effects explains why hormones are effective in minute amount. FSH and testosterone are synergistic in their effects on sperm production. the effects of insulin and glucagons on blood glucose levels are antagonistic . estrogens primed the uterus for pregnancy-maintenance effects of progesterone to take place. specificity of hormone effects on target cells is provided by the transport proteins. With regard to the sense of hearing the impulse (action potential) generating structure is the tympanic membrane. the amplitude of vibration determines the loudness of a sound. the primary auditory cortex is located in the occipital lobe. higher frequency sounds vibrate the basilar membrane closer to the helicotrema of the cochlea. tensor tympani and stapedius muscles reflectively contract to protects the ear from loud sounds. Regarding the sense of balance, sensory signals from the utricle, saccule and semicircular ducts are generated by hair cells. the sensory impulses are carried by the cochlear nerve to the cranial nerve VIII. there are three semicircular ducts in each inner ear. one of the most important destination of the sensory impulses is the cerebelum. head movements resulted in movement of vestibular endolymph that move hair cells stereocillia. (T) (F) (T) (T) (T) (F) (T) (F) (F) (T) (T) (T) (T) (T) (T) (F) (T) (T) (T) (F)