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    HTML elements are the basic building-blocks of web pages. HTML is written in the form of tags, enclosed in angle brackets (like ) the purpose of a web browser is to read HTML documents and compose them into visible or audible web pages.

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    HTML elements are the basic building-blocks of web pages. HTML is written in the form of tags, enclosed in angle brackets (like ) the purpose of a web browser is to read HTML documents and compose them into visible or audible web pages.

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    Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
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    20 views22 pages

    Report

    Uploaded by

    Gaurav Singh
    HTML elements are the basic building-blocks of web pages. HTML is written in the form of tags, enclosed in angle brackets (like ) the purpose of a web browser is to read HTML documents and compose them into visible or audible web pages.

    Copyright:

    Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
    Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Flag for inappropriate content
    of 22

    SL.

    No

    Topic

    1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11.

    Project Title and Introduction Use of Html JSP ORACLE 10G JDBC AND JDBC DRIVES DATA FLOW DIAGRAM E-R DIAGRAM CODING PRESENTATION OF TITE FORUM CONCLUSION REFERENCES

    HTML

    Hyper

    language for web pages. HTML elements are the basic building-blocks of web pages.

    Text

    Markup

    Language (HTML)

    is

    the

    predominant markup

    HTML is written in the form of HTML elements consisting of tags, enclosed in angle brackets (like <html>), within the web page content. HTML tags most commonly come in pairs like <h1> and </h1>, although some tags, known as empty elements,

    are unpaired, for example <img>. The first tag in a pair is the start tag, the second these tags web designers can add text, tags, comments and other types of text-based content. The purpose of a web browser is to read HTML documents and compose them into visible or audible web pages. The browser does not display the HTML tags, but uses the tags to interpret the content of the page.

    tag is the end tag (they are also called opening tags and closing tags). In between

    HTML elements form the building blocks of all websites. HTML allows images and

    objects to be embedded and can be used to create interactive forms. It provides a means to create structured documents by denoting structural semantics for text such languages such as JavaScript which affect the behavior of HTML web pages. as headings, paragraphs, lists, links, quotes and other items. It can embed scripts in Web browsers can also refer to Cascading Style Sheets (CSS) to define the appearance the CSS standards, encourages the use of CSS over explicitly presentational HTML markup.

    and layout of text and other material. The W3C, maintainer of both the HTML and

    HTML documents are composed entirely of HTML elements that, in their most

    general form have three components: a pair of tags, a "start tag" and "end tag"; some attributes within the start tag; and finally, any textual and graphical content between the start and end tags, perhaps including other start and end tags. Each tag is enclosed in angle brackets. nested elements. The HTML element is everything between and including the

    The general form of an HTML element is therefore: <tag attribute1="value1" as empty

    attribute2="value2">content</tag>. Some HTML elements are defined attribute2="value2" >. Empty elements may enclose no content, for instance, the BR tag or the inline IMG tag. The name of an HTML element is the name

    elements and

    take

    the

    form <tag

    attribute1="value1"

    used in the tags. Note that the end tag's name is preceded by a slash character, "/", and that in empty elements the end tag is neither required nor allowed. If attributes are not mentioned, default values are used in each case. Element examples Header of the HTML document:<head>...</head>. Usually the title should be included in the head, for example: <head> <title>The title</title> </head> Headings: HTML headings are defined with the <h1> to <h6> tags: <h1>Heading1</h1> <h2>Heading2</h2> <h3>Heading3</h3> <h4>Heading4</h4> <h5>Heading5</h5> <h6>Heading6</h6> Paragraphs: <p>Paragraph 1</p> <p>Paragraph 2</p>

    Line breaks:<br>. The difference between <br> and <p> is that 'br' breaks a line without altering the semantic structure of the page, whereas 'p' sections it may have attributes, it can take no content and it may not have an end tag. <p>This <br> is a paragraph <br> with <br> line breaks</p> Comments: the page into paragraphs. Note also that 'br' is an empty element in that, while

    <!-- This is a comment -->


    Comments can help understanding of the markup and do not display in the webpage. There are several types of markup elements used in HTML. Structural markup describes the purpose of text For example, <h2>Golf</h2> establishes "Golf" as a second-level heading. Structural markup does not denote any specific rendering, but most web browsers have default styles for element formatting. Content may be further styled using Cascading Style Sheets (CSS). Presentational markup describes the appearance of the text, regardless of its purpose For example <b>boldface</b> indicates that visual output devices should unable to do this (such as aural devices that read the text aloud) should do. In the case of both <b>bold</b> and <i>italic</i>, there are other elements nature, such as <strong>strong that may have equivalent visual renderings but which are more semantic in text</strong> and <em>emphasised text</em> respectively. It is easier to see how an aural user agent should

    render "boldface" in bold text, but gives little indication what devices that are

    interpret the latter two elements. However, they are not equivalent to their presentational counterparts: it would be undesirable for a screen-reader to emphasize the name of a book, for instance, but on a screen such a name would be italicized. Most presentational markup elements have

    become deprecated under using CSS for styling.

    the

    HTML

    4.0

    specification, in

    favor

    of

    Hypertext markup makes parts of a document into links to other documents An anchor element creates a hyperlink in the document and its href attribute sets the link's target URL. For example the HTML markup,<a href="http://www.google.com/">Wikipedia</a>, will render the word "Wikipedia" as a hyperlink. To render an image as a hyperlink, an 'img' element is inserted as content into the 'a' element. Like 'br', 'img' is an empty element with attributes but no content or closing href="http://example.org"><img src="image.gif" alt="descriptive

    tag. <a text"

    width="50" height="50" border="0"></a>. Attributes Most of the attributes of an element are name-value pairs, separated by "=" and written within the start tag of an element after the element's name. The value may be enclosed in single or double quotes, although values consisting of certain characters can be left unquoted in HTML (but not XHTML). Leaving attribute values unquoted is considered unsafe. In contrast with name-value pair attributes, there are some attributes that affect the element simply by the img element. Data types HTML defines several data types for element content, such as script data and stylesheet data, and a plethora of types for attribute values, including IDs, names, URIs, numbers, units of length, languages, media descriptors, colors, character encodings, dates and times, and so on. All of these data types are specializations of character data. their presence in the start tag of the element, like the is map attribute for

    Document type declaration HTML documents are required to start with a Document Type

    Declaration (informally, a "doctype"). In browsers, the doctype helps to define the rendering modeparticularly whether to use quirks mode. The original purpose of the doctype was to enable parsing and validation of HTML Definition (DTD). The DTD to which the DOCTYPE refers contains a for a document conforming to such a DTD. Browsers, on the other hand, do documents by SGML tools based on the Document Type

    machine-readable grammar specifying the permitted and prohibited content not implement HTML as an application of SGML and by consequence do not read the DTD. HTML5 does not define a DTD, because of the technology's does not refer to a DTD. inherent limitations, so in HTML5 the doc type declaration, <!doctype html>,

    JSP
    A servlet is a Java programming language class used to extend the capabilities of servers that response programming model. Although servlets can respond to any type of servers. Thus, it can be thought of as a Java Applet that runs on a serverinstead of a browser. A Servlet is a Java class in Java EE that conforms to the Java Servlet API, a protocol by which a Java class may respond to requests. They are not tied to a specific theHTTP protocol. Therefore, the word "Servlet" is often used in the meaning client-server protocol, but are most often used with host applications accessed via a request-

    request, they are commonly used to extend the applications hosted by Web

    of "HTTP Servlet". Thus, a software developer may use a servlet to adddynamic content to a Web server using the Java platform. The generated content is the Java counterpart to non-Java dynamic Web content technologies such as CGI and ASP.NET. Servlets can maintain state in session variables across many server transactions by using HTTP cookies, or URL rewriting. commonly HTML, but may be other data such as XML. Servlets are

    To deploy and run a Servlet, a Web container must be used. A Web container is essentially the component of a Web server that interacts with the servlets. The Web container is responsible for managing the lifecycle of servlets, mapping a URL to a particular servlet and ensuring that the URL requester has the correct access rights. The servlet API, contained in the Java package hierarchyjavax.servlet, defines the expected interactions of the Web container and a servlet. A Servlet is an object that receives a request and generates a response based on that request. The basic servlet package defines Java objects to represent servlet requests and responses, as well as objects to reflect the servlet's configuration parameters and execution environment. The

    package javax.servlet.http defines HTTP-specific subclasses of the generic

    servlet elements, including session management objects that track multiple requests and responses between the Web server and a client. Servlets may be packaged in aWAR file as a Web application.

    Servlets can be generated automatically from JavaServer Pages (JSP) by the JavaServer Pages compiler. The difference between Servlets and JSP is that in HTML. While the direct usage of Servlets to generate HTML (as shown in Servlets typically embed HTML inside Java code, while JSPs embed Java code the example below) is relatively rare nowadays, the higher level MVC web framework in Java EE (JSF) still explicitly uses the Servlet technology for the low level request/response handling via the FacesServlet. A somewhat older usage is to use servlets in conjunction with JSPs in a pattern called "Model 2", which is a flavor of the model-view-controller pattern. A servlet is a Java component that can be plugged into a Java-enabled web server to provide custom services. These services can include:

    New features Runtime changes to content Runtime changes to presentation New standard protocols (such as FTP) New custom protocols

    JavaScript is a prototype-based scripting language that is dynamic, weakly typed and has first-class functions. It is a multi-paradigm language, supporting objectoriented, imperative, and functional programming styles. JavaScript was formalized in the ECMA Script language standard and is primarily used in the form of client-side JavaScript, implemented as part of a Web browser in order to provide enhanced user interfaces and dynamic websites. This enables programmatic access to computational objects within a host environment. JavaScript's use in applications outside Web pages for example

    in PDF documents, site-specific browsers, and desktop widgets is also significant. Newer and faster JavaScript VMs and frameworks built upon them (notably Node.js) have also increased the popularity of JavaScript for server-side web applications. JavaScript uses syntax influenced by that of C. JavaScript copies many names and naming conventions from Java, but the two languages are otherwise unrelated and have very different semantics. The key design principles within JavaScript are taken from the Self and Scheme programming languages.

    ORACLE 10g
    In computing, the Oracle Application Server 10g (the "g" stands for grid), consists of an integrated, standards-based software platform. It forms part of Oracle Corporation's Fusion Middleware technology stack. The heart of Oracle Application Server consists of Oracle HTTP Server (based on Apache HTTP Server) and OC4J (Oracle AS Containers for Java EE) which deploys Java EE-based applications. The latest version of OC4J offers full compatibility with the Java EE 1.4 specifications.

    Oracle Application Server became the first platform designed for grid computing as well as with full life-cycle support for service-oriented architecture (SOA). The current release of Oracle Application Server, 10g R3, does not feature a metadata repository tier, relying instead on metadata repositories provided in previous releases.

    Database "features" Apart from the clearly defined database options, Oracle databases may Corporation sometimes refers to as "features" in a sense subtly different from

    include many semi-autonomous software sub-systems, which Oracle the normal usage of the word. For example, Oracle Data Guard counts officially as a "feature", but the command-stack within SQL*Plus, though a usability feature, does not appear in the list of "features" in Oracle's list. Such "features" may include (for example):

    Active Session History (ASH), the collection of data for immediate monitoring of very recent database activity. Automatic Workload Repository (AWR), providing monitoring services to Oracle database installations from Oracle version 10. Prior to the functionality. release of Oracle version 10, the Stats pack facility provided similar

    Clusterware Data Aggregation and Consolidation Data Guard for high availability Generic Connectivity for connecting to non-Oracle systems. Data Pump utilities, which aid in importing and exporting data and metadata between databases Database Resource Manager (DRM), which controls the use of computing resources. Fast-start parallel rollback

    Fine-grained auditing (FGA) (in Oracle Enterprise Edition[73]) supplements standard security-auditing features Flashback for selective data recovery and reconstruction iSQL*Plus, a web-browser-based graphical user interface (GUI) for Oracle database data-manipulation (compare SQL*Plus) Oracle Data Access Components (ODAC), tools which consist of:

    Oracle Data Provider for .NET (ODP.NET) Oracle Providers for ASP.NET Oracle Provider for OLE DB Oracle Objects for OLE

    Oracle Developer Tools (ODT) for Visual Studio Oracle Database Extensions for .NET

    Oracle Services for Microsoft Transaction Server

    Oracle-managed files (OMF) -- a feature allowing automated naming, creation and deletion of datafiles at the operating-system level. RecoveryManager (rman)for databasebackup, restoration and recovery

    SQL*Plus, a program that allows users to interact with Oracle database(s) via SQL and PL/SQL commands on Compare I SQL*Plus.

    a command-line.

    Universal Connection Pool (UCP), a connection pool based on Java and supporting JDBC, LDAP, and JCA Virtual Private Database (VPD), an implementation of fine-grained access control.

    Standalone tools Users can develop their own applications in Java and PL/SQL using tools such as:

    Oracle J Developer Oracle Forms Oracle Reports

    Oracle Corporation has started a drive toward "wizard"-driven environments driven applications. Oracle SQL Developer, a free graphical tool for database development, allows developers to browse database objects, run SQL statements and SQL scripts,

    with a view to enabling non-programmers to produce simple data-

    and edit and debug PL/SQL statements. It incorporates standard and customized reporting.

    Oracle's O Patch provides patch management for Oracle databases.

    JDBC
    JDBC is a Java-based data access technology (Java Standard Edition platform) from Sun Microsystems, Inc.. It is not an acronym as it is unofficially referred to as Java Database Connectivity. This technology is an API for the Java programming language that defines how a client may access a database. It provides methods for querying and updating data in a database. JDBC is connections to any ODBC-accessible data source in oriented towards relational databases. A JDBC-to-ODBC bridge enables the JVM host environment.

    History and implementation Sun Microsystems released JDBC as part of JDK 1.1 on February 19, 1997. It has since formed part of the Java Standard Edition. The JDBC classes are contained in the Java package java.sql and javax.sql. Starting with version 3.1 , JDBC has been developed under the Java Community Process. JSR 54 specifies JDBC 3.0 (included in J2SE 1.4), JSR 114 specifies the JDBC Rowset additions, and JSR 221 is the specification of JDBC 4.0 (included in Java SE 6).

    Functionality JDBC allows multiple implementations to exist and be used by the same application. The API provides a mechanism for dynamically loading the correct Java packages and registering them with the JDBC Driver Manager. The Driver Manager is used as a connection factory for creating JDBC connections. JDBC connections support creating and executing statements. These may be update statements such as SQL's CREATE, INSERT, UPDATE and DELETE, or

    they may be query statements such as SELECT. Additionally, stored procedures may be invoked through a JDBC connection. JDBC represents statements using one of the following classes:

    Statement the statement is sent to the database server each and every time. PreparedStatement the statement is cached and then the execution path is pre determined on the database server allowing it to be executed multiple times in an efficient manner.

    CallableStatement used for executing stored procedures on the database.

    Update statements such as INSERT, UPDATE and DELETE return an update statements do not return any other information. Query statements return a JDBC row result set. The row result set is used to

    count that indicates how many rows were affected in the database. These

    walk over the result set. Individual columns in a row are retrieved either by name or by column number. There may be any number of rows in the result set. The row result set has metadata that describes the names of the columns and their types. There is an extension to the basic JDBC API in the javax.sql. JDBC connections are often managed via a connection pool rather than obtained directly from the driver. Examples of connection pools include BoneCP, C3P0 and DBCP

    JDBC drivers JDBC drivers are client-side adapters (installed on the client machine, not on the server) that convert requests from Java programs to a protocol that the DBMS can understand.

    Types There are commercial and free drivers available for most relational database servers. These drivers fall into one of the following types:

    Type 1 that calls native code of the locally available ODBC driver. Type 2 that calls database vendor native library on a client side. This code then talks to database over network. Type 3, the pure-java driver that talks with the server-side middleware that then talks to database. Type 4, the pure-java driver that uses database native protocol.

    There is also a type called internal JDBC driver, driver embedded with JRE in

    Java-enabled SQL databases. It's used for Java stored procedures. This does not belong to the above classification, although it would likely be either a type 2 or type 4 driver (depending on whether the database itself is implemented in Java or not). An example of this is the KPRB driver supplied with Oracle RDBMS. "jdbc:default:connection" is a relatively standard way of referring making such a connection (at least Oracle and Apache Derby support it). The database being accessed, so access can be made directly rather than through network protocols. distinction here is that the JDBC client is actually running as part of the

    DATA FLOW DIAGRAM


    A data flow diagram (DFD) is a graphical representation of the "flow" of data a preliminary step used to create an overview of the system which can later processing (structured design).

    through an information system, modelling its process aspects. Often they are be elaborated.[2] DFDs can also be used for the visualization of data

    A DFD shows what kinds of data will be input to and output from the system, where the data will come from and go to, and where the data will be stored. It does not show information about the timing of processes, or information about whether processes will operate in sequence or in parallel (which is shown on a flowchart).

    It is common practice to draw the context-level data flow diagram first, which shows the interaction between the system and external agents which act as data sources and data sinks. On the context diagram the system's interactions with the outside world are modelled purely in terms of data flows across the system boundary. The context diagram shows the entire system as a single process, and gives no clues as to its internal organization.

    This context-level DFD is next "exploded", to produce a Level 0 DFD that shows some of the detail of the system being modeled. The Level 0 DFD shows how the system is divided into sub-systems (processes), each of which deals with one or more of the data flows to or from an external agent, and which together provide all of the functionality of the system as a whole. It also identifies internal data stores that must be present in order for the system to do its job, and shows the flow of data between the various parts of the system.

    Data flow diagrams were proposed by Larry Constantine, the original developer of structured design, based on Martin and Estrin's "data flow graph" model of computation. Data flow diagrams (DFDs) are one of the three essential perspectives of the structured-systems analysis and design method SSADM. The sponsor of a project and the end users will need to be briefed and consulted throughout all stages of a system's evolution. With a data flow diagram, users are able to visualize how the system will operate, what the system will accomplish, and how the system will be implemented. The old system's dataflow diagrams can be drawn up and compared with the new system's data flow diagrams to draw comparisons to implement a more efficient system. Data flow diagrams can be used to provide the end user with a physical idea of where the data they input ultimately has an effect upon the structure of the whole system from order to dispatch to report. How any system is developed can be determined through a data flow diagram.

    In the course of developing a set of levelled data flow diagrams the analyst/designers is forced to address how the system may be decomposed model. into component sub-systems, and to identify the transaction data in the data

    There are different notations to draw data flow diagrams (Yourdon & Coad and Gane & Sarson), defining different visual representations for processes, data stores, data flow, and external entities.

    REPRESENTATION IN DATA FLOW DIAGRAM

    ER-DIAGRAM
    In software engineering, an entity-relationship model (ERM) is an abstract and modeling method, used to produce a type of conceptual schema or semantic data down fashion. Diagrams created by this process are called entity-relationship diagrams, ER diagrams, or ERDs.

    conceptual representation of data. Entity-relationship modeling is a database model of a system, often a relational database, and its requirements in a top-

    The building blocks: entities, relationships, and attributes

    Two related entities

    An entity with an attribute

    A relationship with an attribute

    Primary key An entity may be defined as a thing which is recognized as being capable of an independent existence and which can be uniquely identified. An entity is entity we normally speak of some aspect of the real world which can be distinguished from other aspects of the real world. an abstraction from the complexities of some domain. When we speak of an

    An entity may be a physical object such as a house or a car, an event such as a house sale or a car service, or a concept such as a customer transaction or order. Although the term entity is the one most commonly used, following Chen we should really distinguish between an entity and an entity-type. An entity-type is a category. An entity, strictly speaking, is an instance of a given term entity-type is somewhat cumbersome, most people tend to use the term entity as a synonym for this term. entity-type. There are usually many instances of an entity-type. Because the

    Entities can be thought of as nouns. Examples: a computer, an employee, a song, a mathematical theorem.

    A relationship captures how two or more entities are related to one another.

    Relationships can be thought of as verbs, linking two or more nouns. Examples: an owns relationship between a company and a computer, a supervises relationship between an employee and a department,

    a performs relationship between an artist and a song, a proved relationship between a mathematician and a theorem. The model's linguistic aspect

    described

    above which

    is

    utilized are

    in

    the declarative database query language constructs.

    ERROL's semantics and

    language ERROL,

    implementation

    mimics natural based

    on Reshaped relational algebra (RRA), a relational algebra which is adapted to the ERM and captures its linguistic aspect. Entities and relationships can both have attributes. Examples:

    an employee entity might have a Social Security Number (SSN) attribute; the proved relationship may have a date attribute.

    Every entity (unless it is a weak entity) must have a minimal set of uniquely identifying attributes, which is called the entity's primary key.

    Entity-relationship diagrams don't show single entities or single instances of relations. Rather, they show entity sets and relationship sets. Example: a particular song is an entity. The collection of all songs in a database is an entity set. The eaten relationship between a child and her lunch is a single

    relationship. The set of all such child-lunch relationships in a database is a relationship set. In other words, a relationship set corresponds to a relation in mathematics, while a relationship corresponds to a member of the relation.

    Certain cardinality constraints on relationship sets may be indicated as well.

    Relationships, roles and cardinalities A person plays the role of husband in a marriage (relationship) and another person plays the role of wife in the (same) marriage. These words are nouns. That is no surprise, naming things requires a noun. However as is quite usual with new ideas, many eagerly appropriated the new terminology but then applied it to their own old ideas. Thus the lines, arrows than to Chen's relationship diamonds. And they similarly misunderstood other important concepts. In particular, it became fashionable (now almost to the point of exclusivity) to "name" relationships and roles as verbs or phrases. Relationship Names A relationship expressed with a single verb implying direction, makes it impossible to discuss the model using the following proper English. For Example:

    and crows-feet of their diagrams owed more to the earlier Bachman diagrams

    the song and the performer are related by a 'performs'

    the husband and wife are related by an 'is-married-to'.

    Expressing the relationships with a noun resolves this:


    the song and the performer are related by a 'performance' the husband and wife are related by a 'marriage'.

    Traditionally, the relationships are expressed twice, (using present continuous verb phrases), once in each direction. This gives two English statements per relationship. For example:

    the song is performed by the performer the performer performs the song

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