..BIS 2B Midterm 1 Fall 2011 Study Guide ** PLEASE DO NOT ERASE OTHER PEOPLES ANSWERS.

IF YOUR ANSWER DIFFERS FROM THEIRS, PUT YOURS IN A DIFFERENT COLOR.

Lectures 1-3 Multiple choice, choose the best answer, unless noted.
1.High diversity means that the items under consideration are mostly different. 2. Low diversity means that the items under consideration are mostly the same. 3. Define Gross primary productivity the rate at which all the primary producers in a particular community turn solar energy into stored chemical energy via photosynthesis 4. What is the difference between productivity and production in the context of our discussions? Productivity: measures the rate of energy accumulation (a rate) (Slope of the line) production: measures energy accumulation as a product (a sum) (Area under the curve) 5. The term primary productivity applies to large scales, such as entire populations, communities, and landscapes, and even to the whole earth. What is the cellular process that is the basis of primary productivity? photosynthesis 6. What is the basic type of stored energy that is the product of your answer in question 4 and also the basis of primary productivity? chemical energy? i thought it was chemical too. lol glucose is a chemical. glucose sounds about right. lol end result of photosynthesis is a carbohydrate- CH2O, usually in the form of glucose but can be other sugars as well. its chemical. 7. Remote sensing that generates proxies for primary productivity measures (give the basic term from physics)
spectroscopy wavelength? wavelength of light, its wavelength

ReKOmote sensing measures/give indicators of biodiversity (What does basic term from physics mean?) photosynthetically? Its wavelength. Photosynthesis doesnt have anything to do with physics intensity and wavelength, but wavelength is probably what theyre looking for 8. What is the verbal name of the proxy for primary productivity that results from the wavelengths of light absorbed by photosynthesis? Proxy for Primary Productivity NDVI (Normalized Difference Vegetation Index) 9. Give the formula for the answer in 8. Normalized Difference Vegetation Index Formula: NDVI=NIR-VIS/NIR+VIS NIR= near infrared VIS= visible 10. Draw a graph of the answer in 10 on the y axis & and day of the year on the x axis for a. Forests of the Southern Hemisphere. b. Forests of the Northern Hemisphere. c. Forests at very low latitude Watch this video of the primary production changing throughout the year http://vimeo.com/ I dont get what this question is asking, anyone care to elaborate? can anyone make graphs, link to the graphs for this one someway, or describe them at least? My graph for the Northern Hemisphere looks like a normalize curve (like youd see in

statistics), where GPP is low in Jan-May, its peak is in July/August, and then decreases again from Sept-Jan again The graph for the Southern Hemisphere is pretty much a straight line, with a small peak right above July *The graph for the southern hemisphere should be the opposite of the graph of the northern hemisphere, since their seasons are opposite. Mine looks a bit like a U The Low Latitudes is that strip right in the middle of the graph, where the equator is. Latitude increases when its above the equator, as well as when its below the equator. The poles should have the highest latitude. Its in the graphs on lectures 1-3 11. The answer to questions 9 & 10 is an indirect measure, or proxy, of Biodiversity - Annual Growth Vegetation Growth Rate The live vegetation absorbs light in the visible wave lengths. Remote sensing satellites give vegetation proxy, allowing calculation of the photosynthetic capacity and growth rate of the vegetation wouldnt it be correct to say gross primary productivity, yes it would! 12. The answers to question 9 & 10 is positively correlated with a basic measure of biodiversity, which is actually im not sure if GPP is actually a measure of biodiversity although it is a measure of productivity as implied by its name. However, we do know that where productivity is high, species richness is high and this is reflective of biodiversity. Anyone care to agree/disagree? i was thinking species richness as well Could it be the Shannon-Weiner Index? Isnt that a measure of biodiversity? Its just that high levels of GPP is correlated with biodiversity. They have a direct relationship. For example, the equator has the highest levels of GPP. We learned that the tropical forests have the most diversity of any other biome because of the latitude/plant activity/temperature, etc. Relative abundance would be correct wouldnt it? 13. Within 100,000, how many species of macroscopic Eukaryotes are known by the IUCN?

1.6 million 1,642,189 rounded to the nearest 100,000 is 1.6 million. Yup, it should be 1.6 million, NOT anything else 14. Rank from most to least the major groups of biodiversity in terms of their known number of species: Vertebrates, plants, invertebrates. invertebrates, plants, vertebrates - this is correct 15. Rank from most to least the numbers of species among the major vertebrate groups: amphibians, birds, mammals, fish, reptiles fish, birds, reptiles, amphibians, mammals Correct answer 16. Rank from most to least the numbers of species among the plant groups: ferns, mosses, red and green algae, dichots, monocots. dichots, monocots, mosses, ferns, red & green algae - correct answer 17. Biomes are environments defined by climatic and geographic attributes 18. Biogeographic Regions are Regions of the Earth separated by climatic, topographic, and/or aquatic barriers. Each region contains characteristic assemblages of species. Boundaries of these biogeographic regions are drawn where assemblages of species change dramatically over short distances (pg.1158) what exactly is the difference between a biome and a bio geographical region? The definitions are very similar when you look them up. its really how our prof did (or didnt) define them in class. The difference between biomes and biogeographic regions is that biogeographic regions are dependent on phylogeny while biomes are determined by the environment. 19. Gondwanaland was the large southern land mass that existed from the Cambrian to the Jurassic period (540-130 Mya). The present day remnants are South America, Africa, India, Australia, and Antarctica. 20. How did continental drift affect the distributions of the worlds biota? Isolated biotas from one another

21. Has continental drift stopped? no. of course not. 22. Distinguish marsupials from placental mammals in the fewest words possible.

Placental mammals make up the vast diversity of mammal diversity(Zimmer). Birth in marsupials occurs much earlier Basically their reproduction is diff. , rate of gestation...idk

Placental reproduction: internally[ie: humans] babies are inside grow to a certain point, able take care of themselves, then they come out. Marsupials reproduction: Externally, [ie: born early and moves/develops in the pouches like kangaroos] If you want to make it as easy as possible, you could just say that one has a pouch with a longer gestation period, and the other doesnt with shorter gestation periods 23. What happened to marsupials in North America and Europe? They became extinct. *24. Which placental mammals are in Australia and New Zealand? bats and rodents Humans! *25. Which placental mammals are in Australia and New Zealand only as a result of the actions of humans? (Fewest words possible). dingo, red fox, european rabbit Also cat, deer, chital, domestic horse, donkey, pig, goat, and water buffalo. source? I just googled placental mammals in Australia and New Zealand as result of humans. There are more than the ones I mentioned. (google knows all) I really wouldnt worry too much about naming all of them. **26. The flightless fraction of the New Zealand avifauna is largest fraction of any large land mass. Why? (25 words or less) -New Zealand has no native mammal predators, so birds lost their ability to fly (transferred energy required for flying to other cellular processes) -The lack of predators/mammals allowed bird species to use the habitats that were available and living on the ground led to a lack of wing use and often increase in size. 27. The most diverse terrestrial biological communities occur. a. in the arctic. b. in the temperate zone. c. at low latitudes. d. in vicariance zones. e. in dispersal zones. f. none of the above. 28. Dense, live vegetation absorbs a. mostly near infra-red, NIR and longer wave radiation. b. mostly visible light, VIS. c. all wave lengths of light. d. mainly green light, G. e. all wave lengths but more NIR than VIS (this is why MODIS works). f. all of the above 29. The photosynthetic capacity of vegetation a. is positively correlated with its ability to absorb CO2 b. is positively correlated with its ability to release O2

c. is negatively correlated with rainfall d. is positively correlated with rainfall e. all but c. I would assume E, because CO2 absorbed is associated to GPP, which could be measured as O2 released as waste product. We also know that the GPP of the equator is high (tropics) and there is a lot of rainfall there. I choose E as well It would have to be E because it cant be both C and D. Right? 30. What is (are) the single greatest threat to tropical forests? (fewest words possible. Deforestation? and humans cutting it down for agricultural land as well as using the wood for resources. Wildfires because of climate change from greenhouse gases, warmer seasons. Agriculture, as well. I remember him talking about it in lecture like last week. Humans 31. Give four major abiotic variables that correlate positively with numbers of species of terrestrial organisms among biomes. 1. Water Moisture 2. Heat temperature 3. Light sunlight 4. Nutrients soil quality . 32 Fewest to most numbers of species a. desert, tundra, boreal forest, grassland. b. tundra, boreal forest, grasslands, tropical rain forest. c. grassland, tundra, boreal forest, chaparral. d. tropical rain forest, desert, tundra, boreal forest. e. tropical rain forest, chaparral, desert, tropical dry forest. 33. Lowest to highest annual primary production a. desert, tundra, boreal forest, grassland. b. tundra, boreal forest, grasslands, tropical rain forest. c. grassland, tundra, boreal forest, chaparral. d. tropical rain forest, desert, tundra, boreal forest. e. tropical rain forest, chaparral, desert, tropical dry forest. Tundra Boreal and Temperate Evergreen Forest Temperate Deciduous Forest Temperate Grasslands Hot Desert Cold Desert Chaparral Thorn Forest and Tropical Savanna Tropical Deciduous Forest Tropical Evergreen Forest 34. Lowest to highest annual NDVI a. desert, tundra, boreal forest, grassland. b. tundra, boreal forest, grasslands, tropical rain forest. c. grassland, tundra, boreal forest, chaparral. d. tropical rain forest, desert, tundra, boreal forest. e. tropical rain forest, chaparral, desert, tropical dry forest. why not c? Its not C because grassland and boreal forest are equal when you look at the graph in lecture 3 and it is basically a reword of the previous question. 35. High NDVI (more than one might be correct) a. vegetation absorbing visible and reflecting near-infrared b. vegetation absorbing near-infrared reflecting visible light. c. vegetation is absorbing near-infrared and reflecting ultra-violet light. d. burned vegetation, after a forest fire e. deciduous trees in December in New Zealand. e seems right as well. can anyone explain why the other choices arent right? i mean D is pretty obvious, but the rest? b and c arent correct because vegetation doesnt absorb near-infrared light

I think its a and b. A and E, its E because in December in New Zealand(Southern Hemisphere) it is summer and NDVI is pretty much always high in the summer Can someone please explain deciduous (I know that means the leaves shed or fall off seasonally) and its relation to GPP? So deciduous trees during autumn would be high or low GPP? -deciduous tree would shed their leaves in autumn, thus there would be less/no photosynthesis = low primary productivity 36. Low GPP a. deciduous vegetation in July in New Zealand. b. deciduous vegetation in summer. c. deciduous vegetation that has burned. d. area of recent forest fire. e. an area undergoing severe drought. f. All of the above. looks like all of the seem right, but can anyone explain the deciduous vegetation in summer one? itd be all of them but b, deciduous vegetation has high levels of photosynthesis during summer (high GPP) So were assuming that for b they mean summer in the northern hemisphere, right? Im guessing if its summer in the northern hemisphere then deciduous vegetation in the southern hemisphere would produce low gpp. Since it doesnt tell us exactly where the deciduous vegetation is then thats what im assuming. Usually, if I know for a fact that more than one of them are true and the question does not tell me that one or more of them can be correct, I chose the all of the above option. Can we pick more than one answer for this question? Deciduous climates dont really have high GPP, in comparison to the other climates, anyway, so I think its F. 37. Latitude is measured in a. furlongs from Geneva b. rods distance from Rome. c. Miles from the North Pole. d. kilometers from the Prime Meridian e. degrees from the equator. e 38. The latitude of the equator is ______. 0 degrees 39. The latitude of the North Pole is _____. 90 degrees North 40. The latitude of the South Pole is _____. 90 degrees South (be sure to distinguish 39 and 40). 41. How many degrees latitude circle the earth?

360 Degrees, read the explanation below people! I think the key here is in the wording it says circling so its 360
180 degrees wouldnt it be 360??? no, latitude is measured from north and south of the equator. There are 90 degrees north and 90 degrees south. 90+90=180 The prime meridian is designated zero degrees (0) longitude. Lines of longitude are

numbered east of the prime meridian from 0 to 180 east longitude and west from 0 to 180 west longitude. There is no longitude higher than 180 , and the 180th meridian east and the 180th meridian west are identical. I think its 180 degrees latitude and 350 degrees longitude... A line connecting all the points with the same latitude value is called a line of latitude. This term is usually used to refer to the lines that represent values in whole degrees. All lines of latitude are parallel to the Equator, and they are sometimes also referred to as parallels. Parallels are equally spaced. There are 90 degrees of latitude going north from the Equator, and the North Pole is at 90 degrees N. There are 90 degrees to the south of the Equator, and the South Pole is at 90 degrees S. When the directional designators are omitted, northern latitudes are given positive values and southern latitudes are given negative values. We must endure the convention of 360 degrees as the circumference of the earth, which is a convention adopted from 16th century European navigation and a time well before the wonderful utility of 10 based metrics. The earth is almost round. 360 degrees of circumference with each degree subdivide into 60 "minutes" means there are 360 * 60 = 21,600 minutes of latitude around the earth. The convention was (and is for sailors and pilots) one mile per minute; that is one nautical mile. So the earth has a circumference of 21,600 nautical miles. Our US statute mile is 1.15 * nautical mile, so in the miles that you read on your odometer, the earth is 24,840 miles (remember, almost 25,000) around. Convert that to kilometers. NB. Longitude applies the same metrics around the earth at the equator. Meridians are the names given to the lines of longitude. Google prime meridian and discover the place and history of zero longitude. And, if you get a chance to visit the Prime Meridian and the town where it is located, dont pass it up! Also Google universal time. 42. How many statue miles north or south of the equator is Yasuni, Equador? 1 degree South Negative 1 degree south but it wants miles and in miles its 74.4 i thought it was 69 miles can you explain how you got 74.4? theyre both pretty close. any number from an official source and a link to a reliable source with it would be nice. Why are we supposed to know this? i have -.6859*60*1.15=-47.32 miles, i really wish hed post a stupid answer sheet because we all are getting different answers. The answer is 69 US statute miles. There are 60 minutes in a degree. A nautical mile is one =degree per one minute. This means there are 60 nautical miles in a degree. A US statute mile is 1.15 * 1 nautical mile. Yasuni, Ecuador is 1 degree from the equator. (60 nautical miles / 1 degree) * (1.15 statute miles / 1 nautical mile) = 69. how the hell is this question related to biology Its not. 43. What causes most variation in GPP of plants among the biomes on land? a. moisture, heat, & length of growing season. b. annual incoming infra red radiation. c. amount of salt in the soil . d. regions with oxygen concentration above 21% . e. all of the above. I put A

44. The number of species in the major groups of organisms in the IUCN listing of organisms have roughly _______________________with latitude. a. similar negative correlations b. no correlation c. dissimilar correlations d. similar correlations e. a & c. I agree ,I think the answer is D (Its definitely D. This questions should be a nonissue) I thought it was A because if there are more species theres more chance for extinction. lower latitudes have more species present, so theres a higher percentage at risk? I dont understand what dissimilar/similar correlations are. The number of species goes down as you go up in latitude, therefore its negative correlation...A It is negative correlation, but they never specified if it was with increasing/decreasing latitude. Thats called negative correlation When the latitude is smallest, at the equator, the # of species is largest, so I agree w/ A what negative correlation means is that one thing changes in one direction the other changes in the other, saying similar negative correlation is just repetitive in my opinion I think that dissimilar correlation just means that there is no correlation like they arent correlated *45. Many species are unknown to science; they are undescribed. Which features increase the probability that a species is as yet undescribed? a. Lives remotely from humans. b. Has a very small geographical range. c. Individuals are small and inconspicuous. d. Lives in a habitat that is difficult to sample. e. a-d. 46. When relative abundance of species in a sample ranges across several orders of magnitude a. the rank abundance curve will be circular. b. most information is shown by plotting the log of relative abundance against rank abundance. c. the rank abundance curve of tropical forests will be below that for arctic forests. d. most information is shown by revealing the patterns among the most abundant species. e. it is difficult to plot such data. I put B, just look at the graph axis in the next question 47. Fill in the grid below: 1 point for each answer. On the first line, fill in a number for approximate number of tree species. On second line, rank latitude from 1 to 4 using one for the highest latitude and 4 for the lowest. On the third line, rank the number of animal species from 1 to 4, where 1 is the greatest number of animal species and four is the lowest number of animal species. Note that tropical semi-evergreen forests have more animal species than tropical deciduous forests. If a tie in rank is warranted, write tied and give the same rank.

a. Temperate Deciduous Forest, Yosemite. b. Sub-tropical deciduous forests 1 &2 c. Tropical semi-evergreen Forest d. Tropical evergreen forest. Approximate number of tree species. Yosemite: 30 species 50 species Subtropical Deciduous Forest: ~ 200 Species 200 species Tropical Semi-evergreen Forest: ~300-600 Species 300 species Tropical Evergreen Forest: >1000 Species 800 species I DONT UNDERSTAND HOW YOU GUYS GOT THESE NUMBERS. CAN SOMEONE PLEASE EXPLAIN. I would like to know, too. It looks like you just go down where the line stops on the graph for each line and make an estimate of what the number of species is Yes, but if you look, it would be more like 50, 200, 300, 800 But why didnt you add the 2 forests together?? I got 50, 400, 300, 800. I added both values to get 400. Pretty much my ranks are really off compared to yours =/ ^ I got 50, 400, 300, 800 too because I added the two forests together Rank of latitude. 1. Yosemite (38N) 2. Subtropical Deciduous (~20 degrees) 3. Tropical Semi-evergreen 4. Tropical Evergreen (near equator) Where did these rank of latitude numbers come from...? thanks Rank of number of animal species. not necessarily, but its related. 1. Tropical Evergreen 2. Tropical semi-evergreen 3. Subtropical Deciduous 4. Yosemite 48. Sunlight is most concentrated and intense a. at the poles b. near the equator c. in the Antarctic. d. at a single latitude e. at Greenwich, England. the answer is obviously B 49. The latitude of the most intense and concentrated sunlight varies with the seasons. a. moving north of the equator during the Austral summer b. moving north of the equator during the Boreal summer c. moving south of the equator during the Austral winter d. moving south of the equator during the Austral equinox. e. moving furthest from the equator at the equinoxes. B 50. Distinguish the solstices from the equinoxes. (25 words or less). the solstices are the days of the year with either the longest or shortest period of light (summer and winter; respectively). The equinoxes are when the duration for day and nighttime are equally the same. *Equinoxes are when the sun falls directly on the equator 2times/year. Solstices are when the sun is furthest from the equator 2 times/year i remember from my words roots class that solstice means sun stop, or when the sun

peaks and is it also has to do with the Earths axis of rotation - solstices are when the earths rotational axis is facing to/away from the sun, and you can think of an equinox as the midpoint between solstices. 51. Global precipitation is a result of water a. running down the great rivers of the world. b. freezing in winter c. thawing in spring d. evaporation of water from the oceans e. condensation of sunlight to visible infrared radiation. d 52. The heaviest rainfall on earth (more than one can be correct). a. occurs in the latitudinal band where sunlight is most intense b. falls in the Intertropical Convergence Zone. c. in the latitudinal band where moisture converges from both northern and southern hemispheres. d. at the latitudes that are receiving the greatest input of energy from the sun e. varies geographically with the seasons what is the difference between a and d? all of these choices seem right. any comments on why the other ones dont work?\ i think a, b, c, and d are all correct. ^Why not E? doesnt the ITCZ even change locations during different seasons? I think all 5 answes are correct. The ITCZ and the latitudes that receive the greatest energy are located at or near the equator, so I think this is correct. 53. The ITCZ is (more than one can be correct). a. equatorward from the Trade Winds b. was called the doldrums by mariners of earlier centuries c. can be said to be a region where the wind blows upwards. d. is a dark and gloomy region of the sea because the clouds are thick. e. over the sea has the most frequent towering clouds of any large region on earth. all of these choices seem vaguely right or borderline. Any ideas? This is what I have found in support of most of the answers: ( lecture 3, ppt version) a. slide 5 - the ITCZ is described as equatorial belt of black clouds b. same slide, quote from Roz Savage No wonder the sailors of yesteryear used to dread the doldrums. c. cant find evidence for tha tone (listen to podcast) d. can be deduced from the information in a. and e. e. slide 4: Dark Dense thurderheads can tower up to 15,000 meters in the ITCZ - Zobeyda :zmotero@ucdavis.edu all are correct

54. The ITCZ (more than one can be correct). a. is where much of the earths precipitation originates. b. provides high altitude moisture that is carried to higher latitudes

c. is responsible for the seasons d. moves as a result of the seasons e. is not stationary because of the Trade Winds. It also varies with the seasons, look at the slide on this there are two ITCZ the answer is A, B,D, E, also think about the winds coming off the equator they disperse north ans south which means they carry moisture to higher latitudes e seems right and a few other choices seem borderline right. any comments on the choices? I think E can also be a choice because from the Lec 3 notes there is one of this quotes

I am not a big fan of the ITCZ. The blue skies, wispy clouds and brisk breezes of the tradewinds seem a long time ago, and I have spent too long already meandering around in this gloomy Equatorial belt of towering black clouds, fickle winds and frequent rain squalls. No wonder the sailors of yesteryear used to dread the doldrums.
he posted on his slide Its the one where the lady sailed all over Wait, w/ regards to e, I thought it was the sun that caused the ITCZ to move, not the trade winds? Or is it the suns position shifting the trade winds which shift the ITCZ... 55. Label the axes, indicate the directions of increase and decrease, and fill in the maximum and minimum values for each of the axes. Vertical Axis: Precipitation (cm) Horizontal axis: Mean Annual Temperature \Max Value: Y-AXIS: 450 X-AXIS -15 Min Value: 30 for both axis could you explain where you got those max/min values? how can the x-axis max be 15 when the min is 30? makes no sense The max is 30 (all the way to the left) and the min is actual -15 (all the way to the right). Its weird, but the axis is reversed. you can check it out in the lecture 3. 56. Define evaporation and transpiration in 25 words or less. Evaporation is the transition of water from liquid to gas, occurs in plants driven by heat from the sun, provides the motive force to raise water from the roots (transpiration) evaporation is when water turns into gas. transpiration is when water leaves the plant as vapor. 57. Define evapotranspiration. Loss of water from soil through transpiration and evaporation from the plant Evapotransporation is the sum of evaporation and transpiration

58. Label the positions of: rainforest, boreal forest, tundra, and tropical deciduous forest. Where are these? The graph above is in lecture 3, slide 14. 59. Give the names of the two proxies of productivity that we have studied. ____________________________________________________________. Evapotranspiration & NDVI Why evapotranspiration? What does this have to do with productivity? From lecture 3, slide 16: 60. Draw a graph of GPP versus species richness for large geographic areas. Label the axes. Just draw a graph with Y being GPP and X being species richness, then just start at the origin and go straight out because it is a positive association, species richness goes up as GPP goes up. FLIP THE AXES I think X should be GPP and Y should be species richness Evapotranspiration--> plant productivity plant species diversity animal species diversity ~ diversity depends on the GPP BIS 2B Fall 2011 Second set of study questions. Always give the most correct, most appropriate answer.

Lectures 4-7
1. Draw a cladogram of speciation that begins with one species at time =1 and ends with 8 species at time =4. I dont know if these are correct, I read the question as, at the end of time 4 there would have been 8 species produced, so it would start with one go to 2 then 4 then 8 X | X---------| | | X----------| X | | X--------X | X----------X 2. Draw a cladogram of speciation that begins with one species at time= 1 and ends with 7 species at time = 4. Same for this one X--------------X | --------------X

X----------| --------------X | |---------------X X--------X---------------X |-----------X---------------X X-----------X--------------X 3. Why should speciation rates be a function of the number of species present in the biota? (10 words or less). -new species should arise as a function of existing species, speciation is a branching process 4. Why should extinction rates be a function of the number of species present in the biota (10 words or less)? -Extinctions should occur as a function of the numbers of species at risk for extinction. More species in more places means more risks per unit time. Also as the number of species increases, extinction rates increase as well due to fitness levels of the species and competition for survival for each species within the biota 5. Give 5 major events , processes, or occurrences that are risks of extinction for species. 1. Competition for similar resources (inter- and intraspecific), 2. Natural disasters, 3. Predators, 4. Climate , 5. Deforestation do you think deforestation and greenhouse effect fit the bill here? 1.earthquake 2. volcano 3. floods 4. droughts 5. sea level change Human intervention! 6. What species characteristic more than any other increases risk of extinction? (5 words or less). Species with restricted ranges are most vulnerable to extinction Species characteristics that reduce fitness. Restricted areas So which one is it? species with small ranges agreed. 7. Name two mammalian species that are Critically Endangered. Give the Genus and species and the common name. Remember these. (Hint: http://www.iucnredlist.org, click on CR, in the keywords box type mammalia). Chinchilla chinchilla (short-tailed chinchilla) Equus ferus (wild horse) Canus rufus (red wolf) Chinchilla lanigera (long tailed chinchilla) Make sure that when you write out the genus and species you capitalize the first word and lower case the second!!!!!!!!! Anodorhynchus glaucus (Glaucous Macaw) Cyanoramphus malherbi (Malherbe's Parakeet) Gyps indicus (Indian Vulture) Alauda razea (Raso Lark) 9.What region is known as a cradle for biodiversity? Tropics

10. What do the concepts of cradle &museum for biodiversity mean?

cradle - speciation happens, where species are born museum - stay in tropics forever, holds current species
Species have a much higher likelihood of surviving in the tropics than going to other locations and becoming extinct Cradle means it creates new species and museum means it holds current species 11. Why should the number of animal species increase as the number of plant species increases through geological time? Positive feedback of this mutualistic relationship between animals and plants: Animals pollinate plants Animals disperse the seeds of plants Plants are the ultimate source of the food for animals So, Plants help the animals and the animals help the plants Species interact positively, Speciation>Extinction Biodiversity has a strong tendency to increase overtime, so as plants species go up animal species do as well, due to their mutual relationship for survival 12. Define mutualism. Interaction between species, which benefit both species 13. Give two important classes of mutualism between plants and animals. -Pollination by animals and animals dispersing seeds. ( Not sure if these are the classes they were looking for but its the closest thing I could find. Thats what I found too, in both lecture and the book. 1186-1187 talk about mutualism and commensalism. Commensalism isnt mutualism... so I dont think thats right. agreed. I think it could be page 1194 the type that involves exchange of food for housing/defense and the other relying on seed dispersal/mating (flowering plants) 14. Define mass extinction. A period of evolutionary history during which rates of extinction are much higher than during intervening times e>>s 14. The Permo-Triassic mass extinction occurred ____251_______million years ago. 15. Name three causes proposed for the Permo-Triassic mass extinction. -volcanism, sea level change, methane release from sea floor or volacano, sea level change and climate change also impacts 16. The number of species on earth (decreased or increased) since the Permo-Triassic mass extinction. increased Its decreased. How can the number of species go up in a mass extinction? The question is SINCE not DURING. It has INCREASED since the Permo-Triassic mass extinction. ^^^^^lol^^^^^ 17. What kinds of species made up the majority of extinctions in the Quaternary

Megafaunal extinction? (5 words or less, answer should be taxonomic and precise as possible). large mammalia 18. What species replaced the biomass lost in the Quaternary mass extinction? (5 words or less). homo sapiens Humans, whatever its just simpler , but is it more correct?good point. whatever works for you i guess Homo sapiens, make sure to capitalize the genus! 19. Primary productivity is carbon fixation from non-living precursors. What are the two very different biological modes that lead to primary productivity? (one word for each). Photosynthesis & Chemosynthesis 20. Give the sources of energy for your answers in 19 (one word for each). Photosynthesis = Suns energy Chemosynthesis = energy derived from the oxidation of sulfates, methane, ammonia, metals & other reduced compounds Could also just say for chemosynthesis reduced compounds (metals) 21. Give the groups of organisms (bacteria, green plants, animals) responsible for each of the modes of primary productivity, regarding question 19. Photosynthesis- phytoplankton, cyanobacteria, tiny algae, and land plants Chemosynthesis- bacteria only 22. Write the chemical formula for photosynthesis, ok to use the biogeochemical form. Indicate appropriate enzymes and point at which energy is added. CO2 + H2O -----> (light energy + chlorophyll) CH2O + O2 + E i think light and chlorophyll are supposed to be on the other side of the arrow. its supposed to be on top of the arrow but since i cant do that, i put it after the arrow instead. 23. Write the chemical formula for decomposition, biogeochemical formula ok. Indicate how energy is involved. CO2 + H2O + e - CH2O + O2 24. Annual NPP for the sea and land are roughly _____equal____. (one word). 25 Global annual NPP is approximately __111 petagrams_(10^15) g C/yr___ (in grams of fixed carbon). 26. On an area basis, the most productive terrestrial habitats have two abiotic conditions, __________&___________ year round, and they have fertile soils. light and water? or heat and water? warm and wet more likely light as we know this is necessary for photosynthesis Check the slides for lecture 5, it says warm and wet on land 27. On an area basis, the most productive oceanic habitats are ___upwelling zones___. (5 words or less). These habitats are about __0.11__% of ocean area.

I actually think this is trick question, look in book pg 1227, it says that the open ocean has low primary production BUT there is so much of the ocean that is makes up for it thus being the most productive on an area basis, and the % of ocean area is 65% open ocean 28. What kind of organisms account for most terrestrial primary productivity? (one word that conveys the most information). Land plants (vascular and non--vascular), Gymnosperms & Angiosperms!! 28. What kind of organisms account for most marine primary productivity? (one word that conveys most information). Phytoplankton (cyanobacteria, other bacteria, and tiny algae) 29. Primary productivity in the sea is restricted to the _________________zone, which is the ________ ___________ meters of the ocean. At greater depths light is so dim that NPP is ____________. photic zone; surface; top 100 (from the notes on carbon cycle). Not sure about NPP. isnt the last one decreased? I think the last blank is zero or at least that is what the TA thought, it is obviously lower but what exact answer hes looking for is not clear. I would think it is zero, because in order for their to be primary productivity doesnt their need to be sunlight? Sunlight cannot reach really low depths. 30. The three sub cycles of the carbon cycle are: _____, _________, & ____________. short-term organic long-term organic really long-term inorganic 31. The first two are called __biotic______________ because the carbon in them is __organic_________, which is a product of ____photosynthesis______________________. organic; fixed; [carbon fixation (?) not 100% positive/photosynthesis] 32. The third sub cycle of C is the slowest, and takes hundreds of millions of years. It is called __inorganic___________ because the carbon in it is _______inorganic____________ inorganic, inorganic. (seems wrong since its the same answer but its right.) :D inorganic; not fixed (?) not 100% positive Agreed with the inorganic, not fixed answer. Dr. Strong said they are both inorganic. 33. The organismic process producing the carbon in the third C sub cycle is ___________. Is it calcium carbonate??? Calcium silicate cycle? Ocean acidification? I think its calcium carbonate it gets pushed into the earths crust which creates the carbon??? is the process called calcium carbonate? or is that just the product Calcium carbonate isnt a process. Calcium weathering is, but I dont think thats the process theyre asking for. I think its when the atmospheric carbon dioxide becomes calcium carbonate and limestone. I think its shell-making. Like shells for organisms. At least thats what makes the most sense to me.

34. ________Carbonic_____ acid is the product of C02 dissolved in water. shouldnt it be carbonic? its on lecture 6 slide 17. Yeah i got carbonic too 35. The answer in 34 was used in laboratory 2 to measure _________________ pH what about rate of photosynthesis, in the vials with the algae wasnt that what we were looking at and the pH was just a second part of that experiment 36. In calcium-silicate weathering, __________________ , which is dissolved from rocks by ____________ acid precipitates into ___________________ which has a chemical formula of _______________. calcium silicate oxide (CaSiO3); carbonic; calcium carbonate; CaCO3 shouldnt the first one just be calcium? Calcium Silicate (no oxide); Carbonic; Calcium Carbonate; CaCO3 I got just calcium for the first one too, look at article on C cycles page 7 right after second chemical reaction diagram I think its calcium also Payne & al. 2009. topic: O2 and the rise of big organisms. PNAS! 37. for the first 2 billion years of the early earth, the abiotically produced _______________ in question 36 ran down to the sea in rivers and removed a great deal of ____________ from the early atmosphere. CaCO3; CO2 (from the Carbon Cycle Notes) 38. The process in 37 reduced the ________________ effect, which was responsible for very high atmospheric temperatures on the early earth. greenhouse 39. With the appearance of large organisms approximately 1 billion years ago, the material that had accumulated in the sea from calcium-silicate weathering began to be used by marine creatures for ______________. carbonate shells 40. Today, 34 of a billion years after the advent of large organisms, most if not all of _____________ in the sea and the rocks has passed through the shells of sea creatures many times. CaCO3 C02 only look at article pg 8 last paragraph 41. Deposits of ____________ from dead sea creatures now forms _____________, which is a very abundant mineral in the earths crust. CaCO3; limestone Shells; limestone from article pg 8 3rd prargraph 42. The answer in 41 is important to sea creatures today for shells and because it buffers ____________ of the sea. pH 43. Google The Cave of Forgotten Dreams. Watch the youtube trailer. What is the substance that formed the places where the oldest art produced by our species is preserved today, in Europe? http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=oZFP5HfJPTY Isnt it Limestone? The cave they are referring to is the Chauvet Cave so if you google it, it says something about limestone. sounds good to me, I dont understand this assignment

46 Google Dolomite Mountains. Read about them. What is the substance of which they are made? What was the biological source of that substance? http://www.dolomitemountains.com/en/dolomite_mountains/about_the_dolomites.htm According to the source above they are made out of Calcium magnesium carbonate, is that right? Im not sure what the biological source of the substance is. Well the mountains are actually made out of Dolomite, which is a carbonate mineral composed of calcium magnesium carbonate. The wikipedia page says something about limestone but I am not exactly sure how it is relevant. As to the biological source, I am not sure. I dont really understand what it is saying. Biological source of substance may be the skeletons of marine microorganisms. I put that they are made of sedimentary rocks, dolomite and volcanic limestone or just dolomite limestone (carbonate mineral) and the biological source is fossilized atolls or coral islands that encircles a lagoon 47. In lab and for the explanation of calcium-silicate weathering, we discussed dissociation of H2CO3 into carbonate, the dissociation products of carbonate are __bicarbonate & proton. Proton? not protein? :) Is the question supposed to say the dissociation of carBONIC ACID are?? because other than that im confused as to how we are supposed to dissociate carbonate into bicarbonate. But the question is asking about the dissociation of carbonate CO3 2-H2CO3<>HCO3- + H^+ <>CO3^(2-) + H^+ H+ + HCO3- also the question wants the products so go to end of the reaction to the products. (hydrogen and hydrocarbon 3- oxygen I understand that carbonic acid goes to H+ and bicarbonate and bicarbonate goes to H+ and carbonate but what would carbonate (CO3) dissociate into? Doesnt make sense CO2 + H2O HCO3- + H+ so the product is a bicarbonate and a proton 48. In the sea, greater amounts of dissolved C02 forces the carbonic acid reaction to the right resulting in larger and larger fractions of bicarbonate. Show the dissociation of bi carbonate. CO2+H2O-> H2CO3->HCO3- +H+ -> H+ + [CO3]2Are we supposed to just show the dissociation of bicarbonate? then it would be HCO3- -> [CO3]2- + 2H+ ? ^^I agree. 50. How does the dissociation of bicarbonate differ from carbonate in terms of the number of protons?bicarbonate => [2H+]; carbonate => [H+] are we supposed to refer to full dissociation from bicarbonate&carbonate? because if its just the dissociation of bicarbonate into carbonate, 1H+ is released (fully dissociated it releases 2) and also dissociation of carbonate would be zero H+.... carbonate doesnt disassociate into anything..at least not in water the first one in baby blue is totally wrong; bicarbonateis HCO3 so it gives off 1 H+ and carbonic acid is H2CO3 so it gives off two H+s and Carbonate has no Hs to even give away. 49. What is the definition of pH? the negative log of [H+]; a measure of the acidity of a solution.

50. More dissolved CO2 leads to _________pH of the seas. decreased. doesnt more c02 lead to a lower pH...? in the last slide of lecture 6 the text says so Yes. CO2 dissolves into the ocean and makes it acidic (ocean acidification); thus, the pH decreases (lower pH=more acidic). 51. The answer to 48 means there are more ____________ to interact with the calcium carbonate in shells of marine organisms. Protons? (H+) yes protons. The forward carbonic acid reaction gives off a proton and bicarbonate. There is not enogh Ca in the ocean to take care of all these protons = ocean acidification. 52. The interaction described in 51 tends to __________ of the calcium carbonate of marine organisms. Lead to the dissolution; dissolve 53. Deepwater Horizon and Exxon Valdes represent activities of the __________ C subcycle? long-term inorganicisnt it just long term organic since it has to do with fossil fuels/petroleum? Youre right. I had gotten those two mixed up. 54. Nitrate nutrition of terrestrial plants a. is primarily abiotic and involves no organisms. b. is from calcium-silicate weathering. c. is from decomposition of abiotic material. d. is from decomposition of fossil fuels. e. is primarily from decomposition of plant material and nitrification. 55. The step in the nitrogen cycle that a. fixes atmospheric CO2 into ammonia/ammonium is called nitrogen fixation. b. fixes atmospheric, diatomic nitrogen into ammonia/ammonium is called nitrogen fixation. c. fixes atmospheric, diatomic water into ammonia/ammonium is called nitrogen fixation. d. fixes atmospheric, diatomic nitrogen into ammonia/ammonium is called nitrogenation. e. fixes atmospheric, diatomic nitrogen into ammonia/ammonium is called nitrification. nitrification is NH4 oxidized to nitrate (lecture 7), i think the answer should be C 56. Nitrous oxide is a. a valuable nutrient crucial to agriculture. b. a colorless, odorless gas that makes up about 80% of the atmosphere. c. a greenhouse gas and byproduct of both nitrification and denitrification d. a greenhouse gas that has been greatly increased in atmospheric concentration by agricultural fertilization. e. c & d. e is correct 57. The following steps in the nitrogen cycle are accomplished by bacteria alone. No other organisms can perform these steps. Nitrification and Denitrification Isnt N-fixation also accomplished by bacteria? yes

It asks for the steps that NO OTHER ORGANISMS can do, and humans fix nitrogen (haber-bosch). Human does not. Machine does. So I would also include N fixation Higher Plants can make NH4/3 into NO3, which is nitrification. So n-fix and denitrification are the right answers. 58. The step of the transformation of ____NO3-______ to ____NH4+_____ can be accomplished by higher plants. 59. The two steps of the nitrogen cycle that must be carried out in the absence of oxygen are... Nitrogen Fixation and Denitrification 60. Is a greenhouse gas and is a product of the following steps in the N cycle. nitrous oxide 61 A farmer in the Everglades once said that Over the past ten years, my fields look like they are evaporating. a. We know that he was correct from the geochemists version of the equation for photosynthesis. b. We know that he was correct from our knowledge of the inorganic C subcycle. c. We know that he was correct because the extremely high organic content of his drained soils will oxidize, produce CO2, and decrease in volume of carbohydrate when exposed to the atmosphere. d. We know that he was correct because Southern California relies upon the pumps at Tracy, Ca. e. We know that he was correct because the extremely high organic content of his drained soils will disappear according to the carbonic acid reaction. 62. The saw-toothed shape of the Keeling curve a. indicates more driving of vehicles in the Northern Hemisphere. b. disproves the notion of anthropogenic global warming. c. indicates how the seasons affect the dynamics of atmospheric CO2. d. has exactly the same seasonal changes in the southern and northern hemispheres. e. is meaningless because the southern hemisphere has less land than the northern hemisphere. 63. The carbonic acid reaction a. is fundamental to anthropogenic global cooling. b. is involved with subsidence of islands in the Sacramento Delta. c. was key to the ancient decrease in atmospheric CO2. d. had no influence on atmospheric CO2. e. is fundamental to the ITCZ cells. 64. Anthropogenic global warming a. is partially a result of human burning of fossil fuels. b. is partially a result of land clearing. c. is partially a result of industrial nitrogen fixation. d. is partially a result of agriculture e. a-d. 65. In the global nitrogen cycle, give the chemical names and formulas. i. The transformation of nitrogen caused by nitrogen fixing bacteria.

from________N2____nitrogen gas_____to________NH4+/H3_________ammonia and ammonium_______________. 66. The transformation of nitrogen caused by nitrifying bacteria. from_______NH3 (ammonia) to NO3- (nitrate) ________________NH4^+; NH3________ to _________NO3-_________________. shouldnt this be from NH3/NH4- to NO2- or from NO2- to NO3-? 67. the transformation of nitrogen caused by denitrifying bacteria. from___________NO3- (Nitrate) to N2 (Nitrogen gas) ______________________NO3____to________N2_____________________e__. iv. Both nitrification and denitrification leak (give the name of the compound and the formula). _____N20 not N02__N20 (nitrous oxide)_____________________________NO2 nitrous oxide________________________________, as a by product but not as the primary product. This compound is a greenhouse gas that is increasing rapidly in the atmosphere. BIS2b. Fall 2010 Third set of study questions. Give the most correct, most appropriate, and most concise answer. Lectures 8 & 9 1. Give Malthus syllogism about the relationship between population growth and the ability of the environment to support it. Every population has the potential for exponential growth, and every population will use up its resources, ending its exponential growth. pop. growth => geometically the ability of the envir. => arithmetically 2. How did Malthus influence Darwin? Malthus gave Darwin a theory to work with. Malthus showed Darwin that favorable variations would be preserved and unfavorable variations would be destroyed; results would be a new species. because there is a struggle for existence 3. Name the four basic components of population change. Which operate in closed populations, which in open populations? open: birth, death, immigration, emigration closed: birth, death 4. Give the finite equation for population growth and define each term. N(t) = N(0)^t N(t) is the population at time = t. N(o) is the population at time = 0. Lambda^t = net, per capita, finite rate of growth? 5. What is necessary for exponential population growth as represented by equation that you gave in question 4? => > 1 6. What values of are required for population to increase, remain constant, decrease?

increase > 1; constant = 1; decrease < 1 7. Draw a graph that unequivocally shows exponential population growth. Label your axes. 8. Give a sequence of 6 numbers that represent exponential increase. 2,4,8,16,32,64 9. Elephant seals have recolonized islands of Mexico and California since these two governments banned their killing at the end of the 19th C. Give the common sequence of the four basic components of population change that occurred on every one of the islands. You can reasonably assume that mortality would be negligible until population density had reached high levels on each island. Also, local mortality would have to be high before adults chose to set out for another breeding spot. immigrat-> birth-> death-> emigrate 10. What is the evidence that elephant seals achieved exponential population growth early in the recolonization process? during 1975-1978. the st. line in the semi-log plot 11. Draw a graph of the trend line of annual rate of change in elephant seal pups 1965 2010 in the Ao Nuevo colony that we discussed in class. Label the axes correctly. You may use or r as the index on the y-axis. Draw a horizontal line that indicates no change. 12. What is the evidence in your graph in 11 above that the colony of elephant seals is declining in number? isnt it < 1