Professional Documents
Culture Documents
WORLD
A thesis by Ricardo
submitted
for
the
degree
of
Doctor
of
Philosophy
Berenguer
Uribe
Department
of
Cybernetics,
Brunel
University
October
1983
iii
Brunel University, Uxbridge Department of Cybernetics Ricardo B. Uribe, "The View 1983
from
the
Paradoxical
World"
ABSTRACT
The
consequences which
of are to
using
such
tools
as Logic as
Mathematics, living ourselves interplay (objective) Paradoxes, returned 1. solve" paradoxes nature system tionary of to them.
organisms, are
explain are
which
imbedded, the
between world
emerges
and Mathematicians, where this no hunt endeavour is to into of this the set
are up to
Though
from the
perspective, and to
allow
strengthen
revolu-
viewpoint. experiments performed on a multicomputer unities, are realization suggest more a ner-
Several of vous
fundamental
space. of this will new approach already enjoy remain them. still to be
consequences reader
a sensitive
iv
CONTENTS
.......................
*. &*0a000000000.
vi
7
INTRODUCTION CHAPTER 1:
006a9a4 12
.................. ....................
12 13 language ....
0
and paradoxical
17 22 27
observer
000e00.00*0*0&00
Paradoxes
The CHAPTER 2: view
paradoxical
world ............
...
.....
33 39 39 39 41
AMONG UNITIES
41 46 51 51 53
CHAPTER 3:
TIME
56 ......... 58 58 60
Organizational
Descriptions,
closure
processes and processors ......
62
64
CHAPTER 5:
MULTICOMPUTER REALIZATION A set of microcomputers set-up ................... I................... 2................... 3................... 4................... 5................... 6................... system -
....
71 71 75 78 79 80 81 82 83 84
Experimental Experiments Experiment Experiment Experiment Experiment Experiment Experiment The nervous
...............
0*000a0000
85
87 90 94
CONCLUDING REMARKS ...................... REFERENCES .......................... APPENDIX ........................... Realization Diagrams Experimental of the set of microcomputers .....
94 95
98
vi
ACKNOWLEDGENENTS
I want
to
express
to with
the
following
Gordon stimuli
continue
steer
my presentation
through
several
ment. To Professor more than Heinz von Foerster whose steps young I have followed admire. me
always with
who patiently
Gabriela
manuscript. my students new ideas this to who were sometimes experience come. so kind so far will to let themselves their be
these
from help
immediate
them to keep
years
Le ciel Pour
donne
le f eu er
f aire
Venf le miel le
ciel
FOREWORD
here,
which
the of
reader
or con-
exploration thereby
an endless
changing,
present Through
circumstances. a contrapuntal and their -study of the individual being I propose -which that and the to
social escape
being
knowledges,
my contention to stress
perspective or cooperative
presented drives
attempt will
cooperation
has already
contributed
will
render "burning
agonizing to "defend
and protect" of
the
accepted
Those
defenders are
human rights
inclinations developed
increasingly organizations
inside not
communi-
from being". if
the
atrocities
committed
provoked
by this are or
but
we forget
that what
they this
individual we will
entails, for
ourselves
a community
realize
beings group
autonomy the
and pursue
the
even
these
goals
go against especially it is
their if
or not
those
of
their the
fellow group. in
members of that
an observer's to
perspective in
I present again an a
stimulate I
my reader escape
cannot perhaps
the use of an
do this,
will
be able
my
INTRODUCTION
It the long
aim of perceive
understand) However, as
world
as there
more than
one individual,
endeavour suggests). of
individual of
and social
nature
knowledge these of
between the
knowledge. aims at
robes
knowledge, only
scientific
and of scientific It is
means of for
knowledge cannot
a sensitive
recreates uses
poetry, of
painting, languages is
and the to to
language
express recipis,
scientific takes
the that
message the
go beyond will
artistic in it
(his)
scientific
truth
or
falsehood that
of
statements
matters, for
diverse
meanings are
same statements
have
different
individuals
usually
considered knowledges
with unwisely
the
result
that
individual
and social
means: which
by a definition 'verbal'
terms the
called the
by frequently it denotes is It
possible
hearing present, is
in
object
which
which that
'ostensive'
definition bal in that child words are while definition the
definition.
is alone
obvious
the
beginning, of the
'definiens'.
figure way
'sun',
'dinner'
emphatically
noticing meaning
a product to his
personal
according who
circumstances experiences
frequently idea
a mild 'rain'
a different by a child
to
word
who has
will
with
education a certain
and with
* Russel,
Ref.
37,
p.
4.
is
the
familiar toward
'drops 'water'
of water is no and
clouds
hydrogen have to be
definitions
proceeds, from
becomes more and more separated you acquire the art the of art
the world
senses;
using of
correctly, fiddle; in
acquire
a virtuoso
words
You have become inmost But you try language emotions. and what and dry. nearer the less we come to is in the the unayou to be a very
be a poet,
your
not
generating to to
an important abstractness
fact
complete
difference attached to
people
two suitably
conveyed 'not'
'or'
and for
same meaning
mathematics,
throughout,
are
capable
of is
being that
public nothing of
and impersonal. from privacy. constantly the senses, The body transmessages
the
senses
source
a sensitive
world; the
the
never
though
practical disregarding
taught the
differences In
persons.
constructaspect most
physics our
spatio-temporal that is
perceptions,
aspect logic
we have communicate in
communicable of oblivion.
conventional to to
are only
with our
respect faculty
individual
recreate
beyond
language
ception, even
definitely scientists.
destroys
creative
the
individual
unaware
disadvanlet us and in
before
do this we biologist
contemporary
stimulate
alive
an even more
serious language
concern is
about
the
extent rest
to which in dark a of
the
"covering is
up the
mantle
harmony
with
can be expressed
concedes nature of
following
considering
logical
structures:
confronted extent
with
a sort but is it
endogenous of its
details
epigenesis point of us to
2) but of
the living
organization. the
when he answers **
following
he asks fact,
himself:
are we to
explain real is
the
harmony
that
exists we must
First, --
a real
must
be emphasized
* Piaget, ** Piaget,
1971, 1971,
p. p.
307. 339.
9
the
entire
world terms
of
reality a fortiori,
in
matheThere
matical is
and,
terms.
no known physical in
phenomenon form,
which
expression
been made to
contrary, come to
have
nothing.
confronted concluded
a limit However,
mathematical we shall
terms. have
before by what
reached,
mysteries that is
might
be cleared
be found
Philosophers to of give
knowledge
philosophical
as distinct which is
from
scientific.
up as a up
prophet to now,
say that, of to
any rational,
as heredity with
and regulations
and that,
as the
vitalists the
of which
themselves to them.
knew nothing
discovery
owes nothing
* See
J.
Piaget,
1968.
10
This
only
goes to of
to
show
that
the
of fact, from
as In able form; on in
psychology in
things few
account which
of
the
the
algebraic
speaking, tative all tives gical, fairly Perhaps matics into have forgetting "6.1 6.11 The
kinds that or
has
opened is --
structuralist field --
there physical
apparently that
elaborate it is the
and Mathemany of us
achieved what
Wittgenstein of
propositions.
6.111
All to
content
000a*000
6.2
Mathematics
is
a logical of
mathematics
pseudo-propositions.
Logico-Philosophicus"
(Routledge
and
II
6.21
of
mathematics
does
not
express
6.22
of
the
world,
which of "
is logic,
shown in is
tautolo-
by the
propositions
shown in
by mathematics. logic
are
tautological
in (logic) links
the or between
are
aggregates in which
propositions of the
equations them is is
validity the
and the
truth
or equations
not
claimed, is
they
generate
Where
compels
them to
abandon
created in order
and create or
a new environment, later. social drive. Without advance least Quite the
only
(change,
contradict)
sooner for
opposite: will
as tools contradictory
knowledge,
precisely
even suggesting to of
it
is
from
realms
and mathematics.
12
CHAPTER I PARAD0X
Preliminaries As we know, epic struggle them, logicians against always however, the matter can make about and paradoxes striving chose at the not mathematicians and for to many have a paradox-free hunt for have maintained to have an
claimed
outset:
logic
a statement itself, he
liberated
claims one
which
assumes I prefer
world
be also
paradox-free. as mainthat
taining which
logic
part and
seems the
which
can
mathematics.
struggle, since
as many
mathematicians The
new paradoxes
unveiled.
"Tractatus L. Wittgenstein: 3.332,3.333. Propositions ibidem, ibidem, 6.3. Propositions Propositions 6.13,5.511.
Logico-Philosphicus",
5.61,5.632,6.113,6.41;
see also
5.143,
13
is
a logic
free sooner
from or
paradoxes,
and this
will
be
attained,
and as such
sustain,,
which
Obviously, hunt of
Wittgenstein, this
we are it
paradoxes
since
from
perspective
appears
clearly In
nonsensical. other words, the the we will other consider two aspects and their of the world, one
paradoxical of It logic
propositions
propositions. paradoxes of
should of
instead
logic, logic.
rather
paradoxes
and paradox
The world
said
is
said
by an observer (Maturana
to another
observer circa
same observer"
* Please
see: (Ref. 40). "Laws of Form" Brown: Spencer G. (Ref. 24). "An Approach to Cybernetics" Pask: Gordon Things" for Living "An Epistemology Foerster: Heinz von (Ref. 47). (Ref. "Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus" Wittgenstein: Ludwig Tractatus" "Introduction to Wittgenstein's Russell: Bertrand (Ref. 55). "Autopoiesis F. Varela: Maturana and Cognition" H. and (Ref. 21).
55).
14
our
social
(logical) comes is
to
create when
(a
of)
world, two. is
a space of affairs
made and
a state
Objl
Obj2
"Objects"
Obj3
Obj4
and
vice
of
affairs
is objects. existing
a configuration
of
objects
and events.
temporal of (the we
state are
of
affairs
is
subjects), of are
living
organisms
the world. unities (state of (see define through affairs) Chapter whose organi2). As such, in the
autopoietic
themselves a fundamental
components
specification the
their unity
determines
the of
living
an external
arise
and a living
organism
observer
15
organisms, niche
with
system, relevant
interact to their
their
through these
and through
toliving is
"know".
and
In Maturana's
living as a expands
systems of of
system
cognitive
by making not it
interactions A living interact recursively sentations. In Heinz "The of and relations with
'pure
relations', becomes
does
create can
organism the
an observer of its of
when
representations representations
interactions, relations
generating
von
Foerster's of
'objects'
'events' 'Objects'
the
computa-
tion
of Since
not
unique,
the and
these likewise
'objects'
This of
explains but
the
possibility
of
an arbitrary (language
number deter-
different,
internally
consistent
mined)
taxonomies.
* Maturana,
1980. 1976.
von Foerster,
16
This of
the
possibility
of
an arbitrary (culturally
number
different,
internally
consistent
computation
of
equivalence
relations
is of
experiences environment of
(representations is not
a reality.
interact their
each other
respective
domains. Consequently, the tions observer(s) of the there are (at to least) construct two perspectives its that i. e. realities does not the from (descripassume an of which
perspective
(paradoxical)
being(s); as a separate
perspective the
an environment perspective of
the
observer(s)
as social
(logical)
perspective, recursively
the
observer
constructs
its of from
realirelaan call
through
representations any orientations observers. From the through observers, there" (to
between
We shall second
perspec-
other "out
of
an observerthen as a
independent
and a logical
appears
17
of
this
choice
of
perspective realities.
by the
observer.
logical
though, to at
can choose
either one to
from the
will of
emphasis
one or
involved very
and the
a cherished
From a paradoxical or more universes only 4). (or later This that is
one
independent
and space
process the
interactions (logical)
social
postulates
then
universes
Consequently, are
the world
derived
perspective
profoundly
"everything to the
is
said
from
a perspeccho-
perspective to many
observer". realities.
may lead
possible,
often
conflicting,
Logical
language of
* language determines it the will the type type of of reality that that the
language
observer with
be constructed realities,
a logical
and paradoxical
paradoxical
"language" in thing no such as a paradoxical "Language" is used here only as a the word. become clearer towards that will new concept a
18
In
the
first that of
case, allows
the the
observer development
free
from
among a consocial
observers. in which
In
the only
second
case
a reality becomes
paradoxes
are
possible,
impossible
individual
Obviously
same observer
us consider a paradoxical
of
a logical
language
and
language
is of to
or
existence subject,
outside being.
observer
language
is,
for
the
subject
language being
for this
the
proportion
an ideal that
language: it constitutes
perfect for
language. knowledge is
as such
social
a possibility
existence A logical
reality
to
agree,
it
is
true
observer's
viewpoint
as a social
being. In false, order the to tell whether must a logical it with proposition reality. is true or
observer
compare
19
Logical contradictory. is or is not,
of or
reality, it does
cannot not;
be an object
Logical i. e. they
statements
about
themselves,
self-referential. are self-referential of of objects these since state and of affairs that in form state to self-referenthe closed of
However, world, loops. affairs tial i. e. The in loops Therefore, world different tial dict loops (change) that
configurations representation is
events
logic of
impossible,
propositions. if we are to to consider in self-reference our language in as part we must have of a the
we want domain, of
represent
which
self-referencan contra-
propositions themselves
These do,
of
propositions. contradict
do not
thereby is,
constitute
realities. going beyond that for a logical Wittgenstein perfect Russell language found can when already concerned (Tractatus in be
limitations
conditions
logically a which B.
language
expounds
brilliantly
Tractatus:
* See
examples
in
"Paradoxes"
below.
20
(Wittgenstein's) grows according (true fact which but since it or naturally to which false) of
towards doctrine
this in
(the pure is a
being itself
facts is
language
remain
incapable
therefore, This
inexpressible contains,
inexpressible of logic
the whole
and philosophy. of
a mirror-image
constitute form.
of
which
has paradoxical
no such
as a paradoxical
proposition
change
and self-reference. The essential the reality matter of a paradoxical reality) not proper social, language only fulfills language: it language of being. is to create this underin the is to explore
(a paradoxical as an individual,, of
subject
(observer)
a paradoxical and it to is
function
an ideal that
as such
constitutes
individual
(See Introduction).
a paradoxically
language their
nor
a logically does
language
impossibility
prevent
is
a picture reality)
of
the world.
reality of
by represtate of
a possibility
a paradoxical
a paradoxical agree is
loop
agrees
with viewpoint
reality as
immaterial
observer's
being. loops of what they propositions, is the case. being For self-referential, example, since they of a
themselves themselves,
with
can be true
and false,
independent
reality. language for to the (the. names itself language to refer of to the state of individual of affairs. by perby dreaming and
no need "talk"
about
state
affairs or
ceiving about
senses,
them
be perceived
imagined,
i. e.
state
between
"inside
world"
relevant,
even
the
connotation
of
time
that
22
What words of
is
relevant
to
logic
is
the
relation
between on its
the
set
of
proposition conveys
meaning
observer
as a social
being. viewpoint, considered in order when a person as a metaphysical to explain what is believes subject, happening. without in a proposidoes not
be assumed
nothing subject is
paradoxical
(and What is
hence
cannot to
relevant
propositions
and the of
observer, to the
understanding being.
observer
as an
can only
state
of
affairs
what
loops are,
Subjects
paradoxical
state
Logic
and the
propositions, tautologies,
propositions
mathematics,
contradictions,
23
self-referential propositions, However, is not Part hood trivial of the to true etc. to
loops etc.
of
propositions,
paradoxes,
referential
utterance
to
one of
these
classes
attached is and,
given false it is
To decide
utterance I.reality" to
since the
be considered,
decision
or otherwise)
observer-dependent. Therefore, contradictions) ties. difficulties conflicting passing, these classical in which Social it is conceivable that some difficulties with conflicting us that (e. g. realithese the
has taught
most of of
through of
a revision a new,
and the
adopted occurred
by the
observers. that
when it
a purely
"objective" contained
were
no subjects,
had to to
are (Einstein);
relative
observer's observer is
vanishes, (see
uncertainty
1976). observed if a
inclusion all
observer difficulties
creates a logical
paradoxes) of
i. e.
a logical
description
includes
24
In thereby latter. the logic
can
be part
of
other with
becoming Their
truth
falsehood
'composite Example
'composite 'primitive
proposition' propositions'
(with (with
respect respect
to
and to
q), 0.
and
p and
q are
pqr r: pVq FF FT TF TT The truth r. know Only the But, tions that table defines truth the sign of r. anymore, the truth we can conceive or falsehood propositions' truth values of proposianother with determine The 'primitive of of difthe the F T T T V (or) but says nothing about
values of
p and q are
ascertained
we can
directly
'primitive their
falsehood
referred
observers
observer
propositions' (with
(with respect
respect
and r is
to p and
25
pq
is true"
r
F and T (contradiction)
is
false"
FT TF TT
F T T and F (contradiction)
truth of if
table
says
something
about
r.
namely
that
for
values is,
p and q,
r is both
a contradiction. true or both Since *r false, r is true and (and reality Otherwise r
p and q are to
which
a contradiction. of reality,
tautologies) only is
pictures
(r=F) when p=F and q=T a contradiction Notice that each In of in and hence this
contradiction without
other)
hope for
formal
logic,
as the
i. e.
a basic of logic)
calculus
fundamental enunciated
by Aristotle)
expressed
i. e.: out
not above,
interest
true
and false
by conflicting
constructed
by different
observers.
* Wittgenstein
op.
cit.:
Proposition
4.462
26
Example r: p: q:
Considering false. If Therefore, a comparison because reality. doxical true or it is r is r with
3: "This
case is
to
consider
is
a paradox:
false"
-or is "r is
r
that: is true.
If
is
true,
then
it
is
false,
independent not
of
p and of
q and logic
of
self-referential, being Notice into since one the Notice example (fight)
thereby or false
true
reference rather
paradoxical loop of
loop
of
can 2.3)
be expanded *as)
to
n propositions r2 is
"proposition
r2:
"proposition
r3
is
true"
rn:
I.
proposition
rl
is
false"
It
is
significant of
that
recent
studies have
in
the
philosophical their
foundations
mathematics
and logic
concentrated
* It
affects
(changes)
itself.
27
attention without
in getting
close
to rl,,
r2, into
...
rn
and r above,
but
and running
self-reference to interesting
mathematical (see A. R.
(e. g. in
recursive Martin,
functions, 1970).
theory)
R. L.
Paradoxes We have namely already mentioned two characteristics * There is of a third dedicate ** paradoxes, one, vicious
special of para-
Examples
presented logical
almost paradoxes.
invariably This
examples
logicians their
insistence
explanation. different: of
and a set
world
are
the Moebius
band and
buzzer:
e. g.
28
STAKT
a)
You form
b)
a) ends gluing
can
of end
paper a half
if
glue
the
together. it to the
However, other of
before The by
a Moebius most
paradoxical performing band, the tinues time. original assuming change. returns from band, blend the
nature the
Moving
observer Q all
markings the
the
assumption finds
being
Suddenly
observer The
to is
Self-reference to the
circularity indeed
circular
path. blending
example
a paradox:
loop
of
that type
mirrors 3 (see
the
Moebius
which 2 is
below);
Statement
29
Statement
3 is
true
n. Notice others
Statement that
1 is
false n corresponds all their the to the twist, and all the by any paran. the it, there
Moebius
bands in
generated
mirror-image of statements
a similar like
loop
statement through to If
flows
interrupting through
armature
contact
is
made,
then
the
contact
is
broken.
If
r,
the
mirror-image "This
of
this
paradox is
is
of
type which
as the the
paradox:
sentence
false",
negates
buzzer
circuit you,
actually
* if "works"
you build
happens time of
because is
assume a
which
unfolded
Another
example
a paradoxical
loop
follows:
* It
oscillates.
30
When the lamp L on. allowing sound (E) . the sensitive
Af
alls,
it
at
the
sensitive
closes, the
generator (SSS)
speaker
The
switch
This to
to be that and
electromagnet at
the whole
again,
paradoxical (autopoietic)
like
ecological
system-
living unities
Chapters (change)
identity
"components". unities
that into
these
"inputs"
themselves.
paradoxical a logical
nature
as long us
as we persist
perspective There
are
4F
ab
a, b_, c ........
i---;
ii-i
(odd number of
n are state of affairs j j (i or propositions.
i 9.)
Im-j
i affirms i changes
confirms i contradicts
(e. g.:
* Notice in all the different that See also least change. one at language" above.
types "Logical
31
Let 1) r
some examples: of Epimenides: Cretan says: 'All Cretans are (that of liars'; mirrors the world), another that i. e. by: "b" the
"Epimenides, the
Cretan
is ,
contradicts
by stating truth,
(including Hence,
Epimenides
give
the
fol-
or
"I
say:
I am lying"
is is
false" false'
Socrates:
Plato:
Plato
has
is
just
about
spoken
to
say is
truly'
false'
a: b: c: d:
'Socrates' 'What 'Plato' 'Socrates has just spoken truly' Plato is about to say is false'
changes.
32
type
what
and Plato
utter
does not
refer
to
they
paradox class
classes: those class Hence, not classes which 'x are is not members is w, 'w
Then, is
a w'
equivalent is a w' In r: a:
to x the
value
equivalent words: w is a w,
a w'. "
then
w is
not
a w"
1w is a
4) a: b: C:
piece piece
0
n-1: n:
Another A piece of
piece twisted
of
straight band
band
a' Notice 5) off is if off, that any odd number device If the light of twists generates on if is
turns is
a light on, it
dark
bright
and if
33 In a: b: C: d:
other If If If If
words: dark, light bright, light then on, light then on bright off dark
light
then
Which a: b: If If
then then
light light
off on
as the Therefore
circuit.
or
type
It
is
not
difficult devices
to
build
a circuit in such
with a way
more that
lamps
and
photosensitive paradoxical different circuits. natural disregarded above is only suggests when
they clearly
loops
(2 or
this
corresponds in the
gates feedback
field in
of
loops loops
paradoxical of of close
which
introduction
time.
Examples
but
it
reference
appears
paradoxes
could
The view
from
the
paradoxical
logic
as one of
paradoxes
34
now, outside
offers into
that
will
provide
elsewhere to look
as well. at logical
approach Let
an observer In
to
construct this
observer. its
order
construct
explores
environment
through
interactions
observer
recursively
generates (see
representations It
between to
notice
paradoxical its it
substituting (i. e. it is
a function
hence the
changes can
and it
and round,
substitution
and over. exploration interact loop. its reality, with of its environment, thereby if the the defining is observer a selfgoing also to be one, affects include will
itself,
Therefore,
must
be a logical that
a self-reference
us inquire by the
of itself.
this
self-referential
loop
observing a priori is
distinction a
between
the
observed.
An observer observed
observing observer,
observed
and the
* See
also
"Logic
and the
observer"
above.
35
itself
observer
just
as
opposites.
is since
and
observes All
itself for
observing
a paradoxical
observing
defines
a paradoxical
the
observer It
reality. niche
blends It
observer the
observer
paradoxical
belongs (see
as an individual an observer
Observers can., if
independent choose to
observers constructing
do so,
orient
thereby
"out the
This metaphor:
situation
two observers
band that of
represents the world. of the the that its other other part
free
point
surface.
Moreover,
band that
36
contemplate, construct however, the can be made to a two-sided their reality
coincide "out
the
observers retain, In
can
fact,
observers
two)
the
terms
logical
world:
a common logical
propositions
Whether with
reality (e. g.
a way to
eliminate On this
part of
of logic
observ-
include
all
would to
be fine the
them,
as long region
common two-sided
the
whole
propositions
including to be true
reality
supported because
crumbles the
perspective reality.
assumed
logical
This .9 the
op cit.: to nothing
Proposition in reality".
4.0621
37
If sided
the part
their
to
the
(logical) their
everything reality.
into
again
contradictions
and tautology
are
us to are
the
conclusion
that
all
proposithe
and mathematics
paradoxical
as seen from
individual
viewpoint. propositions (the (social) terms terms of equal logic are seen as tautoloor oppose the from inside) an indivieach
and as paradoxes dual (paradoxical) From the lies to outside the world
the world
(of
logic) belong
logic) This
subject the
logic).
because
organism, belong to
and consequently
Finally, the
view
renders useless
the to
mirror picture
image of the
non-paradoxical
aspects
Wittgenstein, op. 6.191 6.1131 6.111. Wittgenstein, *** See Chapter 2 op.
cit.:
Proposition
5.143
and Propositions
cit.:
Propositions
6.41,5.631,5.632
38
world the
from
the
perspective existence of
of
the
individual, of
allows affairs.
for A
surprising tive of
the world
impossible
the
perspec-
and mathematics.
39
Unities Unities Unities relate are have state of affairs. of themselves and properties that
them to
other
are
determined
and not
by particular
properties
by the
relations It unity.
between is these
its
components which
as a whole. of or the
relations
organization
open with to
respect
to (also
other
unities. for
an observer a protocol of
a unity),
inputs
it
(another in the
observer of to the
behaviour unable
construct
remains the
a closed
be unpredictable a of
observer's the
unity,
can only
construct
model
i. e.
another
unity.
Example Two unities space: A and B move toward each other in a unidimensional
40
.do-
AB
A moves to left a random to their the right of a random number steps. observer is Both are
p
of steps. B moves to with the
number
unities to all
respect since
and with
separate
to This
try
move to
right
and B will
move to to
right
movements right
of A and B, e. g.,
A tries to the
"AB" moves
randomly longer
the
external to
A and B no now
respect to
A and B are to
a closed
observer.
closed
respect arises
when unities of
spaces
integrate which in
an even
larger
course, of the
process
can also
be reversed
spontaneous breaking of
component
unities
or by the
spontaneous
41
coupling. different chemical, tional, general, ponent
.1
The componens spaces electric, psychological, the unities, into couplings but if
would
unities physical
The also
be only
mechanical, etc.,
"movement" they
coma
complex
movement"
a different
thereby original,
disengaging or
coupling(s)
and recovering
Autopoiesis Living and as such which i) is organisms their belong to the is of the class the of autopoietic unities
organization as a network
autopoietic of
defined
recursively produced
in these
productions
as a unity
space
in which
unity
continuously
generates of
its
own of coM7
operation this
as a system in an endless
production of
and does of
turnover
ponents sations
conditions
continuous
perturbations
and compen-
perturbations.
Autopoetic
unities unities formed are closed unities closed autopoietic (having unities unity neither that which inputs
by originally to the
respect
integrate.
42 The *
closed
model
for
autopoiesis,
with
the
following
key:
* catalyst 4o substrate o link * link * link (unbonded) (bonded, (bonded) end of chain)
Interactions (1) (2) Composition: Concatenation: + 20+00 ++ +0 +oooooooo+ (3) is Disintegration: unity links) +0 0+ 4-+ => +0+ =>
+*0***+
0 => 2whose building are closed that blocks (catalyst, respect in the subto each
an autopoietic unbonded
strate, other
unities
(with
and an external
observer)
habitat become
two-dimensional
space);
meet, to
and move no more (at and consequently autopoietic with links respect closes unity to
least
with
the
chain
bonded to
links), the
be closed of bonded
external
catalyst,
unbonded
links in
(3). this of
are (as
not
deterin
by the
F., of
properties
component
defined
Maturana, "Autopoiesis: H., R.: and Uribe, Living Systems, its Characterization and
43
AAA
AA
.14Aa4A
&"A
,..
A"4 8"
4L
*.,..
4.4
4j
4AA
4L
AAA
A...
0*. 00
4
A* 1-0 *004-* 4--a
4% +
44440.4
4AAAAaA
OA
"4
a-*00000-A
000 40
00
't
s+.
""*
.4 O4
A44AA4A44A
A4A446
+4.4
40
,LA,
LaA4,
AAAA
& 4.40
40 0*0.
& C) A
Figure
2.1
44
Interactions). mined by the of
The
properties of
of this
unity in
are
deterthe
constitution the network the from with mirror links (1); links links twist.
f act, its
created
compo-
Therefore, be evident circularity that Unbonded Interaction (ii) Unbonded bonded to (iii) The no
nature of band
organization contra-
following the
paradoxical
Chapter
produced
within to the
enclosure
by
corresponds replace in
chain,
(2), (3);
the corresponds
that
decay
as a result
prevents the
the
escape
of of
the this
thereby sure
regeneration of the
autopoietic
of unity;
(3),
and
self-referential
nature through
of
makes the of
unity
differOnly is
a constant
components. organization
(circular,
self-referential,
maintained.
the twist can be anywhere in the just as in the Moebius band, all; perspective.
and self -organization an autopoietic becomes allopoietic knows, generates for the unity with
are
concepts
relative to an
to
an
respect to that of
example, closed
an open model behaviour, an autopoietic are closed unities a new larger cells,
closed for
model that
opening
autopoietic ties,
or not). (and
Examples: hence
allopoietic) (autopoietic
respect which
unity)
they with
(autopoietic)
(autopoietic). respect to an
autopoietic
spaces
(physical is
as stated by the
behavior
that less
constitute rigid
through that
couplings, develop
more or
permanent,
among unities.
As a result
* G. Pask: ** Varela,
(Ref.
24)
and Uribe:
component com7
are unity.
simply
aspects
behaviour
the
larger
Survival To explore nisms) into it sent about act chaos sooner state the their niche * autonomous the unities stable, secure (e. g. secure, place, only of living orga-
implies
a rejection (implicit
autonomous
This their
prediction niche
(environment) of
made in
a simulation
niche
The its
of with
unity
is (which
related other
to
interactions unities):
a certain it will,
example,
created becomes
interactions of the
goal
or
environment. 4,
1,
"The world%
** See Chapter
and simulating".
47
even example,
at it
the is in
expense
of
the
component rodents
certain distract
predator
are of
they
enemy are
convinced kill
their
nation; late,
realize,
other
(unpredictable) However,
community
individuals individual
The behaviour or it
of
a unity that
that
is
predictable on the
depending
point
Consequently tions
among two unities (i) The behaviour doxical) remain (ii) with
unities to
is
(parawill
respect
each other.
autonomous. of
to unity
respect
A loses may
B and a larger to B. of
be formed prey
A becomes
of B in
the word.
with with
respect respect
to A but to B.
now B is
predictable unity is to
goals larger Unities all last A or three through unity. different a priori for
goals
unity
Moreover, their of
in
cases
interacting
unities
autonomy larger
a paradoxical
(creative)
the
kinds
of
relative
behaviour of
are
not but
necessarrather, (predict-
example, of these
behaviour or
unities, that
enslaving that
become armies
and dictators
their
Autopoiesis degrees of
of
components into
spontaneously
disorder. Living organisms are autopoietic unities. unities identity, they the unities are unities However, the in fact it that and as such is part they in of they their are
closed as autopoietic
open and which their being will (or will they are
without
loss
of
the
universe
constantly of
possibility (autopoietic
attaching or not)
49
satisfy
their
In unity
this
process,
component created
fade
were
fashion, autopoiesis
became specialized interacting impulses. among This of the of for which the
system nerve
external
basis
social sense
a language
outside
interaction
with This is
(simbiosis, political
parties, unities
integrating
the
language
of
interaction point of
From the
unities of
language unity it
outside is
themselves;
point
larger
a paradoxical
inside
a living when it
* H.
von Foerster,
1976.
50
its thoughts (descriptions, (logical) through is
of
It
becomes or other
a social observers
interacts
senses. unity of who learns predicting dwell subject by the unities) they other to and crethe envi-
are
predicting
observer.
two or more observers one or more domains unity autonomy (couple, family,
community,
become allopoietic The complexity breaking autopoiesis self-training), the dimensions its of the in
respect of
(and couplings
human behaviour of
restoration excessive
autonomy
certain
training
learning,
of whatever unity
probable lar
coupling
autopoietic unities
training. unities
component (and in in
these training
similar)
respect that
spontaneously,
creatively,
become closed
(paradoxical)
51
Preliminaries Unities observer. and complex simple, the are They if dependent are they simple are on the if perspective chosen by the wholes unities. Here If and
considered
unities
become, Now. In
spaceless will
timeless
the
spaceless in which or
and vice
time
Chapter
Ob il
ObJ2
J ObJ3
Obj4
"Objects"
versa
A unity or by the
is unity
through (e. g. if
closed,
see Chapter
52 *
All
unities
change. usually
However, gross
the
observer
approximations into
from
which
observer together
universe(s) the
But'. the
space
universe(s). or time: is
a changing is or
no such
as space there
reference
no space
words:
unities that
change, cause
but
the its
arbitrary ties to
(from
themselves. in time is
we, space in
do it
through
distinctions
Likewise, that
something in to time
we, as
(processes).
and time
these space
time
and/or
construction supported
there",
that
is,
reality,
is
fundamental a more
notion
than
leads, the distinctions through Every sequence of changes that (a of affairs of a state by the observer, to a recreation made that is, a clock that a cycle, constitutes over and over, unity) (events in) the universe(s) of the observer. can synchronize but its are (cycle) is asynchronous effects itself The clock and is asynchronous A cycle when analyzed, synchronous. whole. if considered as an unanalizable synchronous
53
that
observers environment),
orient
each other
through ("The
that
(or
world",
are
generated perspective,
by an
adopting time
a space This
and/or
created
by these (description,
tions. more
suggests notion
distinction space
fundamental For
than
and time
(see
an observer or time.
that
chooses (a*a)
a paradoxical is to the
perspective,
is
no space
Change is
case from
a paradoxical state of
perspective affairs
equal
itself.
Paradoxical
different is
and space
distinctions
same space
Time Time they the circuit analog, can buzzer can has come much certain which too often paradoxes discussed we considering feedback: to the help of paradox is 1. hunters the The case buzzer logic so of
"explain circuit,
away". in
be studied gate
further with
combinational
an inverter
T FT
P4
[H
that its output is is true. true when the With the feedinput
gate
is
such
false and
when the
54
the
situation =f
is
"impossible" i. e. the
in
timeless (and
logic the
since input) a
alse,
output
obviously is is
a contradiction.
Or even more,
and the
possible situation
"resolved"
if p represents another of
in
logic?
a state state of in
logical (which q
terms,
indication it as
of expresses
between is
rather long diction However, ness site It world changes change of can the in
alright
q is will it "time"
then
the of us to
Law of p and
coexistence force
a successiveTwo oppo-
q when
same as not-p.
states
be simultaneous. that "real" say, true there gate from until is has true no "ideal" delay, the tD inverter i. e. if gate the will time in the
a time to
false, time
output (the
false has
elapsed. gate
Everything as an ideal
fine followed
represent
a real
>O-d
tDI
55 And so when we close because to Il any change (the Il to input will true to
the
loop, affect
there (with if to
is
no time
0 changes but is
true change
false, false
change only
true, there
0 will
after
hence
develops
because of
itself
false
after
unf olded:
T F
"Vp
"$D
the
time
delay
has for 0,
apparently an oscillation
occurs situation
we approach
the
the
oscillation loop.
0 corresponds D= frequency to of
a closed
correspond
an open an open
"something"
between
i.
something between
between having
having
having
a feedback
loop.
and not
something that
between time is
having necessary of
and not to
appears
avoid
opposites
defines from
appearance to go from
inside
56
it case is
takes in not
time the
to
cross of
the
This
is
clearly of
domain
paradoxes,
opposites the
inside
distinction to the
"inside" irrelevant
"outside"
time
(non-sensical). the unfolding that these for of time liberates remain little, in of the the periodic phenomena paraat
otherwise
as timeless if anything
logical logical
However, Time --
(and
space)
an invention the
can not is of
through --
senses.
there
can only
be compared (which
workings oscillator). In we at
a chronometer
of
different yet
waters do not
says
enter
any given
are
events".
always to
flowing the
able
and unable
experience
Time
and Space Subjects are paradoxical they state explore to to of affairs. They are their chaos sooner in or living
secure
57
behaviour
entails
a loop
that
will
be called
the
exploratory
loop
by:
CHAOS
ORDER
as the loop is
organism
behaves
paradoxically, However,
the a
paradox.
requires
a logical observers
behav-
time
and space
and time
and space
(are
created)
the
oscillate the
the to
behaviour. the
individual creativity)
becomes slows
paradoxical are
and space
relative which
observer.
Therefore, for in
a the time
behaviour, is
timeless
behaving to
paradoxically, an external
with
an observer unfolded
Chapter is
behaviour is
abandoned, resumed,
paradoxical
behaviour
58
Modelling
and simulating and simulating as synonyms. difference are sometimes see, carelessly however, confused there is a
(state
of
affairs) for
chooses
Therefore,
one unity
can be a universe
Chapter distinguish
2,
that
autonomous
unities with
through of first
on a model to
closed)
order
do this,
a perspective the
(logical universe
or paradoxor universes
(distinguish)
be considered. for a given from the unity is made in the unity a universe and its (the components. beis not
A simulation simulator) No distinction tween another closed, ical model" simulation unity, it is different is
one of observer
(or
by the the
simulation)
Therefore, cannot It is
simulation
observer is
a relation
satisfied
inputs implies
Consequently,
a simulation
perspective.
59
of
a model
and that
(those)
of (closed
same or
different. Chapter
A model 2) is in
"Unities", or
another the
unity
distinin can be a
by the are
observer
components
Therefore, itself)
computer*
can be a a conven-
models
however, that of
computer
a nervous
logician)
a mathematical there is
logical) thing
lators. (or
no such
as a mathematical
logical) In
logical) behaviour
simulation of the
it
is
possible
to
deduce sity' In it is
simulation
("'Neces** ).
observer) is possible
induction
from
inability
to make infallible
induc-
is is
doing
another the
making
A model
of
microcomputers", 1976.
von Foerster,
60
Interactions
transfer 1 ("The unities) world") interact cognitive when several , they can only observers orient This the ob-
respective in fact,
domains. between
suggests servers.
nothing
communicated
is is
a relative an observer's
concept
transfer interaction
more unities
(which
the
(logical)
In Heinz
von Foerster's is
words a relative to
(von
Foerster, that
cognitive 'recipient').
observer "The
information
associated ability
with
depends this
on an observer's
to draw
deductions. 'Chance' inductions. " chance the of) world, it. " contains no information; the environand necessity but to our are concepts to that arises from the inability to make infallible
attempts
create
61
Therefore, certain (This ance server tion is is if is
an observer
unable
to
draw
inferences with if
utterance, clearly
no information observer
dependent).
observed would
by the not
"recipient" to draw
ob-
be able with
No informadescription). inter(which
associated
a paradox information
a paradoxical is
transfer
an observer's
unities) perspective
a logical 1) .
(non-paradoxical)
world
Chapter
Therefore, mationally synchronization logical conflict observer's unities. bifurcation eyes of the
from
logical a
are through
inforlocal in a an any
independent of the
this
"conflict"
(e. g.
principle) beholder:
information logical
transfer
only
observer's
From a paradoxical paradoxical information Therefore, pendent unities, of unities transfer the are
no environment closed,
between concepts
information,
conflict
between are
indethe of
information a logical,
transfer organizationally
perspective
perspective paradoxically,
of
organizationally communication.
closure concept with of the organizational concept of closure "stability" has become in a dynamic
a very are
fundamental sta-
and what
is. " "Every (distinguishable) through its systenr-whole stable (unity) is arising 1976
properties
organizationally
closed"
(see Varela
context, in the
organizational concept of
closure
Varela,
Maturana 1981).
1974;
Maturana are
systems is
and organizational
a charac-
(Chapter
3),
a unity
as a simple simple
unanalyzable
unanalyzable
component
unities
or processes. through systems distinctions or into e. g. by the systems-wholes. a tree of observer Sys-
tems
a hierarchical
organization,
hierarchical
63
processes: have a closed systems
are
open.
System-wholes of interthey
organization,
network closed,
actions: organize The closure. component ponent interact, interacting larger in fact
organizationally
i. e.
a unity
is
embodied unity
in is
its not
closed
organizational
closure
com-
unities.
Moreover,
when organizationally closure from the have may arise point "inputs" this
closed
unities
of view
unity they
unities
organizationally
open from
(see
Chapter
does not
imply
interactional
can be logical
or paradoxical
perspective
chosen. unities
interac-
unities
be informationally
open from
spective. In the (see order to "explain" (and "understand") a complex unity, open) being
observer, Introduction
as a social
(logical, 1),
(arbitrary) if the
of
the
unity in
closure
be reflected
"explanation".
64
(paradoxical, organizationally
interacts
them as a component
new larger
Therefore, of "inputs"
hierarchies, are
no less
arbitrary of a logical,
notions or-
and "outputs",
ganizationally Organizational it also implies belong an observer (paradoxically) For ganization server
(see involves
paradoxical adopts
a paradoxical
with
an organizationally a logical is
an observer (paradoxical
assuming loop)
perspective,
can only
and out-
by analyzing that
the do not
unity
inputs unity.
and outputs)
even suggest
closed i. e. in
are of
the the
only
a paradoxical as individual
beings.
and processors introduce the notions while For of-condition they were and asking should
proposed
themselves:
example,
65
inputs made?
their time?
operate, also
do they the
and Commoner suggest and occurrence since at least intuitively in our (of an
notions
of
holding,
concontext, We holding
However, or implied
assumed of
by these a process, 3,
occurrence a description of
an event, (see
Chapter
"Preliminaries"). descrip-
concurrent in our
and concurrent
tions
will
also (or
appear descriptions)
are
to
one another,
i. e.
they *
take
place
different
or
processors. are
more fundamental
notions
than
time
processors Here
and descriptions
spaceless
so that
it
elicits
a No
independent 'universe')
66
or
medium" process
are
assumed or
involved without
in (or
this before)
This
(and
description)
a finite of
the
original
sine
processors
i. e.
or processes
the
spaceless
fire is
otherwise, or
organizational
closure
as well Assuming
independent
defines
another observer),
closed
unity
(that
could
processes
independent
do not
descriptions
not
changed,
"remain"
(or
are
and,
they and
a storage
closure lost,
becomes the
descriptions (or
descriptions)
space),
processes) 'thing'
time)
space
from
that
closure out
essential
a timeless a logical
from
are ("outthey
abstract other
or otherwise, components to
from containg
do this of
storage to
that
logical
"look-up
i. e.
themselves. The descriptions stored (the versa. making one where However) generated in is by processes space fired all the and time by these universes in in one universe another are
distinctions no process if
some or
68
medium,
for
unities.
descriptions in
some universe, in
i. e.
descriptions
a process
medium beand
comes an environment time), including descriptions. From a logical and storage tive vanish tion It there" (logical) that ing. creted emergent vented fore, space) of things". these in time is or in which the they "real"
construct processors
their that
is
process
(in
time) perspec-
description the
a paradoxical
approached,
can be made to and descripNow. blocks" a particular or those now considerare se"are
(no time)
a priori reality:
we invent we are
we adopt,
"building
"things") constitute
the in-
created,
There(no
the at
emergent
logical (secreted
that processes)
become "things"
69 All gered in
activity
the
storage
medium fire
(or
environment) in
is
trig-
that if
do not these
processes vanish
by these
activity
storage time
logical
be replaced
depending by
on
the
perspective
or
paradox-
logical
i. e.
transfer; and
will or will
inputs respect
observer. From a logical through act conflict on perspective the the is two or more of independent unities as the can
only these
interact unities of
resolution same spacetime essential conflict in at if the the and events at " for
produced Therefore,
a non-existent is reflected
cannot following
may only
occur
same
they
occur medium).
different From
places
different these
locations differences
a storage reflect
a logical
independence.
70
From a paradoxical ties flict" there cal can interact can is coexist without with in
uni"con-
no conflict is
perspective events
reflected at
ferent in cal
same time
and place
processors reflects
From a paradoxi-
from
that
emerge
most These
and space.
framework.
71
A set
of
microcomputers. clocks
By independent
(asynchronbetween them.
microcomputers their
observer) whose
boundaries
by those
by the are
microcomputer computer. A description microcomputer when that description) on. Consequently, set of word
inside
in
the .... is
part
or all is
of
"fired" (new
a new word
that
"fire"
a new process,
and so on and
the
set
of
can be a processes
independent
processors discussed as
descriptions and
where
data
interfaces switches)
(e. g. part of
bidirectional
detached
and be attached
through
two busses
attached
each microcomputer
(using
of
thereby to
making
part With
of this
the
RAM of
one microcomeach microRAM of is part inside another that of its one its own
accessible
computer
"smaller" other
RAM2), the
(ADB and CB) and that to be independent them together. becoming one. to of
interact
without this
RAM2 is
returned remain in
independent
different
microcomputers
becomes
"smaller",
it
internal to
busses execute
continues RAMI).
Appropriate irrelevant to
software the
RAM totally
independence
microcomputers. Consequently, medium, closed described unities, the set RAM2s may become the of (Chapter by the 4), where the common storage
before supported
organizationally in the
and descriptions (social) their space realities processes and time (see
their that
and
Much as the in
observer
distinctions
these
same space
and time
Chapter
3).
73
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m ell fI
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4- 0
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4 -rl T5 (1) cs-4 4-4 4 -4 -H 71
LA
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(X)
4J
cz
4--l
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01
C) 0 4 0E
4-3
:: s P4
4
(1) CH 4-4 N -ri 75 CH 4-4 PQ
-j zz PQ =
co
T7
4-
I 0 C
4 z
(2)
bt -T- rX4
II
SI
Co
C 0
II
I'
I
Cd 4
C14
74
If word)
RAM2 is a special
reduced case
to results Here is
only
location Itstorage"
(one
computer
can be the
unique
as compared this
RAM2.
unique
location
This Port
5.1) location.
microcomputers
concurrently
part
or all
of
a microcomputer is "fired"
word
(2,4,
(description) will, 2 2= in 4 or
If described by these
16 or
....
in
possible
PIB, of the
descriptions.
location processes (i. e. it fired bein
these
descriptions and
above, descriptions
comes the
closed)
an organizationally Here emerges. also can and If in timeless another PIB, with the our can universes
unity it of
defines
itself
spaceless
a paradoxical processes is closed logical a explained the and fired unity perbefore. organizadescrip(or
closed
another the
interacting previous
that processes
tionally tions in
closed one or
unities more
be supported or
independent
processors
microcomputers).
75
since
the
processes unities
processors
support interac-
closed
generated the i. e.
originally at all,
no processes
"outset"
no processors. perspective, according (i. e. it to the microcomputers table (stored at the change in the
a look-up
no changes) produces
outset with
"filled" from
descriptions or existent) in
derived
interactions
emergent
processors. space
define point
(distinguish) of an exteras
and time
of view to
observer. set of
However, that
a processor supports
remain
processes must
by itself it of
or with
processors
be closed; must
otherwise, or all
a processor unity, i. e.
be part
paradoxical, perspective.
i. e.
timeless
a paradoxical
Experimental
concurrent
and
descriptions. Each microcomputer program described executes flowchart in: independently of Figure setting (concurrently) 5.2. the values of flags the
by the
as chosen "empty"
experimenter; table, i. e.
setting
RAMI to at the
F (the
no processors
76
outset); preted,
setting by the
a random
contents as the
that "noise"
closed if
unities;
the
program
so desired
common spaceless universe, different description i. e. to X. loop, by the into PIB, change process i. e. i. e. from (X) the the
and timeless
contents
X; or in read from
following
process by X( In
universe, equal
contents
of RAMI addressed
is
the
fired [XI
RAMI(*X)
logical
loop,
the
storage into
processor un-
are
and into
RAM1, X or
contents
RAM2 which
modified labeled
by other with
FLAGI in
variants
details
microcomputers Appendix. )
and the
experimental
please
77
of
[PROMPT
0 (DO)
MG
PAR'nnYT(I.
AT.
X from
1-
splay
I
(Dl--)l
IDisplay
fIf
EX RAM1 PlB
Write into
Z PlB
Make Y=Zl
Make
Y=X
LOGICAL LOOP
Flal (B7 =1
Fla 1 (B6=
lother Write
(Y] RAM2sl
Z into
gin
LI, X rite rite into into I' RAM1 RAM1 T Flagl (B5)=1-T
f-
Figure
5.2
78 Experiments In cesses the at following the outset experiments, ("empty" in the universes table), support i. e. universes loops (see is activity the there no proare no
look-up the
different
and the
paradoxical
"static")
equilibrium the
reached
between
remain alter
paradoxical
added later
situation
formed chosen
are for
the the
of universes
not)
by the nor
structure by the
(hardware) particular
of
"components"
Nets of the
notation network
(Petri,
1965)
is after
to describe used
the
of universes
a dynamic and/or (i) The symbol reprerepresents the different firing of labels
.j
a process
Therefore,
firings
with
are
concurrent
as well
the branches as
that
include
them.
None
reached:
Comments:
formed.
Activity
FLAGI= Dynamic
B7 B6 100000 stability
reached:
12
2 3
Comments:
to
and
81
Experiment Universes: Description 3 4 world: B5 01152,, 3,4,5,6,7,8,9, B4 B3 B2 (See reached: Figure 5.2) A, B, C, D, E, F.
FLAGI= Dynamic
B7 B6 100000 stability
reached:
2CFF899
Comments:
formed. The Some organizationally closed unities between the logical to oscillate continues activity in RAM2, loops. Notice the agreements paradoxical 2,9 locations and E.
and
FLAGI= Dynamic
B7 B6 001000 stability
reached:
0123 T-0 1021 2021 2021
21
2 3
Comments:
formed with Several unities closed organizationally in RAM2. The reached agreements many corresponding loop after in the paradoxical some remained activity loop. the logical with oscillation
reached:
2 3
Comments:
formed with many Many organizationally closed unities reached in RAM2. The activity corresponding agreements loop after in the paradoxical some oscillation remained loop. Small organizationally the logical closed with (e. g. (e. g. 1-3-1) larger ones unities are part of 0-2-1-3-0).
84
6 4 world: B5 01 B4 Y23 v455 1,697 589 B3 B2 (See Figure reached: 5-2) AB, C D, E F.
85
reached:
2 3
Comments:
Many organizationally formed with many closed unities corresponding agreements reached in RAM2. The activity in the paradoxical remained loop after some oscillation the logical loop. Small organizationally with closed (e. g. 0-9-8-0; 2-B-5-F-2) unities are part of larger (e. g. 0-5-B-7-9-8-0; 9-2-F-5-B-7-9). ones Others like 2-B-5-F-2 overlap Branches and 0-5-B-7-9-8-0. 0-I-E like developments. and 5-D-6 may lead to further
The nervous
system potential nature of of its even a primitive components: that define the nervous neuron system cells. themselves individthat can
The enormous arises These in ually support cesses the from are the
autopoietic world
physical or in
and time).
groups,
or independent of nerve
processors
impulses)
changed
by pro-
same descriptions. they interact paradoxically loops by closed by these in which chains same of
endlessly
(organizationally
unities)
fired
86
the
neuron
or
groups their
of indepen-
when
synchronization that the may nervous fire and a physical unities, system loops in may a
logical that
include system. process expanding world may which create world, The verses as the
the
descriptions
do not creating i. e.
thereby space),
a logical there"
cells, and
a logical and so
i. e.
a physical
complex (each in
generated represent
by only
four
independent of neuron
unicells)
shown
experiments, system
dramatically a moderate
towards complexity.
potential
a nervous
87
CONCLUDING REMARKS
The paradoxical excellent interplay the living We have living cal point between organism of
of
closure exploration
provides of the
an
and the
paradoxical
perspectives
in
organisms, organizations,
forms
definition that
paradoxical same fashion. larger tions) relinquish unity those larger (e. g. even of unity of
environment) survival
activity
a logical living
the
These goals of
their if
these kin,
their
own goals
their
especially
they
unity.
Therefore, carries
other
the
drawbacks
hand,
transcending of the
bonds out of
whaterver to reach
themselves this
paradoxical be a
exploration
should
88
recurrent too often
exercise deprived
of of
the this
creative opportunity
Dowers by
of the
the
human
crippling
legacies These
themselves
a basis
a world-wide
human
coexistence. The on all, the biological planet has evolution been so slow the of homo sapiens that it has since been that culturally inherited to belong beings, generation to the in its appearance if at has
barely,
noticed.
larger have
homo sapiens at
an accelbeing and
culture, verbally
transmitted graphically.. and or not break Cultural and with cripples the ated cultural pace of shapes those to the
these
larger adapt to
unities them,
the
component
who must
bonds. evolution defines the Often goals these of the larger do not unities coincide
social of the
goals social
" the
prospects
among etc.
larger ) has
unities been
(different
unities
(human
search
mathematics, nonsensical
unities of the
be more
point
individual
89
which
is
a paradoxical, paradoxical if it is to
illogical, are
Consequently, living unities. and love, that and quite in are all organism
the
pressures
their
forms,
stimulate for
timeless
self-imposed, paradoxical
become,
incapexprestheir
and perception),
a potential
species.
90
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to
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Pask, Gordon: The Cybernetics of Human Learning * (1975). Performance, London: Hutchinson Pask, Gordon: Conversation, (1975). ' Elsevier Pask, Pask, Gordon: Gordon: "Cybernetics "Knowledge, Cognition
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Russell, Bertrand: Principles W. Norton and Company, Inc. Russell, Bertrand: Introduction New York: Simon and Schuster. Spencer Brown, G.: (1971). Unwin Ltd. Tibbetts, (1969).
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"Autopoiesis: R.: H. and Uribe, Systems, its Characterization 5: 187-196 (1974). for Self-Reference, " Int. J.
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Waddington, C. H.: The Evolution Ithaca: Cornell University Press Whitehead, Mathematica (1978). Wiener, N.: 2nd edition Alfred N. (to *56), and Russell, Cambridge:
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Logico-Philosophicus, Ludwig: Tractatus Wittgenstein, (1961). Kegan Paul Ltd. London: Routledge and Investigations, Philosophical Ludwig: Wittgenstein, (1968? 'Company The Macmillan York:
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[591
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and Conversations,
94
APPENDIX
of
the
set
RAMs are
the
RAM for
1K bytes 1K bytes,
ADB and CB. Request Bus) is used to request The access logic to
ARB (Access
and the
have
designed A closed
latches) accesses
unique actions
location (see
and paradoxical
essential
to
of the
a convenient observer
way to
the softinteract,
and to
to observe
and to
so desired.
Transmittter) (several
Baud Rate a
Generator
Programmable program,
Read Only
Memory)
95
Diagrams Figure There are Figure A. 1 is 4 of the circuit units circuit in diagram the set. of the peripherals to the of a microcomputer unit.
these the
A. 2 is
diagram
set.
96
Ot
tu wl
ID It
At I* t
046
AS
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98
Experimental The cal
set-up
perspective
unity microcom-
distinguishes puters) activity tions (because will changed Different themselves constantly themselves process doned. Moreover,, cessors or the into can PIB in and
a chain in and
itself), of
the descripfire.
remain over
series
themselves
closed
may distinguish (see Figure 5-1) that in PIB is fire not they a aban-
(and
descriptions
generate.
descriptions perspective
some universe,
paradoxical
this write
paradoxical concurrently i. e. as
two
or
more
profrom at
same time
different
con-
(universes). represents (space and the time) fire logical is perspective since here with
storage descriptions
medium
generated
a process.
processors are
that and
closed
descriptions a processor
gradually a logical
"look-up
defines
perspective. The where their the shared RAM2 represents organizationally realities. the storage closed Remember medium unities that this or environment construct logical
different logical
common
affected
only
a process is
abandoned
As long universe,
are
no descriptions perspective
abandoned. two or more different from the same location Two or more from RAM at the in
logical into at
can be written if it
and only
happens
times. or read
sound our
familiar environment It
interesting
RAM2 into
aspects
Other
transducers by these
could
produced
same or other
them into
words) or
be presented the
maintain
descriptions "static")
and/or
or nervous of in the
systems
concerned. loop
paradoxical translated *
(perspective) aspects of
descriptions world"
*
RAM2 are is
into
the
"physical
or not,
immaterial.
environment of a reality.
is "
not (H.
of
100
the the
interplay paradoxical
the it
from
the point
create
look-up
defines unities
processes paradoxical
the .
organizationally
closed
realities) in
these
two loops
leads by the
to
two kinds
of
staclosed
represented other, in
organizationally by the
"static,
" represented
universes. by the
or different same
universes