CRIMINAL STREET GANGS

BOOKS AND PERIODICALS ALPHABETICAL BY AUTHORS LAST NAME 22 Leaders, Members, Associates of Violent Bloods Set Indicted Under New Jerseys Gang Criminality Statute, US FEDERAL NEWS, Apr. 8, 2010. 22 Indicted Under NJs Newest Gang Laws, ASBURY PARK PRESS, Apr. 7, 2010.

According to Law Enforcement, Gangs Hold Specific Functions Throughout the Community, ASBURY PARK PRESS, Mar. 29, 2010. Marc Agnifilo et al., Investigating and Prosecuting Gangs Using the Enterprise Theory, U.S. ATTORNEYS BULL., May 2006, at 15. Joseph Alesia & John Lausch, Use of Federal Statutes Street Gangs, U.S. ATTORNEYS BULL., July 2008, at 15. CLAIRE E. ALEXANDER, THE ASIAN GANG (2000). David M. Allender, Gangs in Middle America: Are They a Threat?, FBI LAW ENFORCEMENT BULL., Dec. 2001. David M. Allender, Safe Streets Task Force: Cooperation Gets Results, FBI LAW ENFORCEMENT BULL., Mar. 2001. David A. Anderson, Note, Jail, Jail, The Gangs All Here: Senate Crime Bill Section 521, The Criminal Street Gang Provision, 36 BOSTON COLLEGE L. REV. 527 (1995). JOHN ANDERSON ET AL., GANG PROSECUTION MANUAL (Natl Youth Gang Ctr., July 2009). Claude Arnold, Immigration Authorities and Gang Enforcement, U.S. ATTORNEYS BULL., May 2006, at 42. Raffy Astvasadoorian, Californias Two-Prong Attack Against Gang Crime and Violence: The Street Terrorism Enforcement and Prevention Act and Anti-Gang Injunctions, 19 J. JUVENILE LAW 272 (1998). Julie Ayling, Gang Change and Evolutionary Theory, 56 CRIME LAW & SOCIAL CHANGE 1 (2011).

Julie Barrows & C. Ronald Huff, Gangs and Public Policy: Constructing and Deconstructing Gang Databases, 8 CRIMINOLOGY & PUBLIC POLICY 675 (2009). S.R. Battin-Pearson et al., Gang Membership, Delinquent Peers, and Delinquent Behavior (1998). Kerryn E. Bell, Gender and Gangs: A Quantitative Comparison, 55 CRIME & DELINQUENCY 363 (2009). Linda S. Beres & Thomas D. Griffith, Gangs, Schools, and Stereotypes, 37 LOY. L.A. L. REV. 935 (2004). J. D. Berg, The Troubled Constitutionality of Anti-Gang Loitering Laws, 69 CHICAGO-KENT L. REV. 461 (1993). Beth Bjerregaard, The Constitutionality of Anti-Gang Legislation, 21 CAMPBELL L. REV. 31 (1998). Beth Bjerregaard, Gang Membership and Drug Involvement: Untangling the Complex Relationship, 56 CRIME & DELINQUENCY 507 (2010). Beth Bjerregaard, Operationalizing Gang Membership: The Impact Measurement on Gender Differences in Gang Self-Identification and Delinquent Involvement, 13 WOMEN & CRIMINAL JUSTICE 79 (2002). Bloods Boss David Duke Allen Gets 7 More Years More Years for Running Gang from Prison, TRENTONIAN, Aug. 3, 2010. T. R. Boga, Turf Wars: Street Gangs, Local Governments, and the Battle for Public Space, 29 HARVARD CIVIL RIGHTS CIVIL LIBERTIES L. REV. 477 (1994). Stephen K. Brannon, Cyber-Technology in Gang Cases, U.S. ATTORNEYS BULL., May 2006, at 29.

Timothy Brezina et al., The Code of the Street: A Quantitative Assessment of Elijah Andersons Subculture of Violence Thesis and Its Contribution to Youth Violence Research, 2 YOUTH VIOLENCE & JUVENILE JUSTICE 303 (2004). Kelly Burke & Leo Standora, Teen Killed in Gang Mayhem, NEW YORK DAILY NEWS, Apr. 3, 2010, at 4. S.L. Burrell, Gang Evidence: Issues for Criminal Defense, 30 SANTA CLARA L. REV. 793 (1990).

Carlos A. Canino et al., New Methods for Solving Old Problems: Combating Gang Criminality in a St. Louis Community, U.S. ATTORNEYS BULL., July 2008, at 33. Heather Cartwright & Ronald L. Walutes, Jr., Victim and Witness Challenges in Gang Prosecutions, U.S. ATTORNEYS BULL., May 2006, at 35. Tate Chambers, Project Safe Neighborhoods and Gangs-an Expansion of Focus, U.S. ATTORNEYS BULL., July 2008, at 1. Andrea Clurfeld, Funds Deployed in War on Gangs, ASBURY PARK PRESS, Apr. 1, 2010. Andrea Clurfeld, Gang Solutions are Few and Far Between, ASBURY PARK PRESS, Apr. 4, 2010. Andrea Clurfeld, Top Cops Vow Aggressive Pursuit in Fighting Back Against Gangs, ASBURY PARK PRESS, Apr. 4, 2010. Andrea Clurfeld & Charles Webster, Keansburg Man, Ex-Prison Officer Among 22 Indicted in Gang Case, ASBURY PARK PRESS, Apr. 7, 2010. Lindsay Crawford, No Way Out: An Analysis of Exit Processes for Gang Injunctions, 97 CALIFORNIA L. REV. 161 (2009). Jonathon Cristall et al., Property Abatements-The Other Gang Injunction: Project T.O.U.G.H., NATL GANG CTR. BULL., Sept. 2009, at 1. G.D. Curry & S.H. Decker, Understanding and Responding to Gangs in an Emerging Gang Problem Context, 31 VALPARAISO U. L. REV. 523 (1997).

Scott H. Decker & David C. Pyrooz, On the Validity and Believability of Gang Homicide: A Comparison of Disparate Sources, 14 HOMICIDE STUDIES 359 (2010). S.H. Decker et al., Understanding the Black Box of Gang Organization: Implications for Involvement in Violent Crime, Drug Sales, and Violent Victimization, 54 CRIME & DELINQUENCY 153 (2008). Matt DeLisi et al., Delinquent Gang and Adolescent Victimization Revisited: A Propensity Score Matching Approach, 36 CRIMINAL JUSTICE & BEHAVIOR 808 (2009). Alan J. Drury & Matt DeLisi, Gangkill: An Exploratory Empirical Assessment of Gang Membership, Homicide Offending, and Prison Misconduct, 57 CRIME & DELINQUENCY 130 (2011).

Finn-Aage Esbensen et al., Differences Between Gang Girls and Gang Boys: Results From a Multi-State Survey, 31 YOUTH & SOCY 27 (1999). Finn-Aage Esbensen et al., Youth Gangs and Definitional Issues: When Is a Gang, and Why Does It Matter?, 47 CRIME & DELINQ. 105, 106 (2001). F.A. ESBENSEN & D. W. OSGOOD, NATIONAL EVALUATION OF G.R.E.A.T. Research in Brief (Washington, D.C., U.S. Dept of Justice, Natl Institute of Justice, 1997). Matt Fair, Reputed Gang Leader Gunned Down, THE TIMES-TRENTON (N.J.), July 11, 2010. Bruce Ferrell, Gangs and the Internet, U.S. ATTORNEYS BULL., July 2008, at 30. Richard T. Ford, Juvenile Curfews and Gang Violence: Exiled On Main Street, 107 HARVARD L. REV. 1693 (1994). CELESTE FREMON, G-DOG AND THE HOMEBOYS: FATHER GREG BOYLE AND THE GANGS OF EAST LOS ANGELES (2008).

E.J. Fritsch et al., Gang Suppression Through Saturation Patrol, Aggressive Curfew, and Truancy Enforcement: A Quasi-Experimental Test of the Dallas Anti-Gang Initiative, 45 CRIME & DELINQUENCY 122 (1999).

Gangs Burst on the Scene in Early 1990s, ASBURY PARK PRESS, Mar. 30, 2010. Placido Gomez, It Is Not So Simply Because an Expert Says It Is So: The Reliability of Gang Expert Testimony Regarding Membership in Criminal Street Gangs: Pushing Limits of Texas Rule of Evidence, 34 ST. MARYS L.J. 581 (2003). J. GREENE & K. PRANIS, JUSTICE POLICY INSTITUTE, GANG WARS: THE FAILURE OF ENFORCEMENT TACTICS AND THE NEED FOR EFFECTIVE PUBLIC SAFETY STRATEGIES (2007). Brendan Groves, No Panacea, Some Promises, Much Potential: A Review of Effective AntiGang Strategies, U.S. ATTORNEYS BULL., July 2008, at 38.

John Hagan, Defiance and Despair: Subcultural and Structural Linkages between Delinquency and Despair in the Life Course, 76 SOCIAL FORCES 119 (1997). Sarah Hammond, Natl C State Legislatures, Gang Busters: States Respond to Rising Gang Violence, STATE LEGISLATURES, June 2008, at 20. Jun Sung Hong, Understanding Vietnamese Youth Gangs in America: An Ecological Systems Analysis, 15 AGGRESSION & BEHAVIOR 253 (2010). Jacob Honigman, Cant Stop Snitchin: Criminalizing Threats Made in Stop Snitching Media Under the True Threats Exception to the First Amendment, 32 COLUM. J.L. & ARTS 207 (2009). James C. Howell, Natl Youth Gang Ctr., The Impact of Gangs on Communities, NYGC BULL. (Office of Juvenile Justice & Delinquency Prevention/Inst. for Intergovernmental Research, Tallahassee, Fla.), Aug. 2006, at 1. James C. Howell, Youth Gangs: An Overview, JUVENILE JUSTICE BULL. (U.S. Dept of Justice/Office of Juvenile Justice Delinquency & Prevention, Wash. D.C.), Aug. 1998, at 1. James C. Howell & J.P. Lynch, Youth Gangs in School, JUVENILE JUSTICE BULL. (Dept of Justice/Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention, Wash. D.C., Aug. 2000). James C. Howell, Gang Prevention: An Overview of Research and Programs, JUVENILE JUSTICE BULL. (U.S. Dept of Justice/Office of Juvenile Justice Delinquency & Prevention, Wash. D.C.), Dec. 2010. James C. Howell & John P. Moore, History of Street Gangs in the United States, NATL GANG CTR. BULL., May 2009, at 1. C.R. Huff, Comparing the Criminal Behavior of Youth Gangs and At-Risk Youth, Research in Brief (U.S. Dept of Justice, Natl Institute of Justice, 1998). Lorine A. Hughes & James F. Short, Disputes Involving Street Gang Members: Microsocial Contexts, 43 CRIMINOLOGY 43 (2005).

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ALAN JACKSON, PROSECUTING GANG CASES: WHAT LOCAL PROSECUTORS NEED TO KNOW (Am. Prosecutors Research Institute, Apr. 2004). Arleen Jacobius, Going Gangbusters: Prosecutors Fight Gangs with Injunctions Banning Conduct Such as Using Beepers and Applying Graffiti, ABA J., Oct. 1996, at 24. Bruce A. Jacobs, A Typology of Street Criminal Retaliation, 41 J. RESEARCH IN CRIME & DELINQUENCY 295 (2004). James B. Jacobs, Gang Databases: Context and Questions, 8 CRIMINOLOGY & PUBLIC POLICY 705 (2009).

David Jaffe, The Department of Justices Gang Squad, Gang Targeting Enforcement and Coordination Center, and National Gang Intelligence Center, U.S. ATTORNEYS BULL., July 2008, at 7. C.M. Johnson et al, Gang Enforcement Problems and Strategies: National Survey Findings, 3 J. GANG RESEARCH 1 (1995). JACK JOHNSON & DOUGLAS M. DUNCAN, JOINT COUNTY GANG PREVENTION TASK FORCE: FINAL REPORT (Sept. 2004). JUSTICE POLICY INSTITUTE, GANGING UP ON COMMUNITIES (2005).

L.A. Kainec, Curbing Gang Related Violence in America: Do Gang Members Have a Constitutional Right to Loiter on Our Streets?, 43 CASE WESTERN RESERVE L. REV. 651 (1993). Charles M. Katz & Stephen M. Schnebly, Neighborhood Variation in Gang Membership Concentrations, 57 CRIME & DELINQUENCY 377 (2011). David M. Kennedy, Gangs and Public Policy: Constructing and Deconstructing Gang Databases, 8 CRIMINOLOGY & PUBLIC POLICY 711 (2009). Malcolm W. Klein, What Are Street Gangs When They Get to Court?, 31 VAL. U. L. REV. 515, 516 (1997). Malcolm W. Klein, Street Gang Databases: A View from the Gang Capitol of the United States, 8 CRIMINOLOGY & PUBLIC POLICY 717 (2009). G.W. Knox, Melanics: A Gang Profile Analysis, 9 J. GANG RESEARCH 1 (2002). Mark Kraft et al., ATFs Unique Technology, Investigative Experience, and Statutory Authority in Gang Prosecutions, U.S. ATTORNEYS BULL., May 2006, at 23. Marvin D. Krohn et al., The Impact of Multiple Marginality on Gang Membership and Delinquent Behavior for Hispanic, African American, and While Male Adolescents, 27 J. CONTEMPORARY CRIMINAL JUSTICE 4 (2011). Charis E. Kubrin, Gangstas, Thugs, and Hustlas: Identity and the Code of the Street in Rap Music, 52 SOCIAL PROBLEMS 360 (2005).

Brian W. Ludeke, Malibu Locals Only: Boys Will Be Boys, or Dangerous Street Gang? Why the Criminal Justice Systems Failure to Properly Identify Suburban Gangs Hurts Efforts to Fight Gangs, 43 CAL. W. L. REV. 309 (2007). Donald Lyddane, Understanding Gangs and Gang Mentality: Acquiring Evidence of the Gang Conspiracy, U.S. ATTORNEYS BULL., May 2006, at 1. Donald Lyddane, Understanding Gangs and Gang Mentality: Acquiring Evidence of the Gang Conspiracy, U.S. ATTORNEYS BULLETIN, May 2006.

Patrick Mark Mahoney, Houses Built on Sand: Police Expert Testimony in California Gang Prosecutions; Did Gardely Go to Far?, 31 HASTINGS CONSTITUTION L.Q. 385 (2004). Cheryl L. Maxson, Gang Members On the Move, JUVENILE JUSTICE BULL. (Dept of Justice/Office of Juvenile Justice & Delinquency Prevention, Wash. D.C.), Oct. 1998, at 1. CHERYL L. MAXSON ET AL., CAN CIVIL GANG INJUNCTIONS CHANGE COMMUNITIES?: A COMMUNITY ASSESSMENT OF THE IMPACT OF CIVIL GANG INJUNCTIONS (U.S. Dept of Justice/Natl Institute of Justice, Jan. 2005). Cheryl L. Maxson et al., Deterrability Among Gang and Nongang Juvenile Offenders: Are Gang Members More (or Less) Deterrable Than Other Juvenile Offenders?, 57 CRIME & DELINQUENCY 516 (2011). Jeffrey J. Mayer, Commentary, Individual Moral Responsibility and the Criminalization of Youth Gangs, 28 WAKE FOREST L. REV. 943, 951-52 (1993). Chris Melde & Finn-Aage Esbensen, Gang Membership as a Turning Point in the Life Course, 49 CRIMINOLOGY 513 (2011).

Chris Melde et al., On the Efficacy of Targeted Gang Interventions: Can We Identify Those Most at Risk?, 9 YOUTH VIOLENCE & JUVENILE JUSTICE 279 (2011). MIDDLE ATLANTIC-GREAT LAKES ORGANIZED CRIME LAW ENFORCEMENT NETWORK, ASIAN ORGANIZED CRIME ASSESSMENT (June 1999). Holly Ventura Miller et al., Reconsidering Hispanic Gang Membership and Acculturation in a Multivariate Context, 57 CRIME & DELINQUENCY 331 (2011). Edward W. Morris, Snitches End Up in Ditches and Other Cautionary Tales, 26 J. CONTEMPORARY CRIMINAL JUSTICE 254 (2010). P.D. Murphy, Restricting Gang Clothing in Public Schools: Does a Dress Code Violate a Students Right of Free Expression?, 64 S. CALIFORNIA L. REV. 1321 (1991).

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Matthew ODeane, Combating Gangsters Online. FBI Law Enforcement Bull. April 2011. Aaron B. Overton, Note, Federal Gang Laws: A New Tool Against a Growing Threat or Overbroad and Dangerous, 9 RUTGERS RACE & L. REV. 405 (2008).

Anthony J. Pinizzotto et al., Street Gang Mentality, FBI LAW ENFORCEMENT BULL. (Dept of Justice/Federal Bureau of Investigation, Quantico, Va.), Sept. 2007, at 1.

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Robert J. Raymond, The Criminal Division Offers Expert Advice and Assistance for GangRelated Cases, U.S. ATTORNEYS BULL., May 2006, at 47. Bart H. Rubin, Note, Hail, Hail, The Gangs are All Here: Why New York Should Adopt a Comprehensive Anti-Gang Statute, 66 FORDHAM L. REV. 2033 (1998).

Daniel J. Sharfstein, Gangbusters: Enjoining the Boys In the Hood, AMERICAN PROSPECT, May-June 1997. Jill D. Sharkey et al., The Protective Influence of Gangs: Can Schools Compensate?, 16 AGGRESSION & BEHAVIOR 45 (2011). MAX SHINER, CIVIL GANG INJUNCTIONS: A GUIDE FOR PROSECUTORS (Natl District Attorneys Association, June 2009). James F. Short, Jr., Gangs, Law Enforcement, and the Academy, 8 CRIMINOLOGY & PUBLIC POLICY 723 (2009). Stephanie Smith, Comment, Civil Banishment of Gang Members: Circumventing Criminal Due Process Requirements, 67 U. CHICAGO L. REV. 1461 (2000). Irving Spergel, Gang Databases: To Be Or Not To Be, 8 CRIMINOLOGY & PUBLIC POLICY 667 (2009). David Starbuck et al., Hybrid and Other Modern Gangs, JUVENILE JUSTICE BULL. (Dept of Justice, Office of Juvenile Justice & Delinquency Prevention), Dec. 2001, at 1. Eric A. Stewart & Ronald L. Simons, Race, Code of the Street, and Violent Delinquency: A Multilevel Investigation of Neighborhood Culture and Individual Norms of Violence, 48 CRIMINOLOGY 569 (2010). Eric A. Stewart & Ronald L. Simons, Structure and Culture in African American Adolescent Violence: A Partial Test of the Code Thesis, 23 JUSTICE QUARTERLY 1 (2006). Mercer L. Sullivan, Maybe We Shouldnt Study Gangs: Does Reification Obscure Youth Violence?, 21 J. CONTEMPORARY CRIMINAL JUSTICE 170 (2005).

Gary Sweeten et al., The Effects of Joining and Leaving a Gang on Delinquent Offending (preliminary draft, Mar. 12, 2010).

Thomas Taylor, Tools for Gang Prosecutions Available Through the Office of Enforcement Operations, U.S. ATTORNEYS BULL., July 2008, at 10. David R. Truman, Note, The Jets and Sharks are Dead: State Statutory Responses to Criminal Street Gangs, 73 WASH. U. L. Q. 683 (1995).

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Sara Lynn Van Hofwegen, Note, Unjust and Ineffective: A Critical Look at Californias STEP Act, 18 SO. CAL. INTERDISCIPLINARY L.J. 679 (2009). Brittany Vannoy, Note, Turning Their Lives Around: California Cities Pioneer Gang Injunction Removal Procedures, 29 J. NATL ASSN ADMIN. L. JUDICIARY 283 (2009). Edward A. Vasquez et al., Gangs, Displaced, and Group-Based Aggression, 15 AGGRESSION & BEHAVIOR 130 (2010).

Gregory S. Walston, Taking the Constitution at Its Word: A Defense of the Use of AntiGang Injunctions, 54 U. MIAMI L. REV. 47 (1999). M.M. Werdegar, Enjoining the Constitution: The Use of Public Nuisance Abatement Injunctions Against Urban Street Gangs, 51 STANFORD L. REV. 409 (1999). Jane Wood & Emma Alleyne, Street Gang Theory and Research: Where Are We Now and Where Do We Go From Here?, 15 AGGRESSION & BEHAVIOR 100 (2010). P.A. Wyrick, Gang Prevention: How to Make the Front End of Your Anti-Gang Effort Work, 54 U.S. ATTORNEYS BULL. 52 (2006).

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Christopher S. Yoo, Comment, The Constitutionality of Enjoining Criminal Street Gangs as Public Nuisances, 89 NW. U. L. REV. 212 (1994).

Tom Haydon, Teens Shot in Front of Carteret Home were Crips Gang Members, Officials Say, STAR-LEDGER (N.J.), June 23, 2010. Robert E. Kessler, Fed Gang Roundup Nets 17, NEWSDAY, at A07. Lakewood Principals Goal: Keep Preteens Safe, ASBURY PARK PRESS, Apr. 2, 2010. Lawmaker Calls for Assembly Hearing on Gang Problem, ASBURY PARK PRESS, Apr. 7, 2010. Chris Megerian, N.J. Authorities Indict 14 Accused Gangster Killer Bloods Gang Members, NJ.com, July 19, 2010. Chris Megerian, N.J. Lawmakers Introduce Bills to Deter Street Gang Activity, NJ.com, Aug. 2, 2010. Aaron Morrison, Terrified Neighbors Silent On Gang Rape; Wont Aid New Jersey Investigation, FT. WAYNE J. GAZETTE (Ind.), Apr. 3, 2010, at 4A.

Lucas Murray, Four With Suspected Gang Ties Held On Charges Relating to Crime Spree in Monroe and Franklin, GLOUCESTER COUNTY TIMES (N.J.), July 22, 2010. Lucas K. Murray & John B, Gloucester County Crime Spree Linked to Gang, GLOUCESTER COUNTY TIMES (N.J.), July 23, 2010. New Jersey Local News Service, East Orange Police Arrest 30 as Part of Investigation Combating Gang Violence, NJ.com, June 1, 2010. Operation Hard Hat Takes Down Headbusters, U.S. FEDERAL NEWS, Apr. 28, 2010. James Queally, As N.J. Gangs Adopt 2.0 to Talk Shop, Police Keep Tabs, THE STAR-LEDGER (N.J.). Brian Rogers, MS-13 Member Describes Fatal Park Fight as Like Toys R Us, HOUSTON CHRONICLE, June 23, 2007. Brian Rogers, Trial Ends with Show of Weapons/Jurors Now Must Decide the Fate of the 17-year-old Girl Who Killed a Rival Gang Member, HOUSTON CHRONICLE (Tx.), June 28, 2007. Joseph A. Slobodzian, Man, 22, Pleads Guilty in Grays Ferry Shooting, PHILADELPHIA INQUIRER (Pa.), Apr. 6, 2010, at B02. Darran Simon, Man Charged in Camden Slayings Shot 2 Others, Police Say, PHILADELPHIA INQUIRER (Pa.), Apr. 13, 2010, at B08. Mark Spivey, Union County Prosecutors Office Gang Database Helps Investigations, MyCentralJersey.com, Mar. 29, 2010. Jeremy Walsh, Plainfield Group Wants to Open Schools in Evening as Safe Haven for Teens, STAR-LEDGER (N.J.), Aug. 13, 2010. Jim Walsh, NJ Inmate Charged Running Gang Activities From Cell, DAILY RECORD, Apr. 28, 2010. Charles Webster, 8 Charged in Drug Problem Said to Have Gang Links, ASBURY PARK PRESS, Apr. 21, 2010. Alexander Zdan, Cops Step Up Anti-Gang Effort in City, NJ.com, July 18, 2010.

Annotated Bibliography CLAIRE E. ALEXANDER, THE ASIAN GANG (2000). This book attempts to explore the complex mythologies and realities of contemporary Asian youth experience. Taking the 'gang' at its starting point, the study examines the interaction of representation and reality, ethnicity and masculinity in a textured, in-depth and personal perspective that challenges traditional views on Asian communities and identities. [Abstract] Allender, David M. "Gangs in Middle America: Are They a Threat?" FBI Law Enforcement Bulletin (December 2001): pp. 1-9. Allender presents an examination of gang history, gang migration and gang structure, along with the efforts of law enforcement to combat and prevent gangs. He offers a review of Indianaoplis, Indiania's experience with gangs to illustrate how a "big small town" in the heart of the US can become a new target for gangs from other areas of the country. David M. Allender, "Safe Streets Task Force: Cooperation Gets Results." FBI Law Enforcement Bulletin (March 2001): pp. 1-6. Allender discusses the Indianapolis IN Police Department and its cooperative efforts with the FBI and others to shut down the New Breed inner-city gang. Gang members promoted and aided many illegal activities, including drug trafficking and violence. The police department was eventually able to make numerous arrests of gang members. David A. Anderson, Note, Jail, Jail, The Gangs All Here: Senate Crime Bill Section 521, The Criminal Street Gang Provision, 36 BOSTON COLLEGE L. REV. 527 (1995).

This Note offers a framework for analyzing the constitutionality of section 603. Part I briefly examines the dynamics of street gangs and the reasons why individuals join them." Part II explains how section 603 attempted to curb gang violence, and distinguishes section 603 from the current section 521." Part III outlines the development of the freedoms of intimate and expressive association." In Part IV, this Note argues that section 603's implied criminal intent requirement likely rendered it constitutional under traditional freedom of expressive association analysis. 97 Given the close, family-like relationships within street gangs, section 603 would also have merited scrutiny under the freedom of intimate association." This Note argues that the Supreme Court would have upheld section 603 under this line of cases as well. Julie Ayling, Gang Change and Evolutionary Theory, 56 CRIME LAW & SOCIAL CHANGE 1 (2011). While most street gangs are temporary and disorganized, some have institutionalized, and a number of these show signs of evolving into more serious criminal enterprises, becoming more networked, technologically savvy and internationalized, less visible, more predatory and sometimes more violent. The boundaries that researchers have drawn between gangs and other types of criminal groups, particularly organized crime, are becoming blurred. Understanding why this is happening is crucial to planning effective responses. This article suggests that evolutionary theory, involving processes of variation, selection and replication, would constitute a valuable tool for this purpose. Using an evolutionary framework would enable the application of a longitudinal perspective to the microsocial level of analysis, the gang itself, which until now has not had as much attention as other levels of analysis in gang research. Taking inspiration from evolutionary theories in organizational sociology and economics, this article explores how evolutionary theory might be used to understand gang change and locate gangs within evolutionary sequences. It argues that adopting an evolutionary perspective will improve the capacity of law enforcement agencies to focus scarce resources where they are most needed and to plan and implement successful interventions. [Abstract] Julie Barrows & C. Ronald Huff, Gangs and Public Policy: Constructing and Deconstructing Gang Databases, 8 CRIMINOLOGY & PUBLIC POLICY 675 (2009). Research SummaryAttention to gang issues has dramatically increased in the last several decades, both in the scholarly literature and in law enforcement. Despite widespread attention to the gang problem, researchers, police officers, and lawmakers have yet to agree on definitions used to characterize and understand the problem. This article summarizes the existing literature concerning the importance of accurately defining and classifying gang members, documents and analyzes state and federal gang legislation in the United States, and provides a detailed analysis of one state's system that might serve as a useful model for other states. Policy ImplicationsSerious risks to public safety and civil liberties are associated with Type 1 and Type 2 classification errors regarding gang membership. The wide variation in state statutory definitions of gang member and in the construction and administration of gang databases presents major challenges for policymakers and academic researchers. This article addresses these challenges and argues that a more rigorous and unified system, based on one state's existing model, might be possible and could offer significant advantages in our efforts to address the delinquent and criminal behavior of gangs throughout the United States. Kerryn E. Bell, Gender and Gangs: A Quantitative Comparison, 55 CRIME & DELINQUENCY 363 (2009). Until recently, research and theory about female gang involvement remained scarce. Fortunately, a growing body of qualitative work is accumulating, describing gender differences and similarities in gang involvement and gang experiences. In spite of this growing interest in female gangs however, there remains little consensus about

the extent and nature of female gang activity. In part, this is attributable to qualitative researchers' examination of gangs in a particular city or of a particular racial/ethnic group, resulting in findings that are of questionable generalizability. Building upon this qualitative research, I draw upon The National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health, a large nationally representative sample of school-aged adolescents (aged 12-20), to address two interrelated research questions: 1) Do males and females differ in the risk factors associated with gang membership (e.g., community characteristics, parent-child relationships, associations with deviant friends)?, and, 2) Are there gender differences in outcomes associated with gang involvement (e.g., delinquency involvement and victimization experiences)? Integrating theory and research from social disorganization, social control, social learning, and feminist perspectives on crime/delinquency, I find few differences between boys and girls in terms of risk factors associated with gang membership and outcomes associated with gang involvement. Instead, my results indicate that parental social control and attachment, peer fighting, age, and race similarly influence boys' and girls' gang involvement, while being in a gang substantially increases boys' and girls' involvement in property and violent delinquency, as well as experiences of physical and sexual victimization. Bjerregaard, Beth. "Operationalizing Gang Membership: The Impact Measurement on Gender Differences in Gang Self-Identification and Delinquent Involvement." Women & Criminal Justice (June 30, 2002): pp. 79-101. Data for this study were derived from Joseph F. Sheley, James D. Wright, and M. Dwayne Smith's study entitled, "Firearms, Violence and Youth in California, Illinois, Louisiana and New Jersey, 1991." The original study examined a sample of 1,663 males and females from 10 inner-city high schools in the four States. The sample fell within four percentage points of the estimated racial and ethnic distributions of the participating schools. A self-administered survey questioned students on their gun ownership, gang membership and gang activities, criminal activities, drug and alcohol usage, and a number of related issues. The sample was almost evenly split between the genders, and it was predominately composed of minorities, with whites accounting for less than 2 percent of the sample. In order to examine the impact of the operationalization of the term "gang membership," three measures were used: an unrestricted measure that relied on the respondent's self-report of gang membership; a restricted measure that asked whether the respondent was a member of an "organized gang;" and a measure that questioned whether the respondent was a member of a gang that had engaged in one of the delinquent acts of car theft, selling drugs, gun thefts, burglary, robbery, gang fights, assaults, or drive-by shootings. An unrestricted definition of "gang membership" compared to more restrictive definitions yielded conflicting findings regarding the impact of gender on gang membership; whereas, the unrestricted measure of gang membership yielded significant gender differences, the more restrictive measure of organized gang membership produced no significant gender difference. The findings suggest the need to further address the issue of operationalization in empirical studies of gang membership, as well as to be sensitive to the potential impact this may have on gender differences reported by researchers. Collins, Geneva. "Fighting Gangs: Strategic Targeting Vs. Kitchen Sink Model." Community Links (August 2004): pp. 11-13. In L.A. where gangs are so pervasive, the police department has formed gang impact teams to manage investigations. It gives the teams autonomy to address neighborhood gang problems as they see fit. In contrast to the Loudoun County approach--cross jurisdictional partnerships, preventive measures at schools, more

teeth in state legislation. "The kitchen sink model. "Let's throw everything we've got at them.'" Gang size, ethnicity, and mobility help police evaluate thr type of violence and crime these groups will likely take up. Covey, Herbert C. Street Gangs Throughout the World. Springfield, IL: Charles C. Thomas, 2003. This book attempts to summarize much of the research being conducted in many other countries throughout the world where the gang phenomenon is currently developing. Lindsay Crawford, No Way Out: An Analysis of Exit Processes for Gang Injunctions, 97 CALIFORNIA L. REV. 161 (2009). This Comment argues that cities using gang injunctions have a constitutional and moral imperative to create a clearly defined and legally valid exit process to help inactive gang members remove their names from gang injunctions. Part I of this paper describes the current gang crisis and the proliferation of gang injunctions as a tool of law enforcement across California. Part II describes the constitutional concerns implicated by the use of gang injunctions, underlining the importance of creating an exit process. Part III discusses the practical consequences for gang members of being named in injunctions, particularly those who are not active or have never been active in a gang. Part IV considers two different models of unofficial exit processes, using Los Angeles and San Francisco as examples, as a basis for discussion of constitutional and statutory limitations on the creation of local, unofficial exit processes. The paper concludes with a discussion of the implications of these limitations for on the design of exit processes in the future. Curry, G. David and et al. "Gang Involvement and Delinquency in a Middle School Population." Justice Quarterly (June 2002): pp. 275-93. The relationship between self-reported gang involvement and self-reported delinquency has been confirmed in a number of studies. However, there have been fewer studies of the relationship between self-reported gang involvement and officially recorded delinquency. This article examines variation in self-reported gang involvement, operationalized as three distinct catergories--no involvement, gang involvement but not membership, and gang membershipand its relation to both self-reported and officially recorded delinquency for a population of middle school youths. Curry, G. David and Scott H. Decker. Confronting Gangs: Crime and Community. Los Angeles, CA: Roxbury, 2003. Focuses on such topics as, number and nature of gangs, the link between gangs and delinquency, female gangs and gang intervention strategy. Davis, Brandon et al. "Moving at Their Own Risk." The Chicago Reporter (July/August 2004): pp.8-17. The redevelopment of public housing creates new dangers. The demolition of highrises has squeezed many competing street gangs and drug dealers into tighter spaces in public housing, often with violent results. At the same time, the relocation process has stirred up territorial disputes, pitting young men with established gang and drug connections against residents from public housing, where different networks controlled the illegal drug market. Dimitriadis, Greg. Friendship, Cliques, and Gangs. New York: Teachers College Press, 2003. Focuses on the importance of "non-traditional" learning settings in the lives of disenfranchised youth, including the complexities of friendships and social networks,

the role institutions outside of school play in the development, and the influence of older community mentors.

CASE LAW (BY STATE) Federal Lanzetta v. New Jersey, 306 U.S. 451 (1939). City of Chicago v. Morales, 527 U.S. 41 (1999). United States v. Ramiriz, 297 F.3d 185 (2d Cir. 2002). United States v. D.R., 225 F. Supp. 2d 694 (E.D. Va. 2002). Dawson v. Delaware, 503 U.S. 159 (1992). United States v. Matthews, 178 F.3d 295 (5th Cir. 1999). United States v. Johnson, 903 F.2d 1084 (7th Cir. 1990). Rivera v. United States, 494 F. Supp. 2d. 383 (E.D. Va. 2007). United States v. Doe, 74 F. Supp. 2d 310 (S.D.N.Y. 1999). Washington State v. Johnson, 873 P.2d 514 (Wash. 1994). California People ex rel. Reisig v. Broderick Boys, 59 Cal. Rptr. 3d 64 (2007). People v. Rodriguez, 26 Cal. Rptr. 2d 660 (App. Ct. 1993). In re Pedro Q., 257 Cal. Rptr. 821 (App. Ct. 1989). People v. Sawyer, 63 Cal. Rptr. 749 (App. Ct. 1967). People ex rel. Totten v. Colonia Chiques, 67 Cal. Rptr. 3d 70 (App. Ct. 2007). People ex rel. Gallo v. Acuna, 929 P.2d 596 (Cal. 1997). In re Englebrecht, 79 Cal. Rptr. 2d 89 (App. Ct. 1998). People v. Cardenas, 647 P.2d 569 (Cal. 1982). Iraheta v. Superior Ct., 83 Cal. Rptr. 2d 471 (App. Ct. 1999). In re Lincoln J., 272 Cal. Rptr. 852 (App. Ct. 1990). People v. Soto, 204 Cal. Rptr. 204 (App. Ct. 1984). People v. Beach, 195 Cal. Rptr. 381 (App. Ct. 1983). In re Wing Y, 136 Cal. Rptr. 390 (App. Ct. 1977). People v. Funes, 28 Cal. Rptr. 2d 758 (App. Ct. 1994). Pennsylvania Commonwealth v. Scarfo, 611 A.2d 242 (Pa. Super. Ct. 1992). Commonwealth v. Gwaltney, 442 A.2d 236 (Pa. 1982). Commonwealth v. Mason, 518 A.2d 282 (Pa. Super. Ct. 1986). Maryland Ayala v. State, 923 A.2d 952 (Md. Ct. Spec. App. 2007). New Jersey State v. Torres, 874 A.2d 1084 (N.J. 2005). State v. Sparks, 2009 WL 1034755 (N.J. Super. Ct. 2009). Betancourt v. Town of West New York, 769 A.2d 1065 (N.J. Super. Ct. 2001). Delaware State v. Noel, 2008 WL 5160108 (Del. Com. Pl. Ct. 2008). GANG LEGISLATION BY STATE Enhanced Penalties/Sentencing ALASKA ALASKA 12.55.137. PENALTIES FOR GANG ACTIVITIES PUNISHABLE ALASKA 12.55.155. FACTORS IN AGGRAVATION AND MITIGATION ARIZONA

AS

MISDEMEANORS

ARIZONA 13-504. PERSONS UNDER 18 YEARS OF AGE; JUVENILE TRANSFER. ARIZONA 13-604. DANGEROUS AND REPETITIVE OFFENDERS; DEFINITIONS. (REPEALED JANUARY 1, 2009) ARIZONA 13-709.02. SPECIAL SENTENCING PROVISIONS; ORGANIZED CRIME; FRAUD; TERRORISM ARIZONA 13-751. SENTENCE OF DEATH OR LIFE IMPRISONMENT; AGGRAVATING AND MITIGATING CIRCUMSTANCES; DEFINITION ARIZONA 13-1805. SHOPLIFTING; DETAINING SUSPECT; DEFENSE TO WRONGFUL DETENTION; CIVIL ACTION BY MERCHANT; PUBLIC SERVICES; CLASSIFICATION. ARIZONA 13-2409. OBSTRUCTING CRIMINAL INVESTIGATIONS OR PROSECUTIONS; CLASSIFICATION. ARIZONA 13-2512. HINDERING PROSECUTION IN THE FIRST DEGREE; CLASSIFICATION.

ARKANSAS ARKANSAS 5-74-104. ENGAGING IN A CONTINUING CRIMINAL GANG, ORGANIZATION, OR ENTERPRISE. ARKANSAS 5-74-108. ENGAGING IN VIOLENT CRIMINAL GROUP ACTIVITY CALIFORNIA CALIFORNIA PEN CODE 186.22. STREET GANG CALIFORNIA PEN CODE 190.2. PENALTY ON FINDING SPECIAL CIRCUMSTANCES CALIFORNIA PEN CODE 666.7. LIST OF CURRENT SENTENCE ENHANCEMENT PROVISIONS; PROVISIONS CLASSIFIED AS SCHEDULES A TO U BASED ON LENGTH OF ENHANCEMENT. (REPEALED JANUARY 1, 2007) FLORIDA FLORIDA 921.0014. SENTENCING GUIDELINES; WORKSHEET COMPUTATIONS; SCORESHEETS (REPEALED) GEORGIA GEORGIA 16-15-4. PARTICIPATION IN CRIMINAL GANG ACTIVITY PROHIBITED IDAHO IDAHO 18-8503. EXTENDED SENTENCE ILLINOIS ILLINOIS 730 ILCS 5/5-9-1.19. ADDITIONAL STREETGANG FINE INDIANA INDIANA 35-50-2-9. DEATH SENTENCES INDIANA 35-50-2-15. SENTENCING ENHANCEMENT FOR PERSON COMMITTING FELONY OFFENSE WHILE A MEMBER OF, AT THE DIRECTION OF, OR IN AFFILIATION WITH A CRIMINAL GANGEXPERT TESTIMONY PERMITTED.