Core Network Evolution Stefan Kollar

Core Network Evolution and IPoDWDM: 40G 100G and Beyond
Stefan Kollar Consulting Systems Engineer CCIE #10668 skollar@cisco.com
2010 Cisco and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved.
OTN Technical Foundation OTN Properties and Impact on IP Layer MPLS-TP Technical Foundation MPLS-TP Forwarding and OAM MPLS-TP Deployments 40G/100G Design Considerations 40G/100G Deployment Considerations in 10G Optical Networks 100G - and beyond
Global IP Traffic Growth
IP traffic will increase fivefold from 2008 2013

IP packets will Dominate 87% Consumer Traffic Video IP Routed Services L2 Packet Services Other Services SONET/SDH Data Centre Private Line
2010 Cisco and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. Source: Cisco Visual Networking IndexForecast, 2008-2013 3
OTN Technical Foundation
Presentation_ID
Cisco Public
OTN defined a fixed hierarchy
of payloads: from OTU1 (2.5G) to OTU3 (40G). Now ODU0 (1G) and OTU4 (100G) are being added
OTN started as a pure wrapper
Frame ODU0 (coming) OTU1 OTU2 OTU3 OTU4 (coming)
Payload (OPU) 1,238,954 kbit/s 2,488,320 kbit/s 9,995,276 kbit/s 40,150,519 kbit/s 104,355,975 kbit/s
around WDM client signals to improve reach and manageability

Recently it has developed into a
complex multiplexing structure that enables a service layer as well as TDM bandwidth mgmt
The OTN Multiplexing Hierarchy

OTN Hierarchy
ODU0: ~1.22Gbps : GE ODU1: ~ 2.7Gbps : STM-16 ODU2 : ~10.7Gbps : STM-64 ODU3 : ~43Gbps : STM-256 ODU4: ~112Gbps : 100GE ODU2e:~11.1Gbps : 10GE LAN PHY ODU3e:~40Gbps : 10GE onto 40G
ODU-FLEX
Similar concept to VCATs in SONET/SDH but uses OTN containers Increments are variable (10Gbps, 1Gbps) but only one increment size per link 1.25Gbps increments is the most commonly discussed ODU-FLEX service .
ODU-FLEX Switch
ODU-FLEX Switch
TS
ODU-FLEX GMP
GFP
TS
ODU-FLEX GMP GMP
TS TS TS TS
HO ODU
TS TS TS TS
HO ODU GFP GFP GFP GFP + idles
ODU-FLEX GMP
Client
GFP Classifier GFP GFP + idles
TS TS TS
HO ODU
TS TS TS
HO ODU
Client
GMP stands for the Generic Mapping Procedure that is currently under definition in Q11
Sub-lambda HO interfaces (SONET, OTN, Ethernet, ESCON)
OTN HO Electrical Cross Connect Grooming and aggregation
Ethernet Switching Fabric
G.709 formatted signal, OTUm
Ethernet interfaces (e.g. OC-3/STM-1)
OADM / Mesh DWDM node
Multi-degree ROADM Cross Connecting Lambdas Dropping full lambdas
Supported Ethernet Service Types per G.8011.x Point-to-Point

Ethernet Private Line (EPL) Type 1 Ethernet Private Line (EPL) Type 2 Ethernet Private Line (EPL) Type 2 timing transparent Ethernet Virtual Private Line (EVPL) Type 1, 2, 3
Supported Ethernet Service Types per G.8011.x Point-to-Multipoint

Ethernet Private Tree (EPT) Ethernet Private LAN (EPLAN) Ethernet Virtual Private Tree (EVPT), Type 1, 2, 3 Ethernet Virtual Private LAN (EVPLAN), Type 1, 2, 3
8
OTN Properties and Impact on IP Layer
Presentation_ID
Cisco Public
OTN
OEO
OTN
OOO
OTN
OEO
Encapsulation and OAM&P over optical spans (G.709 transponders)
OTN
OEO
OTN
OOO
OTN
OEO
Point to Point Multiplexing (G.709 muxponders)
OTN
OEO
OTN
OOO
OTN
OEO
OTN
OEO
OTN Grooming and Switching (OEO Cross Connects)
OTN
OEO
2010 Cisco and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. 10
Individual IFs Works Cost

Channelized POS/OTN No chOTN Cost
Ethernet w/ VLANs Shaping Metrics

11
Primary Optical Path
Back Optical Path Primary Path failure
Characteristics Optical level over-provisioning : 100% IP level over-provisioning : 0% Overall over-provisioning : 100% Complexity : High need hold timers Complete IP level protection: No Span Failure IP working : Yes
Primary Optical Path
Patch Cord, transponder or router card failure IP working : No
Back Optical Path

The Contrasting Topologies

Hierarchical Solution
Physical and Logical Topology the same
Video and Internet cache End User Business Data Centre IP/TV Head End Internet Internet
L3 Routing Nodes
Business Data Centre Internet
Bypass Solution
Video and Internet cache IP/TV Head End
Internet End User Business Data Centre
OTN ODU-FLEX switch

Business 13 Data Centre
Whats the Impact at the Network Level ?

Links and Over Provisioning
1Gbps Initial Demand 10Gbps increments
Link Level Over provisioning Link Level Over Provisioning
1Gbps Initial Demand 1Gbps increments
Network Efficiency and provisioning needs to account for total number of links, traffic growth, provisioning efficiency and upgrade frequency.
OTN Technical Foundation
Network Wide Implications 100 Node network Worse over-provisioning : Links * b/w increment Network wide link upgrades = Links * Link upgrades Worse case over-provisioning =200 * 10Gbps = 2000Gbps Number network wide physical link upgrades = 200 * 0 = 0
Network Wide Implications 100 Node network Worse over-provisioning : Links * b/w increment Network wide link upgrades = Links * Link upgrades Worse case over-provisioning =5000 * 1Gbps = 5000Gbps Number network wide logical link upgrades = 5000 * 7 = 35000
14 Note : This does not take into account physical link upgrades
Photonics Bypass
Client to OEO with SR optics Transport OTN OEO Approach
Client with SR Optics

Optical Approach
Photonic
Client with Integrated Optics

Short Reach
15
Major IP demands are very large often the driving force behind DWDM upgrades Full interfaces directly to the photonic layer of NG/ROADM Intelligent DWDM system Cut-through / bypass at the photonics layer Transponder Eliminates expensive high bandwidth opti-electrical components More pronounced with 40Gbps IPoDWDM Optical and in particularand 100Gbps is the most
cost effective high
b/w inter router connection
MPLS-TP Technical Foundation
Presentation_ID
Cisco Public
16
Evolution of SONET/SDH transport networks to packet switching
driven by
Growth in packet-based services (L2/L3 VPN, IPTV, VoIP, etc) Desire for bandwidth/QoS flexibility New packet transport networks need to retain same operational
model
An MPLS transport profile being defined at IETF (in collaboration
with ITU-T)
17
IETF and ITU-T agreed to work together and bring transport requirements into the IETF and extend IETF MPLS forwarding, OAM, survivability, network management, and control plane protocols to meet those requirements through the IETF Standards Process.[RFC5317]1 ITU-T withdrawal of T-MPLS draft G.8114 in Jan. 2008.
Definition of MPLS Transport Profile (MPLS-TP) protocols, based on ITU-T requirements Note: IETF decided to support single MPLS-TP OAM solution. IETF Chair stated at IETF 79 (11/2010) and IETF 80 (3/2011) Derive packet transport requirements Integration of IETF MPLS-TP definition into transport network recommendations
1: [RFC 5317]: Joint Working Team (JWT) Report on MPLS Architectural Considerations for a Transport Profile, Feb. 2009.
18
18
18
MPLS Solution Space

ECMP MP2Pt LDP, IP
MPLS-TP Solution Space PHP default disabled
MPLS-TP Only Solution Space
MPLS-TP is proper subset of MPLS proper So far, no MPLS-TP only functionality standardized
Connection-oriented packet switching model No modifications to MPLS data plane Interoperates/interworks with existing MPLS and pseudowire control and data
planes
No LSP merging or PHP LSPs may be point to point (unidirectional, co-routed bidirectional or associated
bidirectional)
LSPs may be point to multipoint (unidirectional) Networks created and maintained using static provisioning or a dynamic control
plane: LDP for PWs and RSVP-TE (GMPLS) for LSPs

In-band OAM (fate sharing) Protection options: 1:1, 1+1 and 1:N Network operation similar to existing transport networks
See RFC 5654

MPLS-TP Forwarding Plane
Presentation_ID
Cisco Public
21
Static Bidirectional Co-routed (same forward and reverse paths) In-band Generic Associated Channel (G-ACh) Ultimate hop popping (no explicit/implicit null) No ECMP Contained within a tunnel
MPLS-TP LSP G-ACh MPLS-TP Tunnel
22
No IP routing required in control and
forwarding planes
Node will still source/terminate IP packets
(e.g. SNMP, NTP) interface
MPLS-TP
Link numbers required on each MPLS-TP Two interface configuration models

IP-enabled (uses ARP) IP-less (no ARP)
IP-enabled requires interface configuration
for
Local IPv4 address Remote IPv4 (next-hop) address
IP-less requires configuration of

Destination MAC address
Same OAM messages for IP-enabled and
IP-less interface configurations
23
MPLS-TP tunnels abstracted as Tunnel-tp
interface LSP
Tunnel holds a working LSP and a protected

Working Protect (optional)
Tunnel may be configured with a bandwidth
allocation
Tunnel operationally UP if at least one LSP
operationally UP (and not locked out) session operationally UP
Working LSP G-ACh
Protect LSP
MPLS-TP Tunnel
LSP operationally UP if OAM (Continuity Check) LSP requires static configuration of LSP label
G-ACh
imposition (output label and output link) disposition (input label)
LSP requires static configuration of LSP label LSP must be co-routed (no embedded check)
24
Same OAM functions for LSPs, pseudowires and sections In-band OAM packets (fate sharing) OAM functions can operate on an MPLS-TP network without a
control plane
Extensible framework with current standardization focus on
fault and performance management

Independent of underlying technology Independent of PW emulated service
25
IETF
Label PW Label ACH OAM Payload Label GAL ACH OAM Payload
0 0 0 1 Version
Reserved
Channel Type RFC 5085
PW Associated Channel Header (ACH)
G-ACh
PW LSP G-ACh
Generic Associated Channel Label (GAL) Associated Channel Header RFC 5586
OAM capabilities extended using a generic associated channel (G-ACh) based on
RFC 5085 (VCCV)

A G-ACh Label (GAL) acts as exception mechanism to identify maintenance
packets
GAL not required for pseudowires (first nibble as exception mechanism) G-ACh used to implement FCAPS (OAM, automatic protection switching (APS),
signaling communication channel, management communication channel, etc)
26
Before Failure
Relies on a disjoint working and a disjoint

Working LSP (Up, Active) PE1 Protect LSP (Up, Standby) P1 Working LSP (Up, Active) PE2
protect path between two nodes LSP) in revertive mode IP/MPLS
Provides 1:1 protection (only one active Functionally similar to path protection in Protection switching can be triggered by
P2
Protect LSP (Up, Standby)
During Failure
Working LSP (Down, Standby) PE1 Protect LSP (Up, Active) Working LSP (Down, Standby) PE2
Detected defect condition (AIS/LDI, LKR) Administrative action (lockout) Far end request (lockout) Server layer defect indication (LOS) Revertive timer (wait-to-restore)
P2 Protect LSP (Up, Active) P1
27
IETF
Function
Continuity Check Connectivity Verification Diagnostic Tests Route Tracing Lock Instruct Lock Reporting Alarm Reporting Remote Defect Indication Client Failure Indication Packet Loss Measurement Packet Delay Measurement
Description
Checks ability to receive traffic Verifies that a packet reaches expected node General diagnostic tests (e.g. looping traffic) Discovery of intermediate and end points Instruct remote MEPs to lock path (only test/OAM traffic allowed) Report a server-layer lock to a client-layer MEP Report a server-layer fault to a client-layer MEP Report fault to remote MEP Client failure notification between MEPs Ratio of packets not received to packets sent One-way / two-way delay (first bit sent to last bit received)
Tool
BFD BFD (proactive) LSP Ping (on-demand) New LSP Ping New New New BFD PW Status New New
28
MPLS-TP deployements
Presentation_ID
Cisco Public
29
Flexible Edge and Services Architecture

Aggregation! Edge! Core! Multiservice Core!
Static MPLS-TP Access Ethernet Access IP/MPLS Access (L2 and CE only) Pseudo-Wire Switching MPLS-TPIP/MPLS
IP/MPLS + Dynamic MPLS-TP
IP/MPLS
IP/MPLS
L3 IP Edge and Service Placement Circuit Emulation + Ethernet
Flexible IP Edge and Service Placement Agg, Edge or Core IP/MPLS in Core / Edge / Aggregation Use MPLS-TP toolbox to enhance dynamic IP/MPLS domain Variety of Access options static MPLS-TP, Ethernet, IP/MPLS Common protocols and control plane aggregation to aggregation
Centralised Edge and Transport Architecture

Aggregation! Edge! Core! Multiservice Core!
MPLS-TP Access Ethernet Access IP/MPLS Access (L2 and CE only)
IP/MPLS (L2 and CE only)
IP/MPLS
IP/MPLS
L3 IP + Services Placement Circuit Emulation + Ethernet
Centralised IP Edge and Service placement : Edge, Core IP/MPLS in Core / Edge / Aggregation Variety of Access options static MPLS-TP, Ethernet, IP/MPLS Common protocols and control plane aggregation to aggregation Ethernet Access / IP/MPLS L2 Aggregation : Widely deployed model
Centralised Edge and Transport Architecture

Aggregation! Edge! Core!
Static MPLS-TP Access
Ethernet Access Static MPLS-TP IP/MPLS IP/MPLS
L3 IP + Services Placement Circuit Emulation + Ethernet
Centralised IP Edge and Service placement - Edge, Core IP/MPLS in Core / Edge Static MPLS-TP in Aggregation Variety of Access options : Ethernet / Static MPLS-TP Common forwarding protocols aggregation to aggregation End to end transport operations using pseudo-wire switching
40G/100G Design Considerations
Presentation_ID
Cisco Public
33
Solutions for Implementing 100G DWDM

100G SR 100G lambda
OTN
100G lambdas
OTN
10G lambda 10G and 100G DWDM Coexistence

10G and 100G lambdas co-exist on same fibre Packet uses 100G, everything else 10G Advantages Only high demand clients upgraded to 100G Protects existing 10G DWDM investment Lowest cost per bit (100G TXPs>10 x10G TXPs) Disadvantages Need a guard band between 10G and 100G frequencies Not appealing in ULH environments
10G SR OTN Multiplexing

All lambdas upgraded to 100Gbps Sub-100G services provided by OTN OEO
Advantages All lambdas on a fibre are 100G
Disadvantages 100TXP investment upfront Need an additional OTN OEO All 10G TXPs are obsolete
34
40 Gig and above rates must meet minimum requirements:

Target 10 Gig distances1500 Km reach Not simply a Greenfield technology, but plug and play over existing 10Gig networks Must be as open as possible, operate over third party DWDM networks Must operate over both 100GHz as well as 50GHz spacings Power and footprint must be reasonable, can not redesign Router/ transport shelf due to blade
To achieve must leverage/control:

1. Optical Impairments 2. Modulations schemes
35
Attenuation
Loss of signal strength Limits transmission distance
Chromatic Dispersion (CD)

Distortion of pulses Limits transmission distance Proportional to bit rate
Optical Signal to Noise
Ratio (OSNR)
Effect of noise in transmission Caused by amplifier Limits number of amplifier

Polarization Mode Dispersion
(PMD)
Caused by nonlinearity of fiber geometry Effective for higher bit rates (10G)
Spreaded Pulse as It Leaves the Fiber
Four Wave Mixing (FWM)

Effects in multichannel systems Effects for higher bit rates
Self/Cross Phase Modulation
(SPM, XPM)
Effected by high channel power Effected by neighbor channels

Cisco expects 100G Deployments to: Target 10G distances1500 - 2000 Km reach Plug-and-play over existing 10Gig networks Must be spectrally efficient- 50GHz Grid Power / density / cost / performance trade off As Bit Rate increases the above becomes more challenging
Simplify deployment of 100Gig into 10Gig Systems

Transmitter
Decrease Speed reduce $$ Increase Modulation - Increase spectral efficiency Increase Optical efficiency Increase spectral efficiency
Receiver
Move from Direct Detection to Coherent detection Compensate for Optical impairments in Electrical Domain(DSP) reduce $$
Forward Error Correction (FEC)

Move to Higher coding gain FECs Increase reach
100Gig was our first challenge overcame with PM-QPSK and new FECs
Need to go slower Optical impairments are directly related to signaling rates Need to increase modulation efficiency Signaling speed decreases & Information Rate increases NRZ to ODB to (D)PSK to (D)QPSK Need to increase optical efficiency Split signal over two polarizations (PM Mod Scheme)
1 bit/symbol
1 bit/symbol
2 bits/symbol 00 01 11 QPSK
40
0 NRZ
-1 PSK
10
RX Laser behaves as Local Oscillator to provide a Polarization reference 90 Hybrid:
Converts Phase modulation in Amplitude modulation

Signal Processor:
Recovers Polarization Compensates CD and PMD electronically
41
100G PM-QPSK At and / or exceeds 10Gig System Performance
Utilizing Ciscos advanced Optics and FEC Distances up to 2000Km and beyond Operates over existing Infrastructure at both 50 / 100GHz
PM-QPSK allows 100G operation over existing and greenfield networks at 10Gig distances
40G/100G Deployment Considerations in 10G Optical Networks
Presentation_ID
Cisco Public
43
3rd PARTY DWDM SYSTEM MUST SUPPORT ALIEN WAVELENGTHS!
Alien/foreign wavelength is any 3rd party ITU wavelength operating over an existing DWDM infrastructure. G698.2 Standard for Alien/Foreign waves defines: properties for signal sources and sinks properties for DWDM links for black links (i.e. alien wavelengths)
44
Design Considerations
40G receiver differs from 10G
Noise and Impairment Limits
40G IPoDWDM Transponder (DPSK+) Launch Powers Rx Windows OSNR (.1nm) CD PMD
10G Transponder 0 dBm 0 to 23 dBm ~ 15 dB +/- 2000ps/nm 10ps

45
0 dBm 5 to 18 dBm ~ 14.5 dB +/- 750ps/nm 2.5ps
One of the biggest challengers in Poland (~350k broadband users) Implemented XR12000 core 1.5 year ago (one of the first
XR12000 production networks in the world)

BB explosion has made their traffic grow quicker than expected =>
need to upgrade main nodes

Customer A expected big CapEx/OpEx savings
46
IPoDWDM CapEx/OpEx reduction Eliminates Transponder Shelf 4:1 Capacity Savings Conducted successful tests on 40G IPoDWDM
on Warsaw -> Pozna link (614 km) link designed for 10G optical
47
100G Where are we today?
Presentation_ID
Cisco Public
48
IEEE 802.3ba: 40Gb/s and 100Gb/s Ethernet Task Force

40G and 100G Ethernet Physical interfaces for Backplane, Copper, Fiber PMDs
Ratified
IEEE 802.3bg: 40Gb/s SMF Ethernet Task Force

40G Serial PMD optimized for carrier applications
Ratified
ITU Study Group 15: Optical and Transport Networks

OTU4 frame format Single mapping for 40GE/100GE into OTU3/OTU4 OTL protocol enabling OTU3/4 over multi-lane (low cost) optics
Ratified
OIF: 100G Long-distance DWDM Transmission

Industry consolidation around a single 100G DWDM solution
Ratified
49
Customer demands are driving the need for 100Gig and beyond Video HD / 3D
Video Conferencing HD / 3D Gaming HD / 3D
Packet will dominate

28% of population connected 14% of population broadband
100Gig is deploying NOW

Content Providers Tier One SPs and MSOs
Mass deployments 2nd Half 2012 early 2013
Question is not When 100Gig? but rather What is after 100Gig?
50
Higher data rates 200Gig, 400Gig, 1T? Need to investigate other modulation techniques PM-16QAM, PM-64QAM, . or CO-OFDM ? Need deeper look at FEC Advanced FEC What other algorithms are there Need of intelligent DWDM layer Flex spectrum Control plane Advanced operations, troubleshooting and protection mechanisms
Must a channel really fit into 50GHz spacing?
Or should it be gridless?
51
Information distributed over a few Sub-Carriers spaced as closely as possible forming a 1,000Gbps Super-Channel Each Sub-Carrier transporting a lower Bit Rate, compatible with current ADCs and DSPs
|Sch(f)| 2
-200-150-100 -50 0
50 100 150 200
f [GHz]
10x 100Gbit/s SubCarriers close-to-Baud-rate spaced

Super-Channel #1 Super-Channel #2 Super-Channel #3
52
Sub-Carrier spacing: 1.2 times the
Baud Rate
Different approaches for 1,000Gb/s: CP-QPSK: 10 Sub-Carriers at 111 Gbit/s each

back-to-back sensitivity 12 dB
1.8 1.44
CP-QPSK 1.12 1.2 1.08 1.04

1.8 1 1.44
CP-8QAM: 8 Sub-Carriers at 138.75 Gbit/ s each

back-to-back sensitivity 16.1 dB
1.8
CP-16QAQM: 5 Sub-Carriers at 222 Gbit/s each

back-to-back sensitivity 19.1 dB
CP-8QAM 1.20 1.12 1.08 1.04 1.2 CP-16QAM 1.44

1.12 1.08 1.04
with subcarrier spacings
System Configuration: Span of 90km each (ITU-T G.652) Span Insertion Loss: 25dB
53
Thank you.

Core Network Evolution Stefan Kollar

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Core Network Evolution and IPoDWDM: 40G 100G and Beyond

Stefan Kollar Consulting Systems Engineer CCIE #10668 skollar@cisco.com

2010 Cisco and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved.

2010 Cisco and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved.

Global IP Traffic Growth

IP traffic will increase fivefold from 2008 2013

OTN Technical Foundation

2010 Cisco and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved.

OTN defined a fixed hierarchy

Frame ODU0 (coming) OTU1 OTU2 OTU3 OTU4 (coming)

around WDM client signals to improve reach and manageability

2010 Cisco and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved.

2010 Cisco and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved.

The OTN Multiplexing Hierarchy

GFP Classifier GFP GFP + idles

2010 Cisco and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved.

Sub-lambda HO interfaces (SONET, OTN, Ethernet, ESCON)

OTN HO Electrical Cross Connect Grooming and aggregation

Ethernet Switching Fabric

G.709 formatted signal, OTUm

Ethernet interfaces (e.g. OC-3/STM-1)

OADM / Mesh DWDM node

Multi-degree ROADM Cross Connecting Lambdas Dropping full lambdas

Supported Ethernet Service Types per G.8011.x Point-to-Point

Supported Ethernet Service Types per G.8011.x Point-to-Multipoint

OTN Properties and Impact on IP Layer

2010 Cisco and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved.

Encapsulation and OAM&P over optical spans (G.709 transponders)

Point to Point Multiplexing (G.709 muxponders)

OTN Grooming and Switching (OEO Cross Connects)

Individual IFs Works Cost

Channelized POS/OTN No chOTN Cost

Ethernet w/ VLANs Shaping Metrics

Primary Optical Path

Back Optical Path Primary Path failure

Primary Optical Path

Patch Cord, transponder or router card failure IP working : No

Back Optical Path

The Contrasting Topologies

Business Data Centre Internet

Internet End User Business Data Centre

OTN ODU-FLEX switch

Business 13 Data Centre

Whats the Impact at the Network Level ?

1Gbps Initial Demand 1Gbps increments

Client with SR Optics

cost effective high

b/w inter router connection

MPLS-TP Technical Foundation

2010 Cisco and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved.

Evolution of SONET/SDH transport networks to packet switching

An MPLS transport profile being defined at IETF (in collaboration

2010 Cisco and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved.

MPLS Solution Space

MPLS-TP Solution Space PHP default disabled

MPLS-TP Only Solution Space

plane: LDP for PWs and RSVP-TE (GMPLS) for LSPs

See RFC 5654

MPLS-TP Forwarding Plane

2010 Cisco and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved.

MPLS-TP LSP G-ACh MPLS-TP Tunnel

2010 Cisco and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved.

No IP routing required in control and