Strength Of Material Lab Report

JOB NO 7:
Perform Hardness Test on a Given Steel Sample Using Rockwell Hardness Testing Machine.
To

Test Standard:
A-273 BS-891

Purpose:
To determine the hardness of a material indirectly. To control the quality of material in the industry.

Apparatus:

Rockwell hardness testing machine Diamond core& Steel ball indenter Steel specimen

Related Theory:
I. Hardness:
Hardness is the measure of resistance of material against punching, abrasion & indention.

II.

Hardness Test Methods:

Different kinds of test are conducted to measure hardness of a material some of them are listed below; a) b) c) d) e) Rockwell hardness test Rockwell superficial hardness test Brinell hardness test Vicker hardness test Mohs hardness test

M. Naveed

DTEM UET LHR

2010-TE-60

Strength Of Material Lab Report

III. Scales:
Different types of scales are used to elaborate the hardness of a material, Mohs scale is one of them. These scales are either based on: Rational approach OR Irrational approach

Mohs scale of hardness:

A scale for expressing the hardness of solids by comparing them with ten standards ranging from talc, with a value of 1, to diamond, with a value of 10. Mohs scale gives the relative value of hardness but not accurate one.

Other Related Aspects:

Concept:
Hardness testing, which describes the resistance to deformation, is a fast and simple method to characterize the mechanical properties of materials. By using an indenter with a fixed load, the size of the indentation is proportional to the material's hardness. An indentation requires permanent deformation from dislocation slip; therefore any obstacle to slip will serve to increase hardness.

Rockwell Hardness Test (Procedure):

The penetrators for the Rockwell hardness tester range from 1/2-inch diameter steel balls to very small Diamond tips. The smaller points are used for harder materials that have a greater resistance to indentation. There is various force scales used for various materials. The Rockwell B and Rockwell C scales will be used for this experiment. The Rockwell B scale is suitable for soft engineering metals, and the Rockwell C scale is appropriate for hard engineering metals. Each scale requires a specified tip and load. The B scale uses a 1/16- inch diameter hard steel ball and a 100-kg load. The C scale uses a conical diamond point and a 150-kg load. If one examines the table in Appendix B, one will find that there is a range of tensile strengths for which there are no Rockwell B numbers and likewise a range where there are no Rockwell C numbers. In these ranges, the specific
DTEM UET LHR 2010-TE-60

M. Naveed

Strength Of Material Lab Report

Rockwell tests are not valid. To perform the Rockwell tests, the penetrator is pressed against the specimen with an initial 10-kg preload to properly seat the penetrator. The remaining load is applied gradually after the dial on the hardness tester has been zeroed. After the penetrator has stopped moving into the specimen, the final position of the dial pointer indicates the Rockwell hardness number that is related to the depth of
penetration.

HR = E - e

M. Naveed

DTEM UET LHR

2010-TE-60

Strength Of Material Lab Report Here;

F0 = minor load F1 = major load F = total load e = permanent increase in depth of penetration due to major load F1 E = a constant depending on form of indenter: 100 units for diamond indenter, 130 units for steel ball indenter HR = Rockwell hardness number D = diameter of steel ball

Observation & Calculations:

Minor Major Total Value Scale Indenter Load Load Load of E (kg) (kg) (kg)
A Diamond Cone 10 1/16 Steel Balls 10 Diamond Cone 10 50 60 100

B C

90 140

100 150

130 100

Point to be remembered:
For high carbon steel scale C is used For low carbon steel scale B is used

Sr. Indenter Specimen Scale No. Type

Load (kg) Minor Major Load Load

Hardness Mean No. Hardness

1 2 3

Low Carbon Steel

1/16 dia Steel Balls B

10 10 10

90 HR 92 B 90 HR 96 B 90 HR 92 B 93

M. Naveed

DTEM UET LHR

2010-TE-60

Strength Of Material Lab Report

Sr. Indenter Specimen Scale No. Type Load (kg) Minor Major Load Load
1 2 3 High Carbon Diamond Cone Steel C 10 10 10 140 HR 140 HR 9140 HR C C C 93

Hardness Mean No. Hardness

Limitations:
i. ii. iii. Depth of indenter should not be more than 1/8 of specimens depth. Two consecutive points should not be made/ mark very close to each other. Points should not be close to edges.

Comments:

M. Naveed

DTEM UET LHR

2010-TE-60