Astro 3 Review: Keplers Laws: Newtons variation of Keplers Law: Use when two masses (like sun and

earth) are consolated because one is so vast. Sidreal and Solar Time: 4 minute difference Lunar Phases: New moon is 6am to 6 pm (high point 12pm), increases 3 hours for every phase counterclockwise. Phases of venus observed by Galileo proved Copernicus model: you see every phase of Venus, meaning it must orbit sun. Terrestial Planets: Earth, Mercury, Venus, Mars: Jovian Planets: Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, Neptune Terrestial :metal cores, rocky crust, may or may not have geological activity small. Jovian: Many moons, large, gas cores, tons of geological activities, large moons orbiting, may be made of ice. Fast rotation, strong Coreolis effect. Why Jupiter has stripes center moves Plate tectonics: Convection cycle underneath planets, continually shift and move cause geological activity. Subduction: plates go underneath one another (sea floor crust), collision (plates to into each other make mountains), drifting apart, and fault lines. Half life dating: everything decreases by half, radioactive dating. Center of earth spins than top and bottom, spins right making Coreolis effect. Know knowledge of Earths interior from waves of earthquakes, seeing how earthquakes pass through crust. Old earth atmosphere didnt have water or oxygen, was nitrogen and co2. Photosythesis add oxygen, water was able to stay liquid and turned nitrogen into carbonate creating greenhouse effect. Can hold atmosphere unlike other terrestials, unlike some other planets because of their small size. Venus thick atmosphere, tons of c02 and nitrogen due to lack of spin and closeness to sun prevent breakdown of water, oxygen goes away with hydrogen so c02 is dominant. Heat makes out water so there is no tetonicstill volcanic activity. Mars is very thin atmosphere, no water, c02 and has dry ice at poles because of cold. Less massive, no magnetic field to hold atmosphere and solar winds tear apart. Europa is thin layer of ice under surface, large. Io is crazy geologically active moon. Ganymede largest, Callisto icy rock that has under layer of ice and water. (look up more info) Asteroid: Processed ones, (like coins insides are ionized) and unprocessed are just pure rock nothing special. Comets: coma, two tails: plasma tail with water and other tail with dust. Dust tail of comet makes meteorites, fall to earth in meteor shower. Imapct radius of Asteroids: Impact is 10 times as wide as object that created them, and 1 to 2 times as wide as the object that created them. Asteroid might have killed dinsoarues, layer of asteroid rock. Magnetic fields: the fields of Jupiter and Mars create Van Allen radiation belts, traps asteroid between to make asteroid belt. Solar wind/flares hitting earths make aurea.

Saturn rings: moved by nearby moons, might have been planet broken up, cannot form there. Orbiting: act of constantly falling, Jupiter is warmer than it should be, is contracting so creates its own energy. Mostly hydrogen, high pressure metallic hydrogen in core conducting electricity. Euristhenes measures size of earth, calculates angle and then divides by size of earth and size of angle itself. Pluto: no iron core, dwarf planet. Orbit is so crazy and irregular, tiny size, has moons, resembles a comet. Photons: energy bundles with orbing electrons. In Sun, take random paths in Sun to get out, takes million years to be released. Wiens Law: Proportinality, law of thermo radiation. Hotter something is, lower wavelength. Kirchoff Laws: Continuous: nothing blocking; Absorption light between light and planet. Emission gas puts off light Luminosity is inverse square, temperature and distance. Can find mass only if in binary. Plancks constant: find radiative energy of photon energy=constant times f All waves travel at speed of light, Stefan Laws: objects heat increases by factor of ^4 in relation to its size. Sunspots, electro magnetic cycle repeat every 11 years. 6000K outside, 15 million K interior. 11 year cycle of way electromagnetic field snaps every 11 years releasing solar wind, switches polarity. Nuclear fusion in core: 4 hydrogen, to 1 helium and 2 positrons and 2 neutrinos. Hydrostatic equilibrium: increase temp of Sun gets bigger, reactions are reduced so it cools and gets smaller. Remains the same. Still expanding as it burns fuel, as it runs out becomes red giants. HR Diagram: Temperature and Luminosity, graph. Main sequence is where most stars: lifetime of stars. Mass controls the life of the star, higher mass shorter life because of high pressure. Star cluster OBAFGT class of stars along HR diagram. White dwarfs electron degeneracy pressure, holds up white dwarfs. Neutron stars are result of massive starts, a star cant burn anymore because iron is stable and cannot burn. Same size as city, white dwarf is size of earth. Olbers Paradox: Cullins principle: Binary stars: two pairs of stars orbiting each other Escape velocity principle Last Four chapters: Big