Introduction

Pipe Flow important application

Pipe: circular cross section Duct: noncircular cross section

Piping system may contain

pipes of various diameters valves & fittings nozzles (pipe contraction) diffusers (pipe expansion) pumps, turbines, compressors, fans heat exchangers, mixing chambers reservoirs

Introduction
Typical assumptions
pipe is completely filled with a single fluid (gas or liquid) pipe flow is primarily driven by a pressure difference rather than gravity steady, incompressible flow uniform (average) flow at all cross sections Bernoulli equation is applicable

Introduction
Average velocity in a pipe
Recall - because of the no-slip condition, the velocity at the walls of a pipe or duct flow is zero We are often interested only in Vavg, which we usually call just V (drop the subscript for convenience) Keep in mind that the no-slip condition causes shear stress and friction along the pipe walls Friction force of wall on fluid

Introduction
For pipes of constant diameter and incompressible flow
Vavg stays the same down the pipe, even if the velocity profile changes
Vavg

Vavg

Why? Conservation of Mass

same

same same

Introduction
For pipes with variable diameter, m. is still the same due to conservation of mass, but V1 V2
D1 D2 V1 m 2 1 V2 m

Characteristics of Pipe Flow

Laminar vs. turbulent
Re = VD VD =

laminar: Re 2100 transitional: 2100 > Re < 4000 turbulent: Re > 4000

Recall that Reynolds number (Re = VD/) can be used to classify if a flow is laminar or turbulent. The type of flow not only depends on its velocity (V), but also its density (), viscosity () and length scale (diameter D). For pipe flow, the flow is laminar when Re < 2,100, and it is turbulent when Re > 4,000. The flow is referred to as transition flow when Reynolds number is in between 2,100 and 4,000. When a fluid enters a pipe, viscous effects due to the pipe wall will develop. The region where viscous effects are important is referred to as the boundary layer. The velocity profile, as shown in the figure, will also vary due to the growth of this boundary layer. When the velocity profile reaches a constant (i.e., velocity profile no longer changes along the pipe), the flow is said to be fully developed. The length required for the flow to reach fully developed conditions is called the entrance length (Le), and it can be determined from the following empirical relations: For laminar flow: Le/D = 0.06Re For turbulent flow: Le/D = 4.4(Re)1/6

Entrance and Fully Developed Regions

Entrance Region and Fully Developed Flow

Entrance region flow - typically between 20-120D ; depends on Re:

e 0.06 Re D e 4.4 Re1 / 6 D (laminar) (turbulent )

Fully developed flow - occurs beyond entrance region; velocity profile is independent of x
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Pipe Flow Problems

Laminar flow
Applications: blood flow, bearing lubrication, compact heat exchangers. Fully-developed flow: exact analysis possible Entrance region flow: analysis complex; requires numerical methods

Turbulent flow
Applications: nearly all flows Defies analysis

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Pressure and Viscous Forces in Pipe Flow

Entrance region
Flow is accelerating at centerline, or pressure forces > viscous (shear) forces Flow is decelerating at wall, or viscous forces > pressure forces

Fully-developed region
Non-accelerating flow Pressure forces equal viscous forces Work done by pressure forces equals viscous dissipation of energy (into heat)
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Hagan-Poiseuille Flow

Fully developed laminar pipe flow is generally known as Hagan-Poiseuille flow. The velocity profile of a fully developed laminar horizontal circular pipe flow can be derived from the Navier-Stokes Equations and is given by

The derivation details are omitted here for brevity. The assumptions used in the derivation are as follows: (a) The fluid is incompressible (D/Dt = 0). (b) The flow is steady ( ). (c) The flow is in the z-direction only (vr = v = 0). (d) The flow is axisymmetric ( ). The volumetric flow rate (Q) can then be determined by integrating the velocity profile over the cross-sectional area to yield: where p is the pressure drop across a pipe length of L and radius R. The above equation is known as Hagan-Poiseuille's law.

Friction Head Loss in Pipe Flow

From another discussion, it is known that Bernolullis equation can be applied along a streamline to analyze steady, incompressible and inviscid flow. Most flows in real practice, however, are viscous, and hence losses due to viscous dissipation (friction) are unavoidable. To analyze flow in a viscous pipe, Bernoulli's equation can be modified and applied to two sections of the pipe flow:

where p is the static pressure, V is the average velocity, z is the elevation, and hL accounts for the head loss due to friction between section (1) and (2). Based on dimensional analysis, the head loss over the length of the pipe is given by

Friction Head Loss in Pipe Flow

For a constant-diameter horizontal pipe, the extended Bernoulli equation yields
p = p1 p2 = ghL
V2 = f D 2g

Head loss due to friction:

hL

If elevations changes are present:

p = g ( z2 z1 + hL )

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where f is an empirical friction factor. The above expression is also called the Darcy-Weisbach equation. The friction factor is a function of the Reynolds number (Re) and relative roughness of the pipe (/D) as shown in the Moody chart. Typical values of the surface roughness of pipe () are summarized in the table.

 The Moody Chart actually has three main regions or sections. The first region is for laminar flow for when Re is approximately less than 2100. Then the friction factor is a a direct function of the Re, or For laminar flow: f = 64/Re The region between laminar and completely turbulent. This is when the chart is required. First determine the relative roughness number, /D, and then determine Re. Using these two numbers and the Moody Chart, estimate the friction factor, f.

In general, the friction factor is a function of Re and /D for turbulent flow. However, when Re is very high (completely turbulent flow), the friction factor becomes independent of Re, and it depends on the relative roughness only. This is the third region and as an alternative to determining the friction factor for turbulent flow from the Moody chart, it can be calculated using the correlation provided by Colebrook For turbulent flow:

Flow in Non-Circular Conduits To analyze flow in conduits with non-circular shapes, the hydraulic diameter (Dh) can be used in place of the diameter. It is defined as Dh = 4A/P where A is the cross-sectional area, and P is the wetted perimeter.

Entrance Loss in a Pipe

In addition to frictional losses, there are minor losses due to Entrances or exits Expansions or contractions Bends, elbows, tees, and other fittings Valves Losses generally determined by experiment and then corellated with pipe flow characteristics Loss coefficients are generally given as the ratio of head loss to velocity head
K= hL V2 2g or hL = K V2 2g

Abrupt inlet, K ~ 0.5

Minor Head Loss for Fitting

A piping system may have many minor losses which are all correlated to V2/2g Sum them up to a total system loss for pipes of the same diameter
hL = h f + hm =
m

V2 2g

L f D + Km m

Where,
hL = Total head loss

h f = Frictional head loss

hm = Minor head loss for fitting m K m = Minor head loss coefficient for fitting m

Example
Given: Liquid in pipe has = 8 kN/m3. Acceleration = 0. D = 1 cm, = 3x10-3 N-m/s2. Find: Is fluid stationary, moving up, or moving down? What is the mean velocity? Solution: Energy eq. from z = 0 to z = 10 m
2

V12 p1 V2 p + + z1 hL = 2 + 2 + z 2 2g 2g 200,000 110 ,000 hL = + 10 8000 8000 90 10 hL = 8 hL = 1.25 m (moving upward) hL = 32 LV D 2 D 2 32 L

V = hL

8000*( 0.01 )2 V = 1.25 32* 3 x10-3*10 V = 1.04 m / s