A) Shear force is generally related to tearing force which means,an external force are applied perpendicularly first on any

material and then it causes internal forces in the specified material.

For example,put a ruler between two table then apply a force perpendicularly downwards on the middle of the ruler. As the force applies,it will create a shear force inside the ruler. Since you are creating a force that's perpendicular to the material,the bigger force you apply to the ruler, the higher the shear force the material is going to experience in general. Please also note that shear force is an internal force, and the ruler in this case, the shear force can vary at different point in the material. A free body diagram can be drawn which represent how much shear force a material is experiencing at different point. Shear force are classified to two types which are the positive shear force and negative shear force. The types of shear force can be identified by knowing the direction of the shear turns. It is a positive shear force when it turns clockwise direction and negative shear force when it turn the vice versa way.

Based on the example given where a force are applied perpendicularly downwards to the ruler,bending will occur even the least force applied other than shear force. Thus,this bending are what we mean for Bending Moment.

Case 1 400N 2.5m 0.5m 600N 1.0m 200N 2.0m X5

L= 6.0m R1 Fy = 0 X1 X2 X3 X4 R2

R1 + R2 = 400 + 600 + 200 = 1200N (1) MR2 = 0 MCW = MCCW 6R1 = 3.5(400) + 600(3) + 200(2) R1 = 600N (2) (2) substitute into (1) 600 + R2 = 1200N R2 = 600N Shear Force

X1 R1=600N X1 Section cuts X1, 2.5> X10 FY = 0 V = R1 = 600N (CW, SF = +VE) SF = 600N

400N

X2 R1=600N
2

X2

Section cuts X2, 3>X20 FY = 0 R1 V 400 = 0 V = 600 400 = 200N (CW, SF = +VE) SF = 200N 400N 600N V

X3
R1=600N Section cuts X3, 4>X30 FY = 0 V + R1 1000 = 0 V = 1000 600 = 400N (CCW, SF = VE) SF = 400N X3

400N

600N

200N

R1=600N Section cuts X4, 6>X40

X4

X4

FY = 0 V+ R1 400 600 200 = 0 V+600 400 600 200 = 0 V = 600N (CCW, SF = -VE) SF = 600N

400N

600N

200N

X5 R1=600N R2=600N
3

Section cuts X5, L=6 FY = 0 V +600 400 600 200 + 600 = 0 V + R1 400 600 200 + 600 = 0 V=0N SF=0N

Bending Moment

X1 R1=600N Section cuts X1, 2.5>X10

M = 600X1 When X = 0, BM = 0Nm When X = 2.5, BM = 1500Nm

X1

400N
(X2- 2.5)

X2 R1=600N Section cuts X2, 3>X20 M = 600 X2 400 (X2 2.5) When X = 2.5, BM = 1500Nm When X = 3, BM = 1600Nm X2

600N 400N
(X3- 3) (X3- 2.5)

R1=600N

X3
4

X3

Section cuts X3, 4>X30 M = 600X3 400(X3 2.5) 600(X3 3) When X = 3, BM = 1600Nm When X = 4, BM = 1200Nm

200N 400N
(X4- 2.5)

600N
(X4- 3)

(X4- 4)

(X4)

R1=600N Section cuts X4, 6>X40 M = 600 X4 400(X4 - 2.5) 600(X4 3) 200(X4 4) When X = 5, BM = 600Nm When X=6, BM = 0Nm

X4

SF (N)
800 600 400 200 0 -200 -400 -600 -800 0

Shear Force Diagram

x (m)

BM (Nm)
1800 1600 1400 1200 1000 800 600 400 200 0 0

Bending Moment Diagram

x (m)

F) When shear force is decreasing, bending moment is increasing. The length of bending moment will increases as the shear force increases from negative reading value. Maximum length of the bending force are 3m long. Thus,it means that after this maximum point the potential to bend will depleted as the shear force increases. G) Based on the graph,the maximum shear force are 600N which starts from 0 and remain the same amount at 600N until 2.5m at x-axis.The maximum bending moment are 1600Nm which produces at the length of 3m long. The coordinate of the point are (3,1600).

Case 2

200N
3.5m 2m

X4 400N w=100N/m

RA

X1
L= 6m

X2

X3

RB

Fy=0 Fup=Fdown W=100N/m

M=0 Mcw=Mccw 200N (2m) + 400N (3.5m) + 600N (3m) = RB (6m) 3600Nm = RB (6m) RB = 600N RA = RT - RB RA= 1200N - 600N RA = 600N

RA + RB = 200N + 400N + W (6m) RA + RB = 200N + 400N + 100(6m) RA + RB = 1200N RT = 1200N

Shear Force

V
w=100N/m

X1 RA=600N
Section cuts X1, 2> X1 0 Fy = 0 V + W(X1) RA=0 V = 600N W(X1) (CW, SF= +Ve) SF = 600N 100X1 When x = 0, SF = 600N When x = 1, SF = 500N

X1

When x = 1.999, SF 400N

200N
w=100N/m

X2 RA=600N
Section cuts X2, 3.5 >X2 0 Fy = 0 V + 200N + W(X2) RA = 0 V= RA 200N W(X2) V = 600N 200N 100(X2) V = 400N 100(X2) (CW, SF= +Ve) SF = 400N 100(X2) When x = 2, SF = 200N When x = 3, SF = 100N When x = 3.49, SF 50N

X2

200N
w=100N/M

400N

X3 X3

RA=600N
Section cuts X3, 6 > X3 0 Fy = 0 V + 200N + 400N + W(X3) RA=0 V= 600N 200N 400N 100(X3) 8

V=100(X3) (CCW, SF= - Ve) SF= -100X3 When x = 3.5, SF = -350N When x = 4, SF = -400N

When x = 4.5, SF = -450N When x = 5, SF = -500N When x = 6, SF = -600N

V
200N
w=100N/M

400N

X4 X4 RA=600N
Section cuts X4, when L=6 Fy=0 V + 200N + 400N + W(X4) RA RB = 0 V = 600N + 600N 200N 400N 100(6) V = 0N SF = 0N

RB

RA

Bending Moment

F=W(X1) X1/2

X1 RA=600N
Section cuts X1, 2>X10 M = RA (X1) F (X1/2) = RA (X1) W (X1)2/2 =600(X1) 100(X1)2/2 When x = 0, BM = 0Nm When x = 1, BM = 550Nm When x = 2, BM = 1000Nm

X1

200N F=W(X2) X2 - 2 X2/2

X2 RA=600N
Section cuts X2 3.5>X20 M = RA (X2) 200 (X2 2) F (X2/2) = RA (X2) 200 (X2 2) W (X2)2/2 =600 X2 200 (X2 2) 100(X2)2/2 When x = 2m, BM = 1000Nm When x = 3m, BM = 1150Nm When x = 3.5m, BM = 1187.5Nm

X2

10

400N 200N F=W(X3) X3/2 X3 3.5 X3 - 2

X3 RA=600N
Section cuts X3, 6>X30 M= RA (X3) 200(X3 2) F (X3/2) 400(X3 3.5) = RA (X3) 200(X3 2) W (X3)2/2 400(X3 3.5) = 600X3 200(X3 2) 100(X3)2/2 400(X3- 3.5) When x=4m, BM= 1000Nm When x= 4.5m, BM =787.5Nm When x= 5m, BM= 550Nm

X3

400N 200N F=W(X4) X4 - 2 X4/2 X4 3.5

X4

X4 RA=600N
Section cuts X4, when L=6 M= RA X4 200(X4 2) F(X4/2) 400(X4 3.5) + RB (X4) = RA X4 200(X4 2) W(X4)2/2 400(X4 3.5) + RB (X4) =600(6) 200(4) 100(36)/2 400(2.5) + 600(0) =0Nm When x=6m, BM= 0Nm

RB=600N

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SF(N)
800 600 400 200 0 -200 -400 -600 -800 0 1

Shear Force Diagram

x (m)

BM (Nm)
1400 1200 1000 800 600 400 200 0 0

Bending Moment Diagram

x (m)
G) The maximum shear force are 600N when x=0. Whereas,the maximum bending moment are 1200Nm at 3.5m. h) It is found that in case 2,Uniformly distributed load(UDL) are applied along the beam. Thus,this causes the graph gained has slanted line at the beginning. (According to the comparison of the shear force diagram). Also,the peak point in bending moment diagram for case 1 are much more sharp than the peak point in case 2. Conclusion,the strength of a material can be determine by finding the amount of shear force and bending moment. The highest reading for each diagram (which are the bending moment diagram and shear force diagram) are the maximum shear force and bending moment which the material or object can withstand and exert. To add on it,both diagram are related to each other. Thus,to make a strong 12

material,we need to take in notice about both amount which is the shear force and bending moment amount. Supportive item can be added into or to support the material in order to strengthen it and to avoid it from exceeding its maximum point. References: 1. http://wiki.answers.com/Q/What_is_shear_force 2. http://www.codecogs.com/reference/engineering/materials/shear_force_and_bending_mo ment.php 3. http://www.optics.arizona.edu/optomech/references/OPTI_222/OPTI_222_W8.pdf

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