Professional Documents
Culture Documents
A new digital modulation recognition technique using the phase detector reliability
Paper by: Adel Metref, Daniel Le Guennec, Jacques Palicot
Submitted by: Ayaz Ali FA08-BET-140, Yasir Hussain SP09-BET-097 Instructor: Sir Noman Naseer
Submitted by: Ayaz Ali FA08-BET-140, Yasir Hussain SP09-BET-097 Instructor: Sir Noman Naseer
communicates efficiently, while avoiding interference with licensed or licensed exempt users. This alteration of parameters is based on the active monitoring of several factors in the external and internal radio environment, such as radio frequency spectrum, user behavior and network state. A cognitive radio, as defined by the researchers at Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, is "a software defined radio with a cognitive engine brain." Although cognitive radio was initially thought of as a software-defined radio extension (Full Cognitive Radio), most of the research work is currently focusing on Spectrum Sensing Cognitive Radio, particularly in the TV bands. The essential problem of Spectrum Sensing Cognitive Radio is in designing high quality spectrum sensing devices and algorithms for exchanging spectrum sensing data between nodes. It has been shown that a simple energy detector cannot guarantee the accurate detection of signal presence, calling for more sophisticated spectrum sensing techniques and requiring information about spectrum sensing to be exchanged between nodes regularly. Increasing the number of cooperating sensing nodes decreases the probability of false detection.
Decision-theoretic approach is generally likelihood based detectors, In likelihood based detectors, appropriate likelihood ratio functions of the received signal is generated based on the multiple hypotheses test and the decision is made by comparing the likelihood ratio against a pre-determined threshold. Likelihood based detectors is optimal but computationally complex. Likelihood based detectors are not robust in the presence of phase or frequency offsets, residual channel effects or other fading effects. It also assumes noise to be Gaussian while calculating the likelihood functions. Although LBa approaches provide optimal performance in the Bayesian sense (minimizing the probability of false classification), the computational complexity can make the classifier impractical in most real-time implementation scenarios, FBa methods are generally simpler to implement but achieve sub-optimal performance. However, when the features are properly chosen, FBa approaches can come close to meeting the performance of the LBa ones.
Pattern recognition methods are feature based detectors (FBD). In the FBD approach, the AMC extracts key features necessary for classification from the received signal and determines the modulation type of the transmitted signal based on those features extracted, using a decision rule. Existing methods have used cumulants, based on higher-order statistics (HOS) up to eighth-order FBD based methods are nonoptimal but very easy to implement and can achieve high probability of correct classification. FBa methods are generally simpler to implement but achieve sub-optimal performance. However, when the features are properly chosen, FBa approaches can come close to meeting the performance of the LBa ones.
For these different modulation schemes, Fig.1 plots the S-curves and normalized variances (with respect to the phase detector gain Ke) of the phase detector in the range for a signal-to-noise ratio per bit SNR = 10db.
We can see that, the reliability corresponding to the transmitted modulation scheme exhibits the largest value in the left and right segments of the neighborhood of the stable equilibrium points. Thus, reliability can be used as an indicator of the signal modulation format.
The modulation identification system depicted in above figure In the absence of information on the incoming modulation scheme, the Hierarchical Decision based Phase Detector (HDPD) introduced in is used to perform phase locking. When the phase lock state is achieved, the phase estimation error fluctuates around a stable equilibrium point, in order to lie in either one of the right or left neighborhood of the stable equilibrium point where we are sure that the value of reliability corresponding to the modulation we want to identify is maximum, we rotate the signal at the input of the HDPD with a phase shift.
The received signal splits into two, one to a HDPD and the other to the phase shift. The Hierarchical Decision based Phase Detector HDPD determines detects the phase of the signal received and then passes it to the loop filter. It is then determined that through the phase loop lock the phase of the signal with the error. No decision threshold is involved in this algorithm. In z-domain the singnal is passing and then the shift in the phase occurs. Then the signal adds up with the original received signal and it is passed to the phase shifter. It is then passes to the CDPD. The Decision based Phase Detectors (CDPD) detect the phase of the system and identify the modulation scheme. Any identification scheme for example 64-QAM, 16-QAM, 16-APSK or 8-PSK etc is identified.
In the block diagram, the DDS, Direct Digital Synthesis (DDS) is a method for generating a desired waveform (such as a sine wave) by using the technique described in Figure 1 below.
Quantized samples of a desired waveform are stored in the memory of the microprocessor system. This desired waveform can then be generated by "playing out" the stored words into the digital-to-analog converter. The frequency of this waveform is determined simply by how fast the stored words are read from memory, and is thus programmable. Likewise, the phase and amplitude of the generated waveform are programmable. The DDS technique is replacing analog circuits in many applications. For example, it is used in higherpriced communication receivers to generate local oscillator signals. It can also be used to generate sounds in electronic pipe organs and music synthesizers. Another application is its use by lab instrument manufacturers to generate output waveforms in function generators and arbitrary waveform generators. Loop Filter is a low-pass filter, which may be a simple RC filter or may include an amplifier, and which passes the original modulating frequencies but removes the carrier-frequency components and harmonics from a frequency-modulated signal in a locked-oscillator detector Phase-locked loop or phase lock loop (PLL) is a control system that generates an output signal whose phase is related to the phase of an input "reference" signal. It is an electronic circuit consisting of a variable frequency oscillator and a phase detector. This circuit compares the phase of the input signal with the phase of the signal derived from its output oscillator and adjusts the frequency of its oscillator to keep the phases matched. The signal from the phase detector is used to control the oscillator in a feedback loop. Frequency is the derivative of phase. Keeping the input and output phase in lock step implies keeping the input and output frequencies in lock step. Consequently, a phase-locked loop can track an input frequency, or it can generate a frequency that is a multiple of the input frequency. The former property is used for demodulation, and the latter property is used for indirect frequency synthesis.