ORIGINS of the Cold War Definition: a period of indirect confrontation between the two remaining superpowers, Soviet Union

and United States. They fighted against each other through proxy wars (Vietnam & Korean) where one of the two wars Yalta + Potsdam Truman Doctrine Berlin Blockade Czechoslovakia Korean War Cold War I 1945: End of WWII directly related. Hungary Berlin Wall Cuba Missiles Crisis Prague Spring Vietnam Confrontation 1953: Death of Stalin SALT Treaty European confrontation Middle East End of Vietnam War Dtente 1959: Dtente Solidarity Glassnot + Perestroika Tiananmen Square Fall of Berlin wall Cold War II 1979: Afghanistan 1991: collapse of the USSR

Factors to increase tension: USA and USSR had developed the atomic bomb End of the European powers: France and Great Britain had lost their power o Lost colonial power o Military & politically were weak USAs constant position on the international affairs (no more isolated position) Imperialist war between USA & USSR (end of decolonization) Historiography: studies the different ways in which one problem can be addressed. 1. Traditionalists/Orthodox school: blame the USSR to justify capitalism, therefore it is mainly from the US & UK. Its very simplistic (doesnt take into account many causes) 2. Revisionists: blame the USA for the Cold War but the real aims was to blame the USA for the Vietnam War. Its origin was mainly US and it also was simplistic 3. Post-Revisionists: blame neither America or Soviet Union because the Cold War started based on mutual misunderstanding. There is no settled opinion.

4. Post 1991. 1945-1949: Yalta & Potsdam Truman Doctrine (Comecon) Berlin Blockade Korean War Bi-polar world Meetings in 1945-1949: Percentage Agreement (division of Eastern & Southern Europe into two spheres of influence) Atlantic Charter (USA & UK agreed to peruse a post-war world free from totalitarism) Conferences: Yalta (February 1945) o Objective: draw up a plan of action for the occupation of defeated Germany. o Leaders: Stalin (compensation in Eastern Europe) Churchill (preserve its pre-war status & keep its empire) Roosevelt (get the UK & USSR to join against war in Japan) o Outcome: Division of Germany was agreed (divided into four zones; Germany, Berlin, Austria and Vienna) USSR became a member of the United Nations & gained sphere of influence & agreed to enter war with Japan. Potsdam (August 1945) o Leaders: Stalin (keep the sphere of influence from Yalta & win concessions) Truman (get USSR to join war with Japan & free elections in Poland) Churchill (free elections in Poland & assuming USA had the same objective as in Yalta) o Results: USSR kept its sphere of influence No free elections in Poland USSR entered war with Japan. UN (United Nations) -1948 Objectives: Peruse common and mutually agreed policies Peacekeeping Stabilize Europe and World Establish post-war & co-operation Lacked independent military force Five Permanent Members were given veto power in order to secure the most powerful countries so they could prevent actions.

o Permanent Members: USA, UK, France, USSR and China.

Two Blocks Soviet o Sphere of influence: Eastern Europe o Policies: Warsaw Pact (1955-1991 alliance. 8 communist states, state friendship, co-operation and mutual assistance. Include Albania, Bulgaria, Czechoslovakia, GDR, Hungary, Poland, Romania and Soviet Union: AntiAmerican Government) Berlin Blockade American o Sphere of influence: Western Europe o Policies: NATO (Anti-Soviet Agreement) Marshall Plan (offered countries within Europe, including the USSR the possibility of receiving USA loans and grants to help rebuild USA lend money) Truman Doctrine (USA would provide economic and military assistance to Greece and Turkey in order to avoid the spread of communism) Policy of containment (USA stated that it would do what it could to prevent the spread of communism beyond it reaches) Germany Divided into zones Berlin blockade Creation of FRG (Federal republic Germany (USA) Democratic Republic (Soviet) Nature of Cold War: 1. Ideology : Communism Well-being of the state Community development Individual in its society were subordinated to the goals of the state.

+ GDR (German

Capitalism Individual freedom Individual development Individual have right to choose their own government

Individual should oversee the economic life of a country Both : progress & democracy 2. Power Struggle: a. USA: moral obligation to incorporate other people into its institutions and governments because they are desirable. b. USSR: desire for security desire to expand into Eastern Europe in order to avoid future invasions.

3. Sphere of influence: Bi-polar world a. Warsaw Pact (Anti-American Government) East b. NATO (Anti-Soviet Agreement) West Marshall Plan (Europe countries relayed completely on the financial support form the superpowers these economic institutions became political policies) Comecon (Russian or American response to the Marshall Plan) Expansion outside Europe: USA: o Latin America o Monroe Doctrine (USAs involvement) to guarantee peace & security in the region USSR: o Asia (Korea, China, Vietnam) Middle East: USA : supported Israeli USSR : supported Arabs Dangerous Relations: Korea: the leader rejects USSRs reforms saying it would de-stabilize him & afterwards the dictatorship was support by America China: Mao bombarded two islands without consulting the USSR therefore the USA threatened to use nuclear weapons in order to stop Mao. Aggressive Actions: USA : Monroe Doctrine (involvement in Latin America) USSR: Brezhnev Doctrine (involvement in Eastern Europe) Korean War: example of a conventional war. Japanese Invasion (1910): Once Japan surrender and evacuated their troops, there was an issue in order to the way Korea would be organized and administrated.

Spheres of influence after WWII (1945): Korea was divided along the 38th parallel and occupies the territory until it was ready for political independence. Division of Korea North communist Leader: Kim Il-sung Republic South capitalist Leader: Rhee.

Synagman

1948: USSR created Gives evidence how it USA created Republic of Democratic Peoples would be impossible to Korea. Republic of Korea. unity both parts with (DPKR) UN Help. USA evacuates its troops leaving South Koreas defence to it own military group. Due to the withdraw of Secretary of State American forces Kim (Dean Acheson) desired to invade the declared USAs beliefs South and persuade that Korea wasnt part Stalin that the South of their sphere of would like to join the influence. DPKR. 1950: Kim invaded and United States appealed taking Souths to the UN. UN agreed to government and army take military action by surprise. North army against the aggressive occupied most of their North Korean forces. 15 peninsula. countries agreed to send troops to defend South Korea, majority of troops were American. After this manoeuvre, UN forces lead by North forces were taken MacArthur. Plan: by surprised and lost surprise attack at the ground to the UN army port, near Seoul. & lost control over the south & reached the Yalu River, Korean border with China. Lead to war with China total war Once the UN forces crossed the 38th parallel, the policy of containment believers, agreed that the UN forces should have not gone beyond that border. MacArthur was planning an attack on the Chinese army. Agreed that it was not the objective of the United States to attack China. Chinese volunteers crossed the Yalu River and launched a counterattack against the UN/American forces. Successful, the UN army was taken back to the south. UN forces had technological superiority the Chinese and North Korean was outnumbered. Mao involved, providing unlimited number of volunteers to defeat the UN army. MacArthur threatened with the possibility of nuclear weapons. 1951: USAs priority was to drive the communist forces behind the 38 th parallel. MacArthur was unhappy about the limited war as he wanted a total war. Truman, president, released MacArthur from his position claiming that the military must obey the orders of the commander-in-chief. Trumans decision angered both American citizens and politicians. Public opinion was frustrated by a limited war incurring high causalities and be unable to portray themselves as winners against the communist. The conflict in Korea was named as Trumans war.

Stalemate: 1953: North and South Korea agree to surrender at more or less at the 38th parallel because troops were not able to move any further. Assessment of Korean War: first mayor proxy war in the Cold War. Decision made by nuclear power to limit wars. United States followed their policy of containment while the Soviet Union remained officially neutral to prevent direct conflict. Impacts of Korean War: human cost, major war and geopolitical aspect. Human cost: large number of causalities: 30,000 American soldiers 500,000 South Korean civilians 780,000 North Korean and Chinese soldiers and civilians Mayor war: big consequences Geopolitical aspect: Korea was in a strategist point: North: China (rise in power) North East: USSR (communist) East: Japan (capitalist) The Non-Aligned Movement Crisis the Middle East and the emerging of the Non-Aligned Movement. Africa and Asia were resisting of being drawn into the bi-polar world. 29 countries participated in the Asian-African conference in April 1955, where they agreed the creation of the Non-Aligned Movement. Third world countries that had become independent very recently. Objectives: Resist colonialism and imperialism Promote Afro-Asian co-operation. Primary leaders: Nasser (Egypt), Tito (Yugoslavia), Nehru (India) and Castro (Cuba) Suez Crisis: 1 cause: USA stopped funding the Aswan High Dam project, which Nasser considered to be fundamental to the development of Egypt as an economic power. Give evidence of the decline in France and Great Britains power and an increase in United States power. Response: 26th July 1956, Egyptian army nationalized the Suez Canal (Red Sea & Mediterranean) and blocked the Straits of Tiran. British and France demanded a return of the canal to its ownership, Nasser refused. Both countries aligned with Israelis, convincing them to take action against the Egyptians. October 29th, Israeli army invaded the Sinai Peninsula and occupied the territory. Israeli plan was to secure the canal and the Brittan and France would come in order to restore peace and reoccupy the territory. Matter taking into the UN who proposed to withdraw of Israeli troops. Worlds oil was transported through the Suez Crisis. United States had stated no desires to military intervene. 1 outcome: November 4th 1956, UN resolved to send an emergency force to the Middle East to stabilize the situation. This action created the Blue Helmets (UN forces that are dispatched to conflict areas to help keep the peace). 2 outcome: Suez Crisis was called the Eisenhower Doctrine (idea that the USA would use force to stop imminent or actual aggression against the USA. This doctrine gave war-making powers to the US president). USA would

provide assistance to Middle Eastern countries to prevent the spread of communism and Soviet influence in the area. Suez Crisis accelerated decolonization and was done because UK and France had lost their power. Non-Aligned Movement: Nasser was able to use and manipulate the tension between the USA and the USSR to achieve success to Egypt. Actors Nasser France & Great Britain Israel USA United Nations 1. 2. Actions USA stopped funding Aswan Dam. Nasser nationalized canal. France, Great Britain and Israel create a plan to recover the canal. UN sent troops to stabilize the situation. USA does not support France and Great Britain. Outcome UN: Blue Helmets USA: Eisenhower Doctrine (Middle East) Egypt: kept Suez Canal. Nasser becomes hero. Cold War: Nasser victory anomaly that USA did not protected France and Great Britain.

3.

4. 5.

Death of Stalin, 1953. After Stalin death, Khrushchev and other Communist leaders desired to show that the both foreign and domestic policies were changing. Hungary Uprising October 23rd 1956, Hungarian students revolted inspired by the Polish who had protested and successfully achieved differences. Students provided a list of demands. Desired for freedom and civil rights as well the departure from Hungary Soviet troops and also the return of the leader Irme Nagy, a reform communist who had been expelled. Nagy was named prime minister. Nagy wanted democracy and neutrality. Desired to establish communism as the only ideology. USA accepted by doing nothing. Nagy appealed to the UN in order to recognize Hungary as neutral and democratic state. Lack of support from UN members. UN decided to remove Soviet troops from Hungary but this measure was vetoed by the countries involved in the Warsaw Pact and also some countries of the Non-Aligned Movement. Couldnt actively intervene as it lacked support from its members. Afterwards, Nagy will be executed and Hungary will be taken over against by the Soviet Union. HOW DID THE HUNGARIAN UPRISING THE SUEZ CRISIS AFFECT THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE COLD WAR? Hungary uprising: Confirmed Soviet dominance over their sphere of influence. It was clear that the USA would not intervene in Soviet sphere of influence since it did not want a direct confrontation with the USSR. USA respected USSRs sphere of influence and the Soviets did the same with the Americas sphere of influence, this is what leads to a stalemate in Europe (both superpowers would start fighting their proxy wars outside Europe) Suez Crisis: creation of the Eisenhower Doctrine, gives evidence of USAs attempt to help contain the spread of communism and Soviet

influence in the area. The USSR was victorious in the event because Nasser was able to succeed with Soviet support and this would encourage other closer countries to follow the example. The Congo Crisis 1960-1964 Role of individuals: Patrice Lumumba: prime minister of the democratic republic of Congo (elected by the people) Joseph Kasavubu: president of the democratic republic of Congo (elected by the senate) Moise Tshombe: leader of Katanga and had support by European powers Mobutu Sese Seko: chief of staff of the ANC Katanga: independent state rich in uranium and industrial diamond. Dag Hamerskold: secretary of the UN and refused to help Lumumba. Republic of Congo Independence (1960) New Government: a newly independent country that lacked a unified government, battling to remove a foreign influence and attempting to achieve some degree of stability. Violence: army rebelled against its authorities and revenged upon the remaining Belgian and European residents. Katanga: resources (60% worlds uranium and 80% industrial diamonds) were found there to be important to the superpowers. INTERVENTION: USSR: provided Lumumba in his new government established in Stanleyville weapons and protection. UN: troops would not take sides until one of the belligerents fired open them. Lumumba accused UN of defending the Europeans. Mobutu: arrested Lumumba and then killed him. POSSIBILITY OF A CIVIL WAR: Agreement: but Thsombes faction agreed to accept a government under Cybrille Adula. Change in UN action: gave the forces the right to use force and fight against Katangas forces. Katangas decision: join the rest of the country. Berlin Crisis Khrushchev demanded an end to four-occupation of the region. Threaten to turn East Berlin against the East Germany government. The Soviet Leader believed that this action would increase tension in Western states, therefore would withdraw their forces and leave Berlin to the communists. Other power refused, Khrushchev attempts the possibility of using nuclear weapons. His idea was disposed as he believed Berlin was not worth the use of a nuclear war. Needed to do something in order to stop the flow of people from East to West. 2.7 million East Germs had left 30 000 moved from East Berlin East German Leader, Ulbricht, suggested the possibility of building a wall as a deterrent. This idea was vetoed by he communists. August 12-13th 1961, East Germans created a wall, first with wire and then replaced by concrete with guards, who had the order to shoot anyone.

The Cuban Missiles Crisis Cuba has risen to power with two clear promises to his people: Improve the social welfare of the population Rid Cuba of the neo-imperial dominance of the USA Castro from the beginning wanted to stay away from American interests but his social and economic programs were depleting and he needed money. Decision was to accept Soviet oil but the USA refused to accept to refine the oil therefore Cuba response was to nationalize all American-owned refiners. Eisenhower builds the training of anti-Castro exiles to attempt to overthrow the Cuban Regime. April 1960 Bays of Pigs (15 000 exiles landed on a beach head and attempted to dig in). Plan was dependent on popular support. The Plan was a disaster for Cuba and USSR, but it convinced communist states USAs determination to oust Castro. Decision to install nuclear weapons in Cuba. USSR afraid and uneven in nuclear weapons. American U2 spy plane flying over Cuba photographed sites that were easily identified as ballistic missiles. USA wanted to dismantle the weapons and the Soviets wanted the protection of Cuba from further invasion and a withdrawal of US nuclear weapons from Europe. USA blockaded Cuba, in order to avoid violation an international law, called it quarantine, while at the same a time a Soviet ship was heading to Cuba. Nuclear non-proliferation treaty was signed to prevent the spread of nuclear weapons in other parts of the world. A period of more peaceful coexistence began, Dtente. Assessment of Cuban Missiles Crisis: reflects the determination of Kennedy and Khrushchev to avoid nuclear confrontation. Notion of peaceful co-existence triumphed and war was avoided. Superpowers with the concept of Mutual Assured Destruction (MAD Theory the theory claims that if any either side of the Cold War engaged in a nuclear war, the response from the other side would lead to the destruction of both powers), as well found that nuclear deterrence (military strategy by which a power accrues as many weapons as they possibly can that no power would risk going to war against it) was far stronger than the idea of nuclear war. Warfare and proxy wars remained the methods by which the Cold War was fought. Vietnam War (1959 1975) Divided along the 17th parallel: North Communist (Hanoi) South Capitalist (Saigon) Communist: Conventional army (large units sent against South Vietnam & US troops) Capitalist: Rely on air superiority and fire power, involving ground force, artillery and airstrike Viet Cong: Communist group within the South which fought guerrilla war. Later joins the North Army Long term causes: Laos, Cambodia & Vietnam part of Indochina Indochina conquered by France

WII Japanese control Indochina France runs affairs in Indochina, but the ultimate decision/power resided in Japan. Instability gave way to the rise of Viet Minh (Army of People) lead by Ho

Chi Minh, aligned with the communist. 1945 September Minh declared the independent democratic republic of Vietnam After WII Allies decided to give back the control of Indochina to Vietnam. 1 Indochina War (1950) DRV support by USSR Non communist nations recognized Bao Dai as the ultimate leader of France USA supported the French forces. France lost in Dien Bien Phu (1954) and the independence of Laos, Cambodia & Vietnam was decided (imperialism) Fear of the Domino Theory (Cold War) o COLD WAR VS IMPERIALISM Short Term Causes: Peace treaty. Vietnam divided along the 17th parallel., civilians had the opportunity to choose sides while elections 1,000,000 Northern fled to the South based on fear where they found US assistance and refugees. South blocked the opportunity of going north, fearful of a communist victory. North Democratic Republic of Vietnam President: Ho Chi Minh Socialist state: land reform Redistribution of land. To accomplish it around 800 class enemies were executed and their land taken. Atheist South Emperor: Bao Dai President: Ngo Dinh Diem Capitalist state Authoritarian state which decreases in popularity based on its regime, violent Catholic

Two main trigger causes that explain the US entering Vietnam: Peoples War unite Vietnam under the leadership. Construct a road form North to South that would cross neutral Laos & Cambodia. National Liberation Front giving the military wing of the communist a voice in the South Vietnamese politics. USA Domestic Policy: Support for the Vietnam War makes it easier for the government to send in troops.

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Johnson policy of Rolling Thunder was, in part, due to Republican pressure. Loss of support for the war due to televisation of the combat (Tet Offensive) Anti war manifestations: this makes escalation more difficult and lowers the morale of the soldiers (1968) Division of hawks and doves USSR Domestic Policy: Change in leadership from Khrushchev to Brezhnev: Soviet support for North Vietnam against USA makes it difficult for the US to win China Domestic Policy: SINO SOVIET Sends in material support to North Vietnam SPLIT Anti air-craft and engineers and stationed troops on the border. Sino-Soviet Split: Marxist-Liniest ideologies were followed by both countries (ideologies) Stalins cult of personality appealed to Maos leadership style (Stalinization) 1950: Treaty of Friendship (military alliance and Soviet economic aid in China. Split: Chinese accused to Soviets of deviation (peaceful coexistence) from Marxist principles = destalinzation Khrushchevs secret speech condemned Stalinism and this angered Mao 1956 (criticizes Chinas policies no more modernization) 1969: border class between China and USSR in the Ussuri River. o Nationalist interests (territory- power) US-CHINA Relations Distance: US perceived the communist world as monolithic (one block) US remained loyal to the Nationalist Government in Taiwan. US support for Nationalists during the PRCs bombing over Matsu and Quemoy. Rapprochement: President Nixons visit to mainland China in 1972. Shangahi communiqu: one China-policy (recognize Mao as the only leader in China) 1971: PRC became a member of the UN Security council. At president, the PRC is the main trading partner of the USA Changes in American policies in the Vietnam War. KENNEDY: Assistance to Diems regime. Contaminant of communism in Vietnam.

INCREASE IN MILITAR POWER 11

Fear of the Domino Theory and the context of the Cold War. USA defended an autocratic regime, which was a contradiction of their democratic ideology. Unsuccessful, Diem was overthrown. JOHNSON: Military intervention. Containment of communism in Vientam. Operation rolling thunder (massive aerial bombing of Ho Chi Ming Trial and communist areas) south, industrial and military areas in the north. Internal pressures: o Johnson did not want to appear weak against communism. o Johnson wanted to take advantage of the transition in power in the USSR. (Khrushchev to Brezhnev) o Fear of the support for Ho Chi Minh in the South. o North Vietnamese attack on American Vessels: Tonkin Resolution (both houses of the US congress agreed to support the president to take all necessary measures to repeal any armed attack against the forces of the USA and to prevent further aggression) This measure gave Johnson far more reaching powers in Indochina, including the power to send troops and to determine when assistance to South Vietnam should cease. Unsuccessful: Viet-Cong held support in the South. Change in American public opinion (Tet Offensive: turning point. Communist forces decided to launch a military assault on US and South Vietnam troops. North Vietnamese with the help of the Viet Cong attacked the five mayor cities of South Vietnam) NIXON: Vietnamization and traditional diplomacy. South Vietnamese to take leadership in war against North Vietnam. USA to withdraw gradually until November 1973. Peace talks between USA and North Vietnam. Anti-war protests (USA). Rapprochement with China and solving the problem that Vietnam had become. Nixon Doctrine: USA would still support non-communist places. North Vietnam took over South Vietnam. Final USAs troops withdraw May 1975. Laos and Cambodia fell into communism. Vietnamization was unsuccessful.

AMERICAN PERSEPCTIVE: VIETNAM WAS A FAILURE

Dtente: 1969 1979

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Definition: period of relaxation between the two superpowers in 1970. Provided a window of opportunity to reduce international tension, limit the nuclear arms race and create links across the Iron Curtain. 1969 USA & USSR (mutually assured destruction: MAD theory (parity in nuclear capability in this way pushing the world to a possible nuclear war) Fear of war: o USA & USSR o Unbalancing the economy of the USA & USSR USSR Change in leadership (Khrushchev to Brezhnev (+dictatorial) Peaceful Coexistence (USA gave the USSR the products they lacked off) as the USSR faced incredible economic problems due to a failure of the 5 year plan) Lack of technology & light industries USA Army = industrial (economic interest) US change public opinion after Vietnam War re-evaluation of US power in the world. High inflation after Vietnam War Reduce military costs to improve American lifestyle Negotiation rather than confrontation (Game Theory predict what the other opponent will do, explains cooperation) Plans of social reforms due to the military spending Both powers were affected by the increased armaments China Sino-Soviet breakdown (China & USSR break relationship) Khrushchev lacked relationship with Mao (when announced Peaceful Coexistence Mao was not consulted, Mao felt insulted) = Sino-Soviet break. 1964 China developed atomic bomb and had become one more superpower = mulit-polarity One more superpower = increase in possibility of a nuclear war = more fear = + negotiation China better relation with USA USSR feared the relation Europe Brandt (West German Foreign minister) saw stabilization of European relations as essential to the whole continent. o Created Ostpolitik Eastern Policy: Encouraged link across East-West divide French cooperation with Romania Dtente represented: More cooperation than confrontation Represented a change in the tactics of the superpower conflict rather than an end to the Cold War. BEFORE DTENTE = CONFRONTAION

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DTENTE = NEGOTIATION Achievements of Dtente: US-USSR relation: o SALT (Strategic Arms Limitation Treaty) attempt to negotiate treaties on nuclear weapons. Limitations of future nuclear weapons. o Salt Treaty signed in May, agreement reached in three different areas: ABM Treaty (Anti-ballistic missiles) are missiles against a nuclear weapon. USA & USSR agreed to have only two missiles, one for their capital and the other to protect their nuclear missiles. Intern Treaty limited the number of ICMBs (Intercontinental Ballistic Missiles) and SLBM (Submarine launched Ballistic Missiles). MIRVs was not included. MIRV are new technological developments carried multiple warheads on a single missile Basic Principles Agreement settled important rules for the behaviour of nuclear warfare. Minimize the development of a nuclear war. Encourage cooperation. Trade was encouraged, hoped to do, intention to be respected. SALT treaty (each power had enough nuclear weapons to destroy each other. Highlighted the desire for cooperation. Nevertheless the nuclear weapons were not limited. MIRVs was not included, and there was still a possibility of a nuclear war) o Helsinki Agreement (1975) recognition of the European border, trade & technology exchange around the Iron Curtain. Recognized both spheres of influence, finally west gained the concessions they had tried to gain from the USSR. Also respect human rights in the East. o SALT II set equal limits for missile launchers and strategic bombers (FAILURE). Three different presidents tried to reduce USSR missiles and all failed. US-CHINA relation: o 1972: Nixon visited China o Advantage better relationship o Disadvantage: UN accepts People Republic of China (Mao) as the Universe Representative in the Security Council European Dtente: Ostpolitik West & East Germany united o Strengthened: East-West relations USSR domination over Eastern Germany o Oder-Neisse Line Accepted border between Poland & Germany Accepted border between East & West Germany o Basic Treaty (1972)

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West Germany officially accepted East Germany and was willing to increase trade links between the two.

Assessment Dtente achieved a better relation between super powers and risks were minimized Dtente did not reduce tension in all international relations o USSR China had a high tension still USSR extends its influence such as Iran, Angola and Afghanistan Detente braked in 1979 because of it fragility. USA & USSR believed Dtente would work to its own interests. Dtente represented not the end of the Cold War instead fighting it through other means. Collapse of Communism in USSR: Khrushchev Era - Cuban Missiles Crisis Brought benefits and promotions and reasonably well paid jobs. Lower classes were privileged. Education and literacy rates were more important. System was rigid and over centralized. Improve life quality. Private inefficient services, industry and agriculture to be owned by the state. (Yeltsin & Gaidar) Brezhnev Era: 5 years (1977-1982) Personality cult Keep elite happy and on his side. Economic terms: Increase war economy (production of armament) Incentives Slow growth New production & technology Dependence on US wheat Military hardware Anti-ballistic missiles Centralised Power Abolishing of press censorship (Prague Spring) Brezhnev Doctrine: intervention of government in countries within the sphere of influence, only if socialism was in threat. Workers in better position, unemployment was low, improvement in life quality. Personal freedom was limited, anti-Stalin were not published. Peaceful coexistence. Androp & Cherenkov Androp: head of secret police & desire to modernize USSR & encourage decentralization to increase production (economic reform) Cherenkov: conventional Gorbachev: re-revitalize the country Modernizing Main factors to collapse the Soviet Union: Dtente, China, withdraws from Afghanistan and End of Cold War.

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Believed system was too centralized. command economy o State ownership o Industry (armament & heavy industries) o No production of consumer goods = shortages Wanted communism with more democratic means

Gorbachevs aims: modernize and reconstruct Russia by introducing new economic, political, social policies; glassnot and perestroika. Glassnot: openness (less censorship = increase in opposition) Foreign intervention Open Door Policy (trade with West Europe) Human rights (encourage critics less to the Party) Allowed criticism Political events were televised News reporting more freedom Aims of less censorship: Use media to portray the inefficient of previous governments Educate public opinion (in favour of the government) Search support for the new policies Perestroika: recon structuring (destalinize and modernize Russia) Failures of economic streamline and misunderstanding of the nationality problem. Achievements: Eastern Europe countries free and independent Desire to end Cold War Change political and economic measures to better ones Freedom of speech (glassnot) Acted peacefully Foreign policies were successful Restore freedom to the people Military expansion Reforms in two areas; Party and economy. ELITE : did not support government. Economic terms: Small scale industries (competition to the inefficient services given by the state in order to have a rapid improvement) Co-orpartivisim Job alternative Law of State Enterprise o Increase industrial production o Decrease agricultural production Social terms: Increase opposition (due to less censorship) Social discontent Political changes:

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1987: democracy within the party (Member of the Parliament were elected by the people instead of being chosen by the communist Party) 1988: Dramatic changes. Supreme Soviet Congress of Peoples Deputies (whom job was to elect a new Supreme Soviet of 450 members) which was the new working parliament. Elections 1990: Gorbachev becomes president of USSR

Why went wrong? Communist Party Divided o Radicals o Extreme change o Yetlsin (Gorbachev supported) o Conservatives Gone to far and party is danger of losing control o Ligachev

o Law of State Enterprises o Law of State Enterprises (taxes dependent on exportation therefore exported to the West = USA; capitalist) Factories exported more expensive products In this way more money is printed = INFLATION o Shortages Strikes, Miners Strikes below poverty line Nationalist pressures o Glassnot and perestroika allowed countries within sphere of influence more freedom. In this way it had a negative effect as Gorbachev lost power and influence. Religious conflict o Lithuania, Latvia, Estonia (3 countries declared independency) Confrontation between Gorbachev and Yeltsin o Yeltsin (desired trade based economy) capitalist ideas o Gorbachev: emphasize the idea of a more democratic organization Gorbachev looses power o Countries want independence. Gorbachev conference with 15 republics. Persuaded them to make another union when being more independent from Moscow. Vice-president makes a coup against Gorbachev. o 1) Communist Party weakened & Gorbachev resigned o 2) Yelstin apparent hero and created free market economy = collapse of communism in USSR. o 3) Yelstin creates new union (Common Wealth of Independent States) which meant an independent economy who worked together in economy and defence matters)

1991: COLLAPSE OF COMMUNISIM IN USSR = END OF THE COLD WAR

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1. Yalta and Potsdam 2. Korean War 3. Non-Aligned Movement 4. Suez Crisis 5. Hungary Uprising 6. Death of Stalin 7. Berlin Blockade 8. Cuban Missiles Crisis 9. Congo Crisis 10.Vietnam War 11.Dtente 12.collapse of USSR

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