Chemical formulae and Equations 1. Calculate the number of atoms in a) 0.

5 mol of carbon

b) 1.2 mol of oxygen gas

c) 3.2 mol of carbon dioxide gas

2. A sample contains 6.02 X 1025 molecules of water. How many moles of water in the sample?

3. Find the number of mole of hydrogen gas containing a) 3.01 X 1024 hydrogen molecules

b) 6.02 X 1023 hydrogen atoms

4. A beaker contains 0.1 mol of zinc chloride a) Calculate the number of moles of chloride ions in the beaker

b) Find total number of ions in the beaker

5. A container contains 1.806 X 1023 of oxygen molecules. A sample of 0.5 mol of oxygen gas is added
to the container. How many molecules are in the container?

6. How many calcium ions are there in a serving of cereal that contains 0.007 mol of calcium ions?

7. Given 1 mol of hydrogen gas and 0.7 mol of sulphur dioxide, which one has more atoms?

8. Calculate the mass in gram, of each of the following a) 0.3 mol aluminium

b)

2 mol sodium nitrate

c)

6.02 X 1024 nitrogen molecules

9. How many moles of atoms or molecules are there in a) 5.6 g of water b) 1.5 g of glucose

10. Calculate the volume of following gases at room temperature. a) 0.3 mol of oxygen gas

b) 18.25 g of hydrogen chloride

c) 1.806 X 1023 molecules of ammonia

11. 3 dm3 of unknown gas has a mass of 6.0g at room temperature. Find the molar mass of the gas.

12. 1.12 dm3 of hydrogen gas and 1.12 dm3 of oxygen gas are mixed together in a close container.
What is the total mass of the gases in the container?

13. Calculate the percentage composition by mass of nitrogen in urea, CO(NH2)2.

14. The empirical formula of ethanoic acid is CH2O. Given that its molar mass is 60g mol-1. Find the molecular formula

15. Hydrogen peroxide decomposes to form water and oxygen gas. Calculate the volume of oxygen can be obtained from the decomposition 34g of hydrogen peroxide.

16. Balance the equation below. Ag2CO3 Ag + CO2 + O2 Find the mass of silver carbonate is required to produce 10 g of silver.

17. 16 g of copper (II) oxide is reacted with excess methane to form copper, carbon dioxide and hydrogen gas. Find the mass of copper that is produced.

18. The following reaction is not balance. Na2SO4 + BaCl2 Ba2SO4 + NaCl a. Identify the reactants and the products of the reaction. . .. b. Balance the equation ...

c. Calculate the number of moles of sodium sulphate that react completely with 2.08g of BaCl2.
d. Calculate the mass of barium sulphate formed when 1 mol sodium sulphate reacted with 1 mol of barium chloride.

EMPERICAL AND MOLECULAR FORMULAE.

Empirical formula Chemical formula Molecular formula

Compound

Empirical formula

Molecular formula

Calculation. 1. 3.2 g of oxygen combined with 14.2 g of chlorine to form a compound. Determine the empirical formula for the compound. 2. When 14.4 g of copper oxide is reduced by hydrogen gas, 12.8 g of copper metal is obtained. Determine the empirical formula of copper oxide.

3. It is found that a g of metal M combines with 9.6 g of oxygen to form a compound with the empirical M2O3. Determine
the value of a.

4. X g of metal M combines with 1.20 g of oxygen to form MO2. What is the value of X. ( R.A.M of M = 207)
5. 3.44 o of oxide metal P contains 1.6 g of oxygen. What is the formula of the oxide of the metal P? ( P; 46 )

6. 11.2 g of metal M combined with 21.3 g of chlorine to form a compound with the empirical formula MCI3.
Determine the relative atomic mass of M. 7. Boric acid is used to preserve prawn and fish. Chemical analysis shows that it contains 4.8% hydrogen, 17.7% boron and the rest is oxygen. Determine the empirical formula of boric acid

8. The molecular formula and relative molecular mass of an oxide metal are M2O3 and 102. Calculate the relative atomic
mass of metal M. 9. A sample of compound (relative atomic mass : 42 ) derives from petroleum contains 3.3 g carbon and 0.5 g hydrogen. What are the empirical formula and molecular formula of the compound?

10. Tobacco contains nicotine. Chemical analysis of the compound shows that nicotine contains 74.1 % carbon, 8.64 % hydrogen and the rest is nitrogen. a) The empirical formula of nicotine. b) If the relative molecular mass of nicotine is 162, what is the molecular formula?

11. A gaseous hydrocarbon X contains 65.7% carbon according to mass. 2.1 g of gas X occupies a volume of 1.12 dm3 at
standard temperature and pressure. a) Determine the empirical formula of gas X. b) Determine the relative molecular mass of gas X. c) What is the molecular formula of gas X? Relative atomic mass: H, 1 ; C, 12 ; 1 mol gas occupies a volume of 22.4 dm3 at s.t.p )

1.

Figure 1 shows the set-up of apparatus in an experiment to determine the empirical formula of an oxide of metal X using the reaction the reaction between hydrogen gas and the oxide of metal X. The result obtained are as follows Mass of empty crucible =23.43g Mass of crucible + oxide of metal X before heating =134.93g Mass of crucible + metal X before heating =126.93g a).State the hypothesis of this experiment b) State the variables

ice oxide of metal X dry hydrogen gas

heat colourless liquid

c) Hydrogen can be prepared in the laboratory. Write an equation involved. d) Complete the diagram to show how to dry the hydrogen gas e) i. What is the liquid collected in the petri dish? ii. Suggest a test to show that the liquid is pure. iii. Write a chemical equation to show how the liquid is formed. f) State how you can confirm that the oxide of metal X has reacted completely? g) Why it is necessary to pass the hydrogen gas for several minutes before heating the oxide of metal X? h) After the reaction is complete, hydrogen gas is allowed to continue flowing until the apparatus is cool. Why? i) i. Calculate the number of moles of metal X combined with 1 mole of oxygen atom. ii. What is the empirical formula of the oxide of metal X? iii. Write the equation to show the reaction between oxide metal X and hydrogen gas. lid 2. Figure 2 shows an experiment to determine the empirical formula of oxide metal M. The result obtained are as follows Mass of crucible + lid =25.00g Mass of crucible + lid + metal M =27.40g Mass of crucible + lid + oxide M =29.00g a).State the hypothesis for the experiment. b) State the variables

metal M heat

crucible

c) In the experiment, the crucible must be covered when metal M is being heated. Why? d)The crucible lid must be opened and closed from time to time while metal M is burning. Why? e) How can you ensure that all the metal M is completely burned? f) Calculate i..mass of metal M and oxygen that have reacted. ii. number of moles of metal M and oxygen that have reacted iii. Write the empirical formula for the oxide of metal M. g) Give another example of a metal oxide whose empirical formula can be determined by the same method. 3. The relative atomic mass of four elements W, X, Y, Z are 23, 40, 35.5, and 16 respectively. Element W and X are metals

whereas element Y and Z are non metals. Base on these information, answer the following questions. a) i. What is the meaning of relative atomic mass of an element? ii. Name the instrument that is used to determine the relative atomic mass of mewly discovered element? b) If the molecule of element Y is diatomic, what is the mass of 3.0 X 1023 molecules of Y? c) In an experiment, 4.0 g of element X reacts with 7.1 g of element Y to form a compound. Determine the empirical formula of the compound. d) Calculate the number of atoms in i. 4.6g of element W ii. 8.0 g of element X iii. 14.20 g of element Y e) If the molecule of element Z is also diatomic, calculate the number of molecules in i. 3.55g of element Y ii. 4.0g of element Z f) What is the similarity between 40g of element X and 32g of element Z? g) For each of the following determine the empirical formula of the compound formed. i. 0.1 mole of the compound formed from W and Z has a mass of 6.2g. ii. 0.1 mole of the compound formed from X and Z has a mass of 7.20g. 2. Solve the following problems a) When hydrogen sulphide gas is passed through a copper(II) sulphate solution. Copper (II) sulphide precipitate is is formed according to the following equation. CuSO4 + H2S CuS + H2SO4 i. If excess hydrogen sulphide is used, calculate the mass of copper(II) sulphide that precipitates when the solution containing 8 g of anhydrous copper (II) sulphate is used. ii. Calculate the percentage by mass of copper in the precipitate formed. b) When heated , a nitrate salt of metal M with the formula M(NO3)2 decomposes according to the equation below. 2M(NO3)2 2MO + 4NO2 + O2. If 18.3g of the nitrate salt is completely heated , calculate i. the mass of the residue formed. ii. the total volume of gases released at s.t.p c) An oxide of metal M is represented by the formula MxOy. If 14.6g of the oxide of the metal M is reduced by hydrogen gas, 12.2g of metal M is produced. i. Determine the value of X and Y in the formula of the oxide. ii. Write a balanced chemical equation for the reduction reaction of the oxide of metal M. 3. Figure 3 shows the set-up experiment to determine the formula of carbon dioxide. The result obtained are as shown below. Before experiment dry oxygen Mass of tube A + content =85.42g gas Mass of beaker B + content =165.26g Mass of tube A + content =81.18g Mass of beaker B + content =200.80g a) Why must dry oxygen gas be used? carbon tube A

heat beaker B sodium hydroxide solution

b) Why is oxygen gas allowed to flow through the apparatus when the reaction is completed? c) How do you determine whether the carbon dioxide is completely absorbed by the sodium hydroxide? d)Calculate the mass of carbon and oxygen have reacted in tube A CHEMICAL FORMULAE AND CHEMICAL EQUATIONS 1. The chemical formula for some covalent compound

Covalent compound

formula

Covalent compound

formula

Covalent compound

formula

2.

The chemicals formulae for ionic compounds -Ionic compound consists of ______________________________ and _______________________________ -Ionic compound is always electrically neutral Therefore the total of _________________________________________________________ Cation Cation Anion

3.

The formulae of ionic compound Ionic compound Formula

Ionic compound

Formula

Ionic compound

Formula

4. Chemical equations Chemical equation represents a chemical reaction Eq; Sodium hydroxide + hydrochloric acid

Sodium chloride + water.

It is quicker to use symbol and chemical formula to represent the reactants and the products NaOH + HCI NaCI + H2O Steps in writing a chemical reaction. - write the correct formula of reactants and products - balance the equation - make sure the number of atoms of each element before and after the reaction is the same. - state the physical state of reactants and products. (s, l, g, aq ) a) Balance the equation of the reactions below. Sulphur dioxide and oxygen produces sulphur trioxide.

b) Potassium hydroxide and sulphuric acid produces potassium sulphate and water c) Burning of propane in air produces carbon dioxide and water.

d) Reaction between iron powder and chlorine gas produces iron (III) chloride. e) f) Decomposition of zinc nitrate on heating will produce zinc oxide, nitrogen dioxide and oxygen gas. Reaction between magnesium and oxygen to form magnesium oxide.

g) Reaction between nitric acid and sodium carbonate h) Aluminium metal with oxygen i) Ammonium chloride with calcium hydroxide

j)

Sulphuric acid with magnesium metal.

k) Ammonium sulphate heated with sodium hydroxide. Solving Numerical problems using chemical reactions. 1. Decomposition of hydrogen peroxide produces water and oxygen gas. When 0.02 mole of hydrogen peroxide decomposes a) Write the balance equation of the reaction

b) Calculate the mass of water formed. c) 2. Calculate the volume of oxygen gas evolved at room condition. Calculate the maximum mass of ion obtained when 20g of ion (III) oxide reacted with carbon.

3. Methane burns in air to produces water and oxygen gas. Calculate the mass of methane burned if 4.8 dm3 of carbon
dioxide produced at room temperature. 4. The chemical name for baking powder is sodium bicarbonate. When sodium bicarbonate is heated, it decomposes to sodium carbonate, carbon dioxide and water. a) Write the chemical reaction.

b) If 1.2 g of sodium bicarbonate is heated, calculate the volume in cm3 of carbon dioxide produced at s.t.p.
5. 10 g of excess copper (II) oxide powder is reacted with 0.1 mole of sulphuric acid to produce copper (II) sulphate and water. a) Write a balance chemical equation for the reaction b) Calculate the excess copper (II) oxide left after the reaction. c) 6. 7. 8. Calculate the maximum mass of copper (II) sulphate formed.

1.6 g of magnesium oxide is reacted with excess dilute nitric acid. What is the maximum mass of magnesium nitrate formed in this reaction. Calculate the number of carbon dioxide molecules released when 31 g of copper (II) carbonate is heated until the reaction is complete. a) Write the balance chemical equation between lead (II) nitrate solution and sodium iodide solution. State i. Quantitatively ii. Qualitatively the information that you can derive from the equation. b) Why is carbon 12 (12C ) used in the determination of relative atomic mass of an element and relative molecular mass of a substance. c) Using suitable examples, explain the meaning of empirical formula and molecular formula of a compound.