Dedicated to the honourable and ever magnificent memories of the following encouraging and enthusiastic Mentors of the Rajshahi

University Zoological Society: Late Professors M. Mustafizur Rahman & M. Altaf Hossain-1 And Retired Professors M. A. Quayum & M. Sayedur Rahman

On the eve of celebrating Silver Jubilee (19822006) issue of our Journal and its existence through passionate and patient endeavours and humble services for the cause of Science, we, on behalf of the present Editorial Board, would like to congratulate and thank all the past Editorial Board Members, Contributors, Reviewers, Editors (Executive and Associate), Printers and Servers

Univ. j. zool. Rajshahi Univ. Vol. 25, 2006. pp. 3-10

ISSN 1023-6104
Rajshahi University Zoological Society

Eco-ethology of the common langur Semnopithecus entellus (Dufresne) in Bangladesh

M. Farid Ahsan1 and M. A. Reza Khan2
Department of Zoology, University of Chittagong, Chittagong 4331, Bangladesh
1

Corresponding author; 2Dubai Zoo, Post Box No. 67, Dubai, UAE Abstract: Eco-ethological aspects of the common langur (Hanuman) Semnopithecus entellus (Dufresne) were studied between July and September 1981 in the rural areas of Keshabpur Police Station, Jessore, Bangladesh. Three bisexual troops were monitored for 355 hrs for determining group-size and composition, age-sex relationship, and other ecological and behavioural features. The average group-size was 13.67+0.00 in July and 14.67+1.33 in September. Of the major diurnal activities viz., rest, move, sit, social groom, self groom, play and feed, the Hanumans spent maximum time in sitting (44.32%). Dyad behaviour of the Hanumans and their relationships with other animals including man has been described. Hanumans used more than 60 species as food plants of which 43 were identified. They mostly ate vegetative plant parts (74.88%), thus indicating their folivorous nature. The welfare of the Hanumans has also been dealt with. Key words: Common langur (Hanuman), Semnopithecus entellus, ecology, ethology, Bangladesh

Introduction The common langur or Hanuman Semnopithecus entellus (Dufresne) (=Presbytis entellus) is a common roadside as well as forest dwelling primate in India but in Bangladesh it is found only in the open wooded villages and not in the forest (Khan & Ahsan, 1981a; Ahsan, 1984). Different authorities studied Hanumans abroad (Sugiyama, 1964, 1965a, b, 1966, 1967; Sugiyama et al., 1965; Hladik, 1977; Oppenheimer, 1977; Roonwal & Mohnot, 1977). In Bangladesh, Akonda (1976) and Bhuiyan (1977) studied the activity pattern of the Rhesus macaque (Macaca mulatta). A few workers studied the activity patterns of other primate species in the country (capped langur: Islam, 1979; Islam & Husain, 1982; Stanford, 1989; Kabir, 1991; crab-eating macaque: Khan & Wahab, 1983; hoolock gibbon: Ahsan, 1994; pigtailed macaque: Feeroz, 1999). But work on Hanumans are scanty and mostly done on the status and distribution, and food and feeding habits (Khan, 1981, 1984, 1985; Khan & Ahsan, 1981a, b, 1986; Ahsan, 1984; Ahsan & Khan, 1984; Faizuddin, 1984). Due to rapid transformation of natural habitats into human settlements, agricultural plots and industrial complexes, the Hanumans have virtually disappeared from their former range in Bangladesh. Only a few troops are still left in small and isolated pockets of greater Jessore and Kushtia (Khan & Ahsan, 1981a; Ahsan, 1984). Here we report various aspects of the Hanumans including the groupsize and composition, age-sex relationship, activity patterns, food plants used and attitude of the local people towards them. Methods and Materials Study Area: Keshabpur is a Police Station under Jessore District (22o54N and 89 o13E) and a deltaic wide alluvial plain between the Hoogly and the Padma

rivers. It comprises an area of about 259 km2 with about 570 people per km2 (Bari, 1979), and there are about 25 villages or village clusters of which only five are inhabited by the Hanumans. The maximum summer temperature in June varies from 24o to 33o C. The mean lowest temperature was 11o C in January. The annual rainfall varies from 1,524 mm to 1,752 mm and the average RH is 78% (Bari, 1979). The coconut (Cocus nucifera), betel nut (Areca catchu), date palm (Phoenix sylvestris), mango (Mangifera indica), debderu (Polyalthia longifolia) and jackfruit (Artocarpus heterophyllus) are the important plants. The mangrove species ora (Sonneratia acida) mainly grows along the bank of the Harihar river that cuts across the Keshabpur market into two parts. The river receives tidal water from the Sundarbans mangrove forest, the southwest corner of Bangladesh. The chief agricultural crops of the area are paddy (Oryza sativa), jute (Corchorus spp.), wheat (Triticum sp.), sesamum (sesamum indicum), pulses (lentil [Lens culinare], pea [Pisum sativum], gram [Cicer aritinum], chick pea [Lathyrus sativus]), tomato (Lycopersicon aperculella), potato (Solanum tuberosum) and betel-leaf (Piper betel). The group-size and composition, age-sex ratios and relationships have been determined on the basis of fieldwork conducted between July and September 1981, when three bisexual groups were monitored. The Hanumans were categorised into adult males, adult females, juveniles and infants (Southwick et al., 1961a). The activity patterns of the troops were recorded through scan sampling methods (Altmann, 1974) on focal animals. Different activities performed by the Hanumans were noted at set time of 5 min intervals. Usually 4 to 10 individuals were recorded in each scan and 3 to 12 scans were made in each hr, and the maximum scans were 151 in a day. During July

Ahsan & Khan

1981, data were gathered from 0600 to 1800 hrs with almost no or little break. In August and September, data were collected from 0600 to 1800 hrs with an hour break generally between 1200 and 1400 hrs. All data were gathered through direct observations. A pair of 1050 mm binoculars was used in this work when needed. The following activities were considered for the present study (Clutton-Brock, 1974). Rest: Leaning or setting down its body against a branch or an object, or lying down or sleeping. Move: Locomoting, it was sometimes difficult to decide whether a young (juvenile or infant) was moving or playing; when the movement was sporadic or non-directional it was recorded as playing. Sit: Not moving, resting either on its arms or legs but observing its surroundings. Social groom: Actively scratching, picking up parasites, debris or fur of another one or itself being groomed by another individual. Self-groom: Doing active grooming or scratching itself. Play: Chasing, wrestling, stalking, pulling, running or hanging from branch of a tree. Feed: Active manipulation of a potential food source, ingesting or masticating food. As the Hanumans are normally static when feeding, the act was recorded as moving when the individual was simultaneously moving and masticating. Results and Discussion The studied troops (groups) were named as Saha Para Troop (SPT), Baliadanga-Brahmankathi Troop (BBT) and Madhyakul-Ramchandrapur Troop (MRT) after the name of the villages they occupied (Table 1). There were also other troops living in the neighbouring villages. Table 1. Observation details on the Saha Para Troop (SPT), Baliadanga-Brahmankathi Troop (BBT) and Madhyakul-Ramchandrapur Troop (MRT) of Hanumans
Troops SPT BBT Study period Days Hours 46.35 55.30 56.35 43.35 Scans 555 666 675 505 Observations* 3,817 4,505 4,167 2,680 8,063 2,233

Size, composition and age-sex ratio of the troops: In July, the average group size of the troops was 13.67+0.00 with 7.32% adult males, 60.68% adult females, 13.87% juveniles and 19.51% infants, whereas in September, it was 14.67+000 with 9.09% adult males, 54.55% adult females, 9.09% juveniles and 27.27% infants (Table 2). The present findings varied appreciably from that of Khan & Ahsan (1981b). This variation was due to the fact that the two work were different in nature. The other reason being that a few Hanumans were lost when intermixing of members of two nearby groups occurred twice during the study period. On the other hand, in the last week of September, traditional trappers trapped two females from SPT that also changed group size and composition. On September 15, BBT came face to face with another non-studied Ramchandrapur troop. Finally through intermixing, the group size and structure were changed appreciably which in turn changed the composition and age-sex ratios. Similar phenomenon happened on the 17 September between the MRT and the Ramchandrapur troops. Though no clear explanation for the inequality in the sex ratios for the Hanumans is immediately available, Chi-square (2) test was done to see whether variation of the observed result from the expected one (1:1 ratio) was large enough to be significant. All the dyad age-classes except infant-juvenile and adult female-young of July and adult female-young and adult-young of September were significantly different, that is, did not follow 1:1 ratio (Table 2). In unimale and male dominant societies such inequality is possibly used. Social behaviour: During the study period the following dyadic relationships were recorded: Male-male: All the three studied troops were unimale bisexual, although during July a sub-adult male, a juvenile male and an infant male were present in the SPT, BBT and MRT, respectively. In the later part of September the SPT sub-adult almost acted as an adult male when there was a short intermixing. The troop leader later on took over the charge once the intermixing period of about an hour was over. The relationships between males ranged from peaceful, even cooperative association to slightly agonistic. When the older male attempted mating or was engaged in mating the emerging adult male sometimes disturbed him by chattering. At that time the older one either grinded teeth or chased the junior male. Similar phenomenon occurred in the case of the juvenile male also. Male-female: The relationship between this dyad was normally peaceful and cooperative during daily activities. Generally females groomed males, but at the rare moment male also groomed female and rarely he

20.7.81 to 24.7.81 5 23.8.81 to 27.8.81 5 25.7.81 to 29.7.81 5 9.8.81 to 12.8.81 4 31.8.81 to 14.9.81 14 21.9.81 to 24.9.81 4 (An isolated male near it) 12.8.81 37

MRT

125.00 1,427 26.35 319

BBT Total

1.50 15 355.00 4,152

15 25,480

* Number of Hanumans sighted in each scan

Eco-ethology of the common langur in Bangladesh

embraced her. The other strong bond was sexual. Usually estrous females approached male, but he denied such act more than 50% times. Copulation occurred infrequently during estrous period. One male copulated with one to three females a day, and if disturbed by other females, or others, the attempted copulation increased to

seven or more times a day. Each mating lasted for 5 to 15 seconds. Occasionally male attacked female(s) by teeth grinding or hand beating, which occurred mostly when they were on a common food source, possibly as a part of competition for food.

Table 2. Troop-size, structure, composition and age-sex class of three troops of Hanumans in July and September 1981. SPT= Saha Para Troop; BBT=Baliadanga-Brahmankathi Troop; MRT=Madhyakul-Ramchandrapur Troop
Troop names Troop size Males SPT BBT MRT Mean +sd SPT BBT MRT Mean +sd Month July 19 11 11 13.67 +4.62 17 13 14 14.67 +2.08 1 1 1 1 +0.00 2 1 1 1.33 +0.58 Adults % 5.26 9.09 9.09 7.32 Females 11 7 7 8.33 +2.31 9 6 9 8.00 +1.73 % July 57.89 63.64 63.64 60.68 September 11.76 7.69 7.14 9.09 52.94 46.15 64.29 54.55 2 2 1.33 +1.15 Age-sex class ratios Infant:Juve 1:0.63 (0.692ns) 1:0.33 (4.00*) 11.76 15.38 9.09 4 4 4 4.00 +0.00 23.53 30.77 28.57 27.27 1 2 2 1.67 +0.58 5.27 18.18 18.18 13.87 6 1 1 2.67 +2.89 31.58 9.09 9.09 19.51 Juveniles Young % Infants %

Ad.male:Ad.fem. 1:8.33 (17.286**) 1:6 (14.286**)

Ad.fem.:Infant 1:0.32 (8.758**) 1:0.5 (4.00*)

Ad.fem.:Young 1:0.52 (3.789ns) 1:0.67 (1.6ns)

Adult:Young 1:0.46 (5.489*) 1:0.57 (3.273ns)

September

Figures in parentheses are 2 values; *=P<005, **=P<001, ns = not significant

Male-young: The relationship between adult male and young (infant or juvenile) was fairly neutral, but the former sometimes attacked the latter at feeding times. Playing between male-infant and male-juvenile, and sex-play in male-juvenile were each observed on one occasion. Sometimes, when one or more females were grooming the adult male, the juveniles also joined in the grooming cluster. Female-female: Among the females the relationships were usually positive. Moving, feeding, and resting together, social grooming, embracing and greeting each other were common among them. They, however, did not share food, though most of them did so with infants of different mothers. Agonistic behaviour like teeth grinding or hand beating were also observed infrequently. Female-infant: The strongest and most persistent bond existed between female and infant. Generally females carried the infants during group progression. Infants also moved behind or followed mothers movement, ate with mother and took rest at mothers lap or chest. Before sleeping, the infants sucked mother or they were

groomed and nursed by the mothers. They were playful too. The females rarely punished the infants like pulling the infant by tail or gave hand-beating if disobeyed. Once in a while, the infant tried sex-playing with mother. Female-juvenile: Juvenile is independent from the mother, but the relationship among them is cordial and cooperative. Occasional greeting and embracing indicated that a filial relationship (kinship) persisted between mother and juvenile for a long time. Sometimes unsuccessful or brief mating was observed between adult females and juvenile males. Infant-infant: This relationship was rather a playful, which is a time spending task for infants. The common forms of playing were chasing, jumping, wrestling and mounting, running, climbing, grasping, etc. Sex-play and copulation were also infrequently observed. Juvenile-juvenile: Within juveniles playing through chasing, wrestling, sex-playing and copulation were observed. Mounting, embracing and greeting were also common phenomena among them.

Ahsan & Khan

Juvenile-infant: This relationship was generally playing through chasing and wrestling. Juveniles gave more opportunities to the infants for playing. Sex-play rarely occurred. Relationship between groups: Though the home ranges of the three studied troops did not overlap, they were not peaceful. When a fourth troop, the Ramchandrapur one, crossed into the home ranges of BBT and MRT, on two separate occasions, they fought each other. Usually fight occurred between the leader males of the troops. These fights consisted of display jumps, shaking of the branches and vocalisation. Such a threat worked and the intruding male withdrew himself first, followed by the other troop members. Relationship with other animals Birds: Most of the time one ignored the other. Once a black-capped kingfisher (Halcyon pileata) attacked a juvenile Hanuman when it climbed on an ora tree (Sonneratia acida) where the bird was resting. On another occasion three pariah kites (Milvus migrans) attacked an adult male while he was sitting on top of a shimul tree (Salmalia malabaricum). These attacks were not very determined ones. Usually when a bird came nearer to a Hanuman, the latter chased it. Mammals other than man: Just on sight the pariah dog usually chased the Hanumans when they were on ground. They climbed on tree at once. Other mammals like cats and cattle showed an apathetic attitude. The Hanumans were seen to avoid the banyan trees (Ficus benghalensis) supporting roosts of flying fox (Pteropus giganteus) numbering several hundreds to a thousand per tree, but they showed a liking for not such occupied banyan trees. Man: The Hanumans usually ignored the village folks inattentive to them, but they feared the strangers. At the beginning of the present study they avoided the authors and their helper. Later on, they allowed close observations. When the Hanumans raided crop fields, vegetable gardens, betel-leaf vines and fruit orchards the villagers chased them away from crop raiding. The point to be noted here is that the survival of the Hanumans of Keshabpur almost entirely depends on the Hindu population of the area. They worship the Hanumans and hence more tolerant to their presence. It may also be mentioned here that the Hindu population of Dhaka City has given similar supports to the Rhesus macaque population of the city. Social, cultural, and religious attitudes of humans influence primates populations in India (Southwick et al. 1961a, b; Southwick and Siddiqi, 1968), and also in Bangladesh (Green, 1978; pers. obs.).

Activity patterns Time spent in different activities: A total of 25,480 observations in 4,152 scans were spread over 355 hrs in 37 days (Table 1). The proportion of time spent in different activities by the three studied groups is presented in Fig. 1. It varied significantly between the groups (2-tests, P<0.001). Despite inter-group variations, the three troops, on an average, spent 6.16% (rest), 16% (move), 44.32% (sit), 7.1% (social grooming), 1.19% (self grooming) 11.23% (play) and 14% (feed) of their active time in different activities (Fig. 1).
50

SPT (n=8,273)
40

BBT (n=6,857) MRT (n=10,305) All (n=25,480)

Time spent (%)

30

20

10

0
Rest Move Sit Soc. gr. Self gr. Play Feed

Activities

Fig. 1. Proportion of time spent in each major activity by three groups of common langur. Age/sex variation in activity pattern: The differences in the activity budgets of the male, female and juvenile classes were highly significant both in intra-group and inter-group comparisons (2-tests, P<0.001; Table 3). All the comparisons, e.g., the rest activity of males of the three groups, the move activity of the females of the three groups, etc., were significantly different (P<0.05 0.001, df=2) except for the cases: rest of juveniles, and self grooming of males and juveniles, and play of females. On average all group members spent maximum time in sitting, then moving and feeding are very close to each other in each age/sex classes of the remaining activities, the male spent more time in resting and the female in grooming. Infant spent major time in playing (almost same period as in sitting); juvenile also spent a substantial amount of time in playing, while this time for male and female is negligible. These sorts of variations in-group members are probably due to multiple interrelated reasons. The possible important ones are: male has to keep control over the group, defend harem and territory, so he has to be on top of a tree to keep eyes around. On the other hand he used to eat faster and also enter into a food source first than other members. So he gets better quality food for his nutritional requirements within a short time. Infant

Eco-ethology of the common langur in Bangladesh

Proportion of time spent (%)

spent less time in feeding, grooming and resting because it used to suck mother frequently and take rest on mothers lap, which are not included in feeding and it also used to receive grooming from other members. So, it spent major time in playing as time spending task for refreshment and social development. Juveniles also spent substantial amount of time in playing, as the partner of the infants, mostly initiated by the latter. Daily activity pattern: The hour-wise activity pattern in a day was calculated from total data and the results have been presented in Fig. 2 as a proportion of time in each activity. Overall time spent in different activities in each hour of the day varied significantly (2-tests, df=6, P<0.001) and for each group each activity differed significantly between different hours of the day (2-tests, df=12, P<0.001). It also varied significantly between different activities for each group in each hour of the active period (2-tests, P<0.001). The Hanumans spent maximum time in a diurnal

activity was sitting (44.32%) and minimum time in resting (6.16%) (Fig. 1), and their activity patterns also varied in different hours of the day (Fig. 2).
100% 90% 80% 70% 60% 50% 40% 30% 20% 10% 0% 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18

Feed Play Self gr. Soc. gr. Sit Move Rest

Hours

Fig. 2. Daily activity pattern of three groups of common langur

Table 3. Differences in the activity budgets of different age-sex classes.

Group Age/Sex Time spent in different activities (%) classes Rest Move Sit Social groom Self groom Play Feed (n) SPT M 9.91 19.16 49.56 5.73 0.66 0.44 14.54 454 F 4.41 16.19 44.02 13.07 2.32 0.12 19.87 5,079 J 6.30 18.63 28.22 4.93 1.92 21.10 18.90 365 I 1.94 14.27 35.03 4.38 0.55 37.77 6.06 2,375 Mean 5.64 17.06 39.21 7.03 1.36 14.86 14.84 8,273 311.07 1124.12 3380.39 1418.11 260.45 2319.74 97.18 2 -value BBT M 6.95 23.85 45.35 8.91 0.52 0.00 14.42 763 F 5.35 19.42 44.86 10.49 2.05 0.09 17.75 4,434 J 3.27 17.14 52.38 4.08 0.95 5.44 16.74 735 I 5.84 16.76 44.54 6.16 0.32 18.05 8.32 925 Mean 5.35 19.29 46.78 7.41 0.96 5.90 14.31 6,857 311.02 1136.26 2479.5 831.6 213.29 348.34 1282.32 2-value MRT M 12.58 12.21 47.60 0.62 10.36 0.00 16.65 811 F 8.30 11.09 55.19 2.11 8.59 0.00 14.73 8,956 J 20.51 15.39 52.56 2.56 2.56 1.28 5.13 78 I 2.39 5.87 20.22 1.74 6.74 52.83 10.22 460 Mean 10.95 11.14 43.89 1.76 7.06 13.53 11.68 10,305 2-value 1709.79 2394.1 12543.6 498.24 1820.01 724.03 3173.3 All M 9.86 18.15 47.19 8.78 0.59 0.10 15.34 2,028 F 6.52 14.49 49.64 10.28 2.15 0.05 16.87 18,469 J 5.35 17.49 44.91 4.24 1.36 10.02 16.64 1,178 I 2.95 13.86 35.56 5.11 0.64 34.76 7.13 3,760 Mean 6.16 16.00 44.32 7.10 1.19 11.23 14.00 25,435 2-value 2239.25 4301.43 17032.6 4021.0 966.93 3357.09 6300.42 All 2-values are highly significant (P<001); SPT= Saha Para Troop; BBT=Baliadanga-Brahmankathi Troop; MRT=Madhyakul-Ramchandrapur Troop; M= Males, F= Females, J= Juveniles, I= Infants

Overall, the Hanumans spent maximum time in sitting during the active hours. It is even more than 50% of their activity time during 1000 to 1400 hrs. The reason for this is the intensity of sunshine resulting warm weather, when langurs take a siesta. Resting time is less during the first activity hour (i.e., 0600) and lowest in the last three hours (1600 to 1800 hrs) of the day. Moving activity is highest during the first hour of the day, possibly for searching food day after a overnight

fasting. Social grooming is highest at 0700 h after having the first meal in the morning, during leisure time (1300 h) and lowest at the end of the day (1800 h). The variation of self-grooming in different hours is not much high, but the langurs spend highest time in this activity after having the first meal in the morning (0700 h). The infants and juveniles mostly perform playing. They showed bimodal peak, one in the morning (0600 to 0700 hrs) and the other in the last but

Ahsan & Khan

one hour of the day (1700 h). Two feeding peaks were found, one in the morning (0600 h) and the other in the evening (1700 to 1800 hrs). This obviously was related with feeding after an overnight fasting and storing energy for the coming night. In addition to the major activities mentioned above, drinking and shaking of the branches of trees by them were also observed frequently. Sugiyama (1964) reported from South India that when all sources of water dry up in summer, the Hanumans live without water for 4-5 months. This is also true for the Hanumans of Sri Lanka (Ripley, 1970; Roonwal & Mohnot, 1977 pers. comm. with Ripley). Roonwal & Mohnot (1977) mentioned that the Hanumans drank directly either with the lips or through licking, crouching low with the belly closed to the ground never with the help of the hands. There were plenty of water sources at Keshabpur round the year and usually the Hanumans drank in a manner described by Roonwal & Mohnot (op. cit.). But in one case, an infant-II used hands in drinking, after dipping palm in water it licked the same. The shaking of the branches was associated with play, mock charge by the young ones or for the agonistic display by the adults. Food and feeding habits: The Hanumans eat mainly leaves, fruits, buds, flowers, shoots, and seeds of a large number of plants (Table 4). During 3,889 observations, the langurs were found to spend maximum amount of time (46.59%) feeding leaves (matured and young) and minimum time (0.13%) feeding root. The langurs were found to spend maximum of their feeding time (74.88%) consuming the vegetative food parts (leaves, petiole and epiphytes). Therefore, the present species is mainly a folivorous one like other langur species (e.g., capped langur: Stanford, 1989). The Hanumans picked up, held and then ate the food from the hands or picked and put straight into the mouth, or ate directly from trees. The feeding techniques were more or less same for the similar type of foods, but varied with different categories. For instance, the matured leaves of mango (Mangifera indica) and black berry [jam] (Syzygium cumini) were plucked and then they ate only the petiole, but they ate young leaves directly from trees or they detached shoots with young leaves either with hands or mouth from the branch and then ate. In case of fruits of sweet hog-plum [misty amra] (Spondias dulcis) and mango they picked these with one or both hands and then ate. The larger fruits, like those of jackfruit (Artocarpus heterophyllus) and dewa (A. lakucha), were eaten directly from trees. The Hanumans (typologically arranged following Clutton-Brock, 1974) ate the following parts of different species of plants: Buds= all

recognisable floral buds; flowers= all recognisable flowers; fresh/young leaves= all newly grown leaves; fruit= both ripe and unripe fruits; petioles= leaf petioles; seeds= all recognisable seeds except coating; and shoots= leaf shoots unless reached the sign of matured leaves. The Hanumans of Keshabpur consumed food from over 60 species of natural and cultivated plants, in addition to the food either offered by humans or stolen from them by the Hanumans. In all, 43 species were identified (Table 4), of which 17 species provided the main bulk of the food to the Hanumans. It was also reported by the local people that the Hanumans eat a lot of winter crops such as pulses, cabbage (Brassica oleracea var. capitata), cauliflower (B. oleracea var. botrytis), raddish (Raphnus sativus), wheat (Triticum aestivum), and cotton (Gossypium herbaceum) shoots, pods and flowers. It is apparent from the work of Mohnot (1971), Krishnan (1972), Hladik (1977), Oppenheimer (1977), and Roonwal & Mohnot (1977) that the Hanumans of India and Sri Lanka ate parts of some 23 to 80 plant species, and they are more dependent on leaves than other parts of a plant. The studied Hanumans were mostly dependent on the fresh/young leaves; in addition they had eaten flowers, fruits, and seeds of wild and cultivated plant species. Welfare of the Hanumans: The Hanuman is in Schedule III of Bangladesh Wildlife (Preservation) (Amendment) Act, 1974. This means it is a protected species. The Act prohibits harassing, trapping and killing, possession of Hanuman, and in that matter of all primates and other species of wildlife of Bangladesh included in the Act (Schedule I, part-1 and Schedule III). Unfortunately, there is literally no impact of the Act on the members of the public residing outside the state-owned forests. Also there is no proper and functional machinery to implement the Act allover the country. The Hanumans of Keshabpur are under constant harassment either because of the cowboys or the tourists pouring into the area every weekend. These persons shout, throw stones and chase the Hanumans. Often they use catapult to hit them with the earthen pellets. Occasionally, some are also trapped and transported out of Keshabpur for pet trade and circus parties. The unprecedented over-exploitation of the village wood lots, especially species of Ficus, Phoenix, Areca, Mangifera, and Polialthia, as fuelwood for the brickfield and tobacco curing, threatens the Hanumans survival in the area. The crop-raiding habit of the Hanumans is also detrimental for their own survival. It appears that situations may arise in the near future to tranqulise and transport the Hanumans out of Keshabpur with a view to rehabilitate them in some forested areas of the country currently devoid of any non-human primates.

Eco-ethology of the common langur in Bangladesh

Table 4. Food plants and their parts eaten by the Hanumans of Keshabpur (Family arranged alphabetically) Abbreviations used: bd=bud, lv=leaf, fl=flower, fr=fruit, ju=juice, pt=petiole, sd=seed, st=shoot
Sl. no. 1. Family Anacardiaceae Scientific names Lannea coromandelica Mangifera indica Spondias dulcis Spondias pinnata Annona reticulata Annona squamosa Averrhoa carambola Salmalia malabaricum Carica papaya Diospyros peregrina Bambusa spp. Oryza sativa Acacia nilotica Albizia spp. Cassia fistula Pongamia pinnata Tamarindus indicus Loranthus spp. Hibiscus spp. Azadirachta indica Artocarpus heterophyllus Artocarpus lacucha Ficus benghalensis F. glomerata F. hispida F. religiosa F. retusa Moringa oleifera Musa spp. Psidium guajava Syzygium cumini Vanda tessellata Cocos nucifera Phoenix sylvestris Zizyphus mauritiana Anthocephalus chinensis Aegle marmelosa Litchi chinensis Manilkara achras Solanum melongena Sonneratia caseolaris Corchorus capsularis Unidentified Sl. no. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20. 21. 22. 23. 24. 25. 26. 27. 28. 29. 30. 31. 32. 33. 34. 35. 36. 37. 38. 39. 40. 41. 42. 43. Local names Jiol Aam Misti amra Tok amra Noonaphal Ataphal Kamranga Shimul Pepey Gab Bansh Dhan Babla Koroi Sonalu Kanaja Tentul Pargacha Jaba phool Neem Kanthal Dewa Bot Jagadumur Khoksha Pekur Dumur Sajna Kola Peyara Jam Rashana Dab Khejur Kul/Boroi Kadamba Bel Litchu Sofeda Begun Ora Pat Potka Food parts eaten pt, ju/gm lv, fr, pt, sd, st fr, ju/gm lv, fr, ju/gm fr, fl fr, fl lv, fl, fr lv lv, fr fr bd (rarely) lv fl, lv fl, pt, st fl bd, fl, lv fr, lv bd, fl, lv bd, fl, lv lv bd, fr, rarely lv fr, lv lv, fr fr fr fr, rarely lv fr fl, lv, ju/gm fr fr bd, lv, fl, pt fl bd, fl (rarely both) fr, ju lv, fr fr lv, fr fr bd, lv, fl fr, fl fl, lv, fr bd, lv bd, lv, fl, fr

2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8.

Anonaceae Averrhoaceae Bombacaceae Caricaceae Ebenaceae Gramineae Leguminosae

9. 10. 11. 12,

Lorantheceae Malvaceae Meliaceae Moraceae

13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20. 21. 22. 23. 24. 25. 26.

Moringaceae Musaceae Myrtaceae Orchidaceae Palmae Rhamnaceae Rubiaceae Rutaceae Sapinddaceae Sapotaceae Solanaceae Sonneratiaceae Tiliaceae Unidentified

Acknowledgements: We thank Dr. Russell A. Mittermeir, Chairman, Primate Specialist Group of Species Survival Commission, IUCN, for procuring financial assistance for the present study from WWFUS. We express gratitude to the authorities of the University of Dhaka, external Resources Division of the Ministry of Finance and Ministry of Education for necessary permission to obtain fund from WWF-US. We also express our gratitude to Mr. A. Sattar Khan, the then NDC of Jessore, for logistic support. References
Ahsan, M.F. 1984. Study of primates in Bangladesh: determination of population status and distribution of non-human primates in Bangladesh with emphasis on rhesus monkey. Unpubl. M. Phil. thesis, Univ. of Dhaka, Dhaka. 162 pp.

Ahsan, M.M. 1994. Behavioural ecology of the hoolock gibbon (Hylobates hoolock) in Bangladesh. Unpubl. PhD. thesis, Univ. of Cambridge, Cambridge. 446 pp. Ahsan, M.F. & Khan, M.A.R. 1984. Food and feeding habit of non-human primates of Bangladesh. Chittagong Univ. Stud. Part II. 8(2): 101-112. Akonda, A.W. 1976. Study of population and activity patterns of rhesus monkey Macaca mulatta Zimmermann. Unpubl. M.Sc. thesis, Univ. of Dhaka, Dhaka. Altmann, J. 1974. Observational study of behaviour: sampling methods. Behav. 49: 222-267. Bari, L.K.G.M. 1979. Bangladesh District Gazetters, Jessore. Bangladesh Govt. Press, Dhaka.

10

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Bhuiyan, M.H.K. 1977. Study of population and activity patterns of rhesus monkey Macaca mulatta Zimmermann. Unpubl. M.Sc. thesis, Univ. of Dhaka, Dhaka. 99 pp. Clutton-Brock, T.H. 1974. Activity of red colobus (Colobus badius tephrosceles). Folia primatol. 21: 161-187. Faizuddin, M. 1984. Observation on the population of common langoor, Presbytis entellus (Dufresne) at Keshabpur (Jessore). Univ. j. zool. Rajshahi Univ. 3: 83-84. Feeroz, M.M. 1999. The ecology and behaviour of the pigtailed macaque (Macaca nemestrina leonina) in Bangladesh. Unpubl. Ph.D. thesis, Univ. of Cambridge, Cambridge. Green, K.M. 1978. Primates of Bangladesh: a preliminary survey of population and habitat. Biol. Cnnserv. 13(2): 141-160. Hladik, G.M. 1977. A comparative feeding strategies of two sympatric species of leaf monkeys: Presbytis senex and Presbytis entellus. pp. 323-353. In: Primate ecology (T.H. Clutton-Brock, ed.) Academic Press, London. Islam, M.A. 1979. Studies of the ecology and population of capped langur, Presbytis pileatus (Blyth) of the Madhupur National Park. Unpubl. M.Sc. thesis, Univ. of Dhaka, Dhaka. 96 pp. Islam, M.A. & Husain, K.Z. 1982. A preliminary study on the capped langur. Folia primatol. 39: 145-159. Kabir, M.M. 1991. Ecology and behaviour of capped langur (Presbytis pileata) in West Bhanugach Reserve Forest and Madhupur National Park. Unpubl. M.Sc. thesis, Jahangirnagar Univ., Savar, Dhaka. 123 pp. Khan, M.A.R. 1981. The non-human primates of Bangladesh. Tiger Paper. 8(1): 12-15. Khan, M.A.R. 1984. Ecology and conservation of the common langur, Presbytis entellus, in Bangladesh. In: Current primate researches. (M.L. Roonwal, S.M. Mohnot & N.S. Rathore, eds.), pp. 33-39. Department of Zoology, University of Jodhpur, Jodhpur. Khan, M.A.R. 1985. Mammals of Bangladesh a field guide. N. Reza. Dhaka. 92 pp. Khan, M.A.R. & Ahsan, M.F. 1981a. The population status of the non-human primates of Bangladesh. Report to UGC, Dhaka, Mimeo. 25 pp. Khan, M.A.R. & Ahsan, M.F. 1981b. The group structure, composition and age-sex relationship of primates of Bangladesh. Proc. Third Nat. Zool. Conf.: pp. 287-302. Khan, M.A.R. & Ahsan, M.F. 1986. The status of primates of Bangladesh and a description of their habitats. Primate Conserv. 7: 102-109. Khan, M.A.R. & Wahab, M.A. 1983. Study of eco-ethology of the crab-eating macaque, Macaca fascicularis in Bangladesh. J. Asiat. Soc. (Sc). IX(2): 101-109.

Krishnan, M. 1972. An ecological survey of the larger mammals of Peninsular India, Part I. J. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc. 68: 503-555. Mohnot, S.M. 1971. Some aspects of social changes and infant-killing in hanuman langur, Presbytis entellus (Primates:Cecopithecidae) in western India. Mammalia (Paris). 35: 175-198. Oppenheimer, J.R. 1977. Presbytis entellus, the Hanuman langur. In: Primate conservation (C.H. Bourne, ed.), pp. 470-511. Academic Press, New York. Ripley, S. 1970. Leaves and leaf-monkeys: the social organisation of foraging in gray langurs, Presbytis entellus thersites. In: Old world monkey: evolution, sysematics and behaviour. (J.R. Napier & P.H. Napier, eds.), pp. 481-509. Academic Press, New York. Roonwal, M.L. & Mohnot, S.M. 1977. Primates of South Asia: ecology, sociobiology and behavior. Harvard University Press, Cambridge, Massasu. 421 pp. Southwick, C.H., Beg, M.A. & Siddiqi, M.R. 1961a. A population survey of rhesus monkey in villages, towns and temples of northern India. Ecol. 42: 538-547. Southwick, C.H., Beg, M.A. & Siddiqi, M.R. 1961b. A population survey of rhesus monkey in northern India. Part II. Population routes and forest areas. Ecol. 42: 698-710. Southwick, C.H. & Siddiqi, M.R. 1968. Population trends of rhesus monkeys in villages and towns of northern India 1959 to 1965. J. Anim. Ecol. 37: 199-204. Stanford, C.B. 1989. Behavioral ecology of the capped langur (Presbytis pileata) in Bangladesh: reproductive tactices in one-male groups. Unpubl. Ph.D. thesis, University of California, Berkeley. 287 pp. Sugiyama, Y. 1964. Group composition, population density and some sociological observations of hanuman langurs (Presbytis entellus). Primates 5: 7-37. Sugiyama, Y. 1965a. Behavioural development and social structure in two troops of hanuman langurs. langurs (Presbytis entellus). Primates 6: 213-247. Sugiyama, Y. 1965b. On the social change of hanuman langurs langurs (Presbytis entellus) in their natural condition. Primates 6: 381-418. Sugiyama, Y. 1966. An artificial social change in a hanuman langur troop (Presbytis entellus). Primates 7: 41-72. Sugiyama, Y. 1967. Social organisation of hanuman langurs. In: Social communication among primates (S.A. Altmann, ed.), pp. 221-236. The Chicago University Press, Chicago. Sugiyama, Y., Yoshiba, K. & Parthasarthy, M.D. 1965. Home range, mating season, male group and intergroup relations in hanuman langurs. (Presbytis entellus). Primates 6: 73-106. Revised manuscript received on 3 February 2007.

Univ. j. zool. Rajshahi Univ. Vol. 25, 2006. pp. 11-14

ISSN 1023-6104
Rajshahi University Zoological Society

Effects of gamma radiation on the reproductive organs in the red flour beetle Tribolium castaneum (Herbst)
P. A. Banu1, I. A. Ali and M. A. Salam
Department of zoology, University of Rajshahi, Rajshahi 6205, Bangladesh
1

Corresponding author Abstract: Gamma radiation effects on the gonads of Tribolium castaneum were assessed by cytological techniques. Pupal treatments of 15 Gy resulted in the significant reduction of testes and ovaries leading to sterility in males and infecundity in females, respectively. The present findings thus provide an important information for designing a sterile male technique for this storage pest species. Key words: Gamma radiation, Tribolium castaneum, reproductive organs

Introduction Although many tissues show negligible damage in mature insects, the reproductive organs are sensitive to gamma radiation because the germinal cells usually show moderate to severe damage (Tilton & Brower, 1983). The rapidly dividing germinal cells that are still in the process of differentiation are particularly radiosensitive, and because of their active division they express radiation damage quickly. In some cases, as with larvae or adults, it appears that innate genetic factors determine the time and mode of post-radiation mortality (Hasan et al., 1989). Hasan (1995) noticed that high doses of gamma radiation can inactivate sperm or at least produce dominant lethals in cells and lower doses can have significant effects on sperm production, especially if the timing of the treatment has affected the developing sperm cells. Cells in the process of spermatogenesis are very radiosensitive and apparently are easily killed (Hasan et al., 1989). Tilton & Brower (1983) reported that in Coleoptera, spermatogenesis normally occurs in the pupal stage and often for most of the adult life. Pupal or adult irradiation has therefore rather similar effects and accordingly, histological damage is expected to be similar. The irradiated females usually lay reduced number of eggs, and the rate of this decrease depends on the species, the stage or age at which radiation takes place, the dose and other factors (Tilton & Brower, 1983). Females lacking functional ovaries exhibit the ultimate state of infecundity. Where the females with rudimentary ovaries were irradiated in a pre-adult stage, the ovaries have never been developed, but high doses delivered to the adult can cause severe tissue damage and regression of the ovaries, although radiation does not always cause decreases in oviposition or fecundity (Hasan, 1995). Here we report the gamma irradiation effects on gonads of the red flour beetles Tribolium castaneum and the cytological changes that lead to sterility characterized by infecundity.

Materials and Methods The test insects: A local strain of T. castaneum was used for the histological studies. Pupae were collected from culture maintained in an incubator at temperatures ranging from 29 to 31C with an uncontrolled RH. They were sexed by the microscopic examination of the exogenital process of the female (Halstead, 1963). Radiation treatments: Ten 2-day old pupae of both sexes were irradiated with a dose of 15 Gy. The dose rate was 10 Gy/min from a deep-therapy radiation unit of Co60 installed at the Institute of Food and Radiation Biology (IFRB), Atomic Energy Research Establishment, Saver, Dhaka. After irradiations, pupae were kept in a jar containing standard food media for eclosion. Fresh adults were dissected for gonads. Adults from unirradiated pupae were used as control. Dissection and staining procedures: Beetles were dissected under dissecting microscope in a drop of Ringers physiological solution on a wax-fixed petridish. A pair of dissecting forceps was used to open the abdominal cavity and then the reproductive organs were taken out. The surrounding tracheoles and fat body were removed. For dissection and fixations techniques described by Anwar et al. (1971) were followed. Dissected organs were fixed in Bouins solution for one day that stained the specimen yellow but provided inadequate contrasts for photography (Eltringham, 1930). The specimens were washed in saturated aqueous solution of lithium carbonate for 30 minutes to remove the yellow colour. Then they were washed again in distilled water for 30 min, stained in 0.5% methylene blue chloride in distilled water for 45 min and passed gradually through 30%, 50%, 70%, 90% and 100% ethanol for 15 min each to make them histoclear. Temporary squash preparations were made of the specimens, stained with acetic orcein, mounted in DPx, and then covered with slide covers. The slides were examined with a Pantex trinocular contrast microscope for histological studies. Photographs were taken using a

12 microscope with 25 mm film (Kodacolor 200).

Banu et al.

Results and Discussion Radiation effects on testes: A schematic drawing of the longitudinal section of testis (Plate 1) shows the location of different germ cells, and the progressive development of the sperm from the spermatogia, zones of spermatogonial cells, spermatocytes, spermatids and mature spermatozoa, starting from the apex to the base of the testis. Examination of the irradiated testis revealed that the organ was very sensitive to gamma

radiation of 15 Gy. Normal testicular follicles had vericula seminalis, epithelium, spermatogonia spermatocytes and spermatozoa (Plate 2), whereas reduction in the size of the irradiated testes (Plate 3A) compared with those of unirradiated testis (Plate 3B) was apparent. Reduction in growth of the testis after irradiation may account for the decreases in or absence of spermatogenic activity as a possible consequence of radiation damage to the germ cells. However, the

Effects of gamma radiation on the reproductive organs in T. castaneum measurement of the size alone was not a prime indicator of the exact degree of damage.

13

Radiation effects on ovaries: A schematic drawing of a single ovariole is shown in Plate 4 for interpreting the different stages of the oocyte development. Plate 5 shows In an unirradiated chorinon of the female T. castaneum (Plate 5), vitelline membrane, nulceus and follicle cells are clearly seen. A comparison has been made between unirradiated ovariole sheath and irradiated one (Plate 6). Reduction in the size of ovariole sheath and ruptured vitelline membrane are obvious in Plate 6B. Irradiation dose of 15 Gy did not arrest the development of egg follicles. The irradiated ovaries did not show much difference from unirradiated ones (Plates 7A and 7B) except in size, but no measurements were made. Gamma irradiation with a dose of 15 Gy on the late pupae of T. castaneum resulted in atrophied reproductive organs, resulting in a reduction in size of the gonads. Previous study by Hasan (1995) revealed that the degree of atrophy increased with the increase of irradiation dose where very high doses resulted in lacking follicles in testes and ovarioles. Cell death may occur as a result of the failure of the structurally changed chromatin material to undergo mechanical separation at the first post-irradiation cell division (Muller, 1940). Any attempt to examine the relation between genetic damage and radiation-induced lethality must take into account the response of a wide variety of cell types ranging from the simplest virus to the most complex of animals. Annan (1955) concluded that the irradiated females were more susceptible to a reduction of fertility than the irradiated males. King (1957) observed two overall effects of radiation: (i) the most common was an abnormal distribution of the developmental stages of

oogenesis leading to a general decreases in the rate of oogenesis; and (ii) the inhibition of cell division particularly in oogonial cells. LaChance & Bruns (1963) also observed periods of development when the volumes of the ovarioles were reduced by one-half or more by irradiation. Studies reported by LaChance & Bruns (1963) and LaChance & Leverich (1968) on female C. hominivorax indicated that gamma radiation not only showed down the rate of ovarian growth but also caused cytopathological changes in developing egg follicles. Rami Reddy et al. (2006) noticed that the radiation sensitivity of the insect decreased with increasing age in Callosobruchus chinensis (L.). They also showed that the longevity, fecundity and fertility of the surviving adult insects were adversely affected by the electron treatment (200 kV equal to 10 kGy) and the insects failed to complete their life cycle. The 14 apparent reduction in the volume of ovarioles was probably not due to a reduction in their number but to morphological change in the ovarioles. It is suggestive from the earlier investigation that irradiation with a dose of 15 Gy could reduce the size of gonads while 40 or 50 Gy may produce deformities in the shape of the developing follicles and nurse cell nuclei (Akhter, 2005). Similar evidence comes from Hasan (1995) who noticed that irradiation with doses from 5 to 20-krad not only delayed ovarian growth, but also produced deformities in the shape of the developing follicles and nurse cell nuclei in T. brevicornis. It indicated that treatment with these doses was sufficient to stop the process of oogenesis in T. brevicornis adults completely. The present cytological studies on the internal reproductive organs of T. castaneum could provide important information for designing a sterile male technique for this important pest of storage products. Acknowledgement We are thankful to the Chairman, Department of Zoology, University of Rajshahi, Bangladesh, for allowing us the materials to conduct this study. References
Akhter, P.B. 2005. Effect of gamma radiation and cytoplasmic incompatibility in the control of indigenous strains of the red flour beetle Tribolium castaneum (Herbst). Unpubl. Ph.D. thesis, Dept. of Zoology,

University of Rajshahi, Bangladesh. Annan, M.E. 1955. X-ray induced impairment of fecundity and fertility of Drosophila robusta females. Heredity. 44: 177-182. Anwar, M., Chambers, D.L., Ohinata, K. & Kobayashi, K. 1971. Radiation-sterilization of the Mediterrean fruit fly (Diptera: Tephritidae): Comparison of spermatogenesis in flies treated as pupae or adults. Ann. Entomol. Soc. Am. 64: 627-633. Eltringham, H. 1930. Histological and Illustrative Methods for Entomologists. Oxford University Press, London. 139 pp. Halstead, D.G.H. 1963. External sex differences in storedproducts Coleoptera. Bull. Ent. Res. 54(1): 119-134. Hasan, M. 1995. Comparative sensitivity of Tribolium spp, to gamma irradiation throughout ontogeny. Unpubl. Ph.D. thesis, University of Newcastle Upon Tyne, UK.

Banu et al.

Hasan, M., Khalequzzaman, M. & Khan, A.R. 1989. Development of Tribolium anaphe irradiated as larvae of various ages with gamma rays. Entomol. exp. Appl. 53: 92-94. King, R.C. 1957. The cytology of the irradiated ovary of Drosophila melanogaster. Expt. Cell. Res. 13(3): 545-552. LaChance, L.E. & Leverich, A.P. 1968. Cytology of oogenesis in chemosterilized screwworm flies Cochliomyia hominivorax as related to endomitosis in nurse cells. Ann. Entomol. Soc. Am. 61(5): 1188-1197. LaChance, L.E. & Burns, S.B. 1963. Dogenesis and radiosensitive in Cochliomyia hominivorax (Diptera: Calliphoridae). Biol. Bull. 124(1): 65-83. Muller, J.H. 1940. Bearing of the Drosophila work on systematics. In: The New Systematics (ed. J. Huxley), 158-268 pp. Oxford University Press, London. Rami Reddy, P.V., Todoriki, S., Miyanoshita, A., Imamura, T. & Hayashi, T. 2006. Effect of soft electron treatment on adzuki bean weevil, Callosobruchus chinensis (L.) (Col., Bruchidae). J. App. Entomol. 130(6-7): 393-399. Tilton, E.W. & Brower, J.H. 1983. Radiation effect on arthropods. In: Preservation of Food by Ionizing Radiation (eds. E.S. Josephson & M.S. Peterson MS), pp. 269-316. CRC Press, Florida. Revised manuscript received on 11 April 2007.

Univ. j. zool. Rajshahi Univ. Vol. 25, 2006. pp. 15-18

Rajshahi University Zoological Society

ISSN 1023-6104

Control of twospotted spider mite Tetranychus urticae Koch (Acari: Tetranychidae) by some selected chemicals
S. Hossain, M. M. Haque* and N. Naher
Department of Zoology, University of Rajshahi, Rajshahi 6205, Bangladesh
*Corresponding author Abstract: The experiment was conducted to study the effectiveness of four commonly used chemicals viz., deltamethrin, cypermethrin, malathion and sulphur against two-spotted spider mite (TSSM), Tetranychus urticae Koch on potted bean plants and on excised leaf discs. Mite population remained significantly lower in all treated plots except malathion treatment. The population of T. urticae differed significantly due to different chemicals and it remained lower up to 4th week on single-sprayed plants, which again increased. But in double-sprayed plants mite population was checked and remained significantly lower. The estimated LC50 values for cypermethrin, malathion, deltamethrin and sulphur were 2.9956, 15.8663, 0.5386 and 20.7045 nl.cm-2 respectively when the chemicals were sprayed before mite release. But the LC50 values for these chemicals sprayed after mite release were estimated 1.8110, 8.2746, 0.2192 and 6.8308 nl.cm-2. The use of chemicals is essential for better yield of crops. Among the four tested chemicals the pyrithroids (cypermethrin and deltamethrin) were found more effective against the TSSM than the other two. Key words: Two-spotted spider mite, Tetranychus urticae, bean, deltamethrin, cypermethrin, malathion, sulphur

Introduction The two-spotted spider mite (TSSM), Tetranychus urticae Koch is widely distributed and a common pest of many plant species in greenhouses, nurseries and field crops. A population of TSSM can increase rapidly especially during hot and dry periods. It infests many crops including tomatoes, beans, peepers, eggplants and ornamental plants (Cagle, 1949). Of more than 130 species of spider mites known, TSSM is the major pest species on agricultural crops worldwide (Wu et al., 1990; Ho, 2000; Takafuji et al., 2000). Most of the difficulties in controlling this pest are initial detection and economically damaging levels that are closely associated with insecticide applications (Wilson et al., 1991; Iftner & Hall, 1984). One explanation for this is that insecticides reduce natural enemies of TSSM, causing a reduction in predation pressure, which may allow mite number to increase. Foliar applications to crops are known to greatly reduce predators of TSSM (Wright, 2001), however, synthetic applications can also reduce number because of its omnivorous feeding behaviour (Mitchell, 1973). Development of resistance by T. urticae to numerous acaricides has caused difficulties in controlling outbreaks (Carbonaro et al., 1986). Many new acaricides are now available in the market but they have a high cost associated with their use and application restrictions listed on the label to prevent the development of resistance. Treatment with acaricides

that have long residual toxicity may be required to suppress high-density spider mite populations. However, use of acaricides with long residual periods may promote resistance in spider mite populations. Low-density populations may be suppressed with acaricides that have short residual toxicity. Diverse natural enemies have an important role in the ecology of the TSSM (Brandenburg & Kennedy, 1987). Acaricide applications are necessary to suppress the TSSM population, but selective use of acaricides that are compatible with natural enemies may preserve predator population of TSSM and enhance control (Trumble & Morse, 1993). To combine predators with acaricide applications, the chemical must be non-toxic to the predators. Since TSSM is a major pest of important vegetable crops including beans (Naher et al., 2006), its control is essential for maximum yield of this crop. The present investigation was aimed at studying the effectiveness of four selected insecticides namely, deltamethrin, cypermethrin, malathion and sulphur against TSSM on potted bean plants and the toxicity of these chemicals on this pest on excised leaf discs. The reasons for selecting the chemicals are they are very common, comparatively cheaper, available and are widely used to control other pests of different vegetable crops. Materials and Methods Control on potted bean plants: Control of T. urticae by chemicals on potted bean plants was conducted in

16

Hossain et al.

the premises of the Laboratory of Ecology, Department of Zoology, Rajshahi University. For this purposes twenty clay-made pots (3050 cm) with bean plant were maintained. Plantation: The seeds of the bean Lablab purpuseus were collected locally. More than five seeds were sown in each pot. After germination the pots were maintained properly. Three seedlings were maintained in each pot and excess seedlings were removed. Plotting: All the twenty pots were arranged in 10 groups taking two in each. Among these eight were selected for chemical treatment, one for control and the remaining one for mass culture of TSSM. Every group was placed separately and covered with fine net to protect from the natural infestation. Bamboo sticks were used to support the bean plants. Infestation: After two months of sowing when the bean plants grew enough, they were infested by TSSM. TSSM used for infestation were collected from the Integrated Pest Management (IPM) laboratory, Institute of Biological Sciences, Rajshahi University. Ten adult females were released on each bean plant. Placing the infested plant parts on leaf at the height of 0.75 m made release of the mites. Spray: Four selected insecticides viz., deltamethrin, cypermethrin, malathion and sulphur were tested against T. urticae. Two groups selected for each chemical, was again separated for single spray and double sprays where insecticide was sprayed once after two week of mite infestation on single spray grouped plant and the insecticide was sprayed twice on the double-sprayed grouped plants. On these plants, first spray was done after two weeks of infestation and second spray after four weeks of infestation. The dilution of insecticides and amount were maintained as prescribed by their distributors. No chemicals were sprayed on control and culture plants. Counting: Counting of mites was started from the first week of infestation. Fifteen leaflets were collected from each group of plants that were selected randomly. Total number of adult and mature mites was recorded. The counting was made every week on all the nine groups of plants and continued till twelve weeks after infestation. Toxicity of the chemicals: The effectiveness of the selected chemicals against T. urticae was done on excised leaf discs. This test was conducted in two ways: (1) solution was sprayed on leaf discs before mite release, and (2) solution was sprayed after mite release.

Before mite release: This method was based on the surface film technique devised by Busvine (1971). For this purpose 1.5 cm2 leaf discs were made from fresh bean leaf. The discs were checked under microscope for mites other insects. Then the discs were placed in petridish having a water soaked cotton bed. The chemicals were serially diluted with water. Fixed volume (0.1 ml) of chemical solution was dropped on each leaf disc and allowed to dry for five min at room temperature. Ten adult TSSM were transferred to each disc with the help of a fine brush. The chemicals were tested against the mites. Each chemical was treated with four different doses having four replications of each dose. The doses were calculated by considering the actual quantity of chemical in 0.1 ml of solution divided by the surface area of the leaf disc. A separate control batch was maintained, in which only water was dropped on the leaf discs. After mite release: This is similar to the abovedescribed method. The only exception was that the dropping of the chemical solutions was done after releasing the mites. The doses and replications were the same as the above method. Mortality analysis: Mortality was assessed under a stereo binocular microscope after 24 h treatment. Mites were scored dead if they failed to make active movement after light tapping. Corrected mortality percentage was calculated using Abbots formula (Abbot, 1925): Po-Pc Pt = 100-P 100 c Where Pt = corrected mortality; Po = observed mortality percentage and Pc = control mortality percentage. Probit regressions were estimated from mortality data according to the probit analysis of Finney (1947) and Busvine (1971) using software developed in the Department of Agricultural and Environmental Science, University of Newcastle upon Tyne, UK. Results and Discussion T. urticae population per leaflet during different weeks after infestation on single-sprayed and double-sprayed plants is presented in Table 1. The mite population remained significantly lower in all treated plots except the malathion-treated one. The population of T. urticae differed significantly due to different chemicals (single spray: F55,4=8.571, P<0.01; double sprays: F55,4 =7.217, P<0.01). Mite number in control plots increased gradually up to the 5th week, then decreased and became nil due to damage of host plants.

Control of two-spotted spider mite T. urticae by some selected chemicals

17

Table 1. Population of T. urticae in different weeks due to spraying of four selected chemicals
Single spray Weeks 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 Control 41.20 41.86 36.93 64.40 108.53 63.26 35.20 22.20 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 Cypermethrin 47.33 0.80 0.00 0.80 2.46 2.53 8.93 11.06 19.06 4.60 2.86 1.93 Malathion 87.73 31.60 57.53 86.93 141.86 84.86 83.93 51.86 3.20 0.00 0.80 0.33 Deltamethrin 20.80 5.00 3.00 6.86 9.26 4.80 2.73 5.86 4.33 0.93 0.66 0.33 Sulphur 77.86 0.46 10.06 9.73 8.13 8.33 12.93 10.13 1.60 0.80 0.33 0.26 Cypermethrin 47.60 0.60 0.00 0.00 0.66 0.00 3.26 1.13 0.46 0.23 0.00 0.60 Double sprays Malathion 91.73 17.13 62.93 82.86 106.86 61.86 87.46 40.86 23.60 0.00 0.86 0.00 Deltamethrin 110.93 0.93 3.20 0.00 1.40 3.00 5.93 3.20 2.93 2.00 1.66 0.13 Sulphur 39.66 0.73 2.13 0.00 1.00 4.13 7.40 2.80 5.66 2.33 0.86 0.20

Uses of chemicals reduce the increase of mite population in various crops. Labanowska (1990) evaluated the effectiveness of several preparations for the control of TSSM on strawberry. He sprayed before bloom and obtained satisfactory control. Labanowska & Tkaczuk (1991) conducted experiments with some new generation acaricides in the control of T. urticae on black currant and obtained excellent result with azocyclotin, fenbutatin oxide and bromopropylate. Chahine et al. (1992) compared the effectiveness of two acaricides on T. urticae infesting bean and reported that acaricides reduced the mite population effectively up to nine days of application.

lower. The use of chemicals appears to be essential for better yield of crops. Among the four tested chemicals the pyritheroids (cypermethrin and deltamethrin) were more effective against T. urticae. The LC50 values for the selected chemicals on T. urticae along with 95% confidence limits are presented in Table 2. The estimated LC50 values for cypermethrin, malathion, deltamethrin and sulphur respectively were 2.9956, 15.8663, 0.5386 and 20.7045 nl.cm-2 when the chemicals were sprayed before mite release. But the LC50 values for these chemicals sprayed after mite release were 1.8110, 8.2746, 0.2192 and 6.8308 nl.cm-2. The regression equations and 2 values indicated that there were no heterogeneity on the tested populations. LC50 value for deltamethrin was the minimum in both the methods applied. The order of toxicity was deltamethrin > cypermethrin > malathion > sulphur in the first method while deltamethrin > cypermethrin > sulphur > malathion was noted in the second method. It is apparent from the above results that deltamethrin was the most effective against T. urticae.
2-values (at 2 df) 1.521 2.659 0.512 0.512 3.286 0.489 0.457 0.811

Single spray of chemical cannot effectively control the mite population. Several sprays effectively control the mite population and increased the crop yield in various crops. The present experiment shows that mites increased exponentially up to fifth week of infestation in control plots. After the fifth week, the mites decreased gradually and the plants died due to the massive attack of the mite. Mite population remained lower up to the 4th week on single-sprayed plants but again increased. But in double-sprayed plots mite population was checked and remained significantly Table 2. Dose morality effect of different chemicals against T. urticae after 24 h of exposure in leaf disc method
Test methods Chemicals LC50 value (nl/ng.cm-2) 2.996 15.866 0.537 20.705 1.811 8.275 0.219 6.831 95% confidence limits (nl/ng.cm-2) 2.396 - 3.746 11.663-21.585 0.425 - 0.6332 15.665-27.366 1.536 - 2.136 6.224-11.000 0.142 - 0.339 4.972 - 9.385 Regression equations Y=3.902+2.306X Y=3.028+1.643X Y=3.184+2.483X Y=3.184+2.483X Y=0.820+3.323X Y=3.376+1.770X Y=4.487+1.505X Y=3.211+2.144X

Cypermethrin Before mite Malathion release Deltamethrin Sulphur Cypermethrin After mite Malathion release Deltamethrin Sulphur

T. urticae suppression provided by chemicals vary greatly. Certain pyrithroids may suppress the mite populations while others may stimulate outbreaks by causing increase in the density of its population (Busvine, 1971). Chlorfenapyr provided excellent control of T. urticae infestations without short-term population resurgence (Allen, 1999). It provided quick

and long-term suppression of TSSM populations. Abamectin has been shown to cause significant mortality and reduction in the mobility and fecundity of T. urticae (Zhang & Sanderson, 1990). Kim et al. (1997) obtained the negative result with mancozeb for controlling tea mite T. kanzawai in which it killed 100% mite predator, Amblyseius womersleyi. Hill &

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Foster (1998) carried out an experiment with some chemicals on European red mite and its predator and found that mite outbreak occurred after few weeks of treatment as predators were killed due to insecticidal application. Sclar et al. (1998) obtained the increase of spider mite population rather than control on ornamental plants treated with imidacloprid. Stanyard et al. (1998) observed that the application of paramethrin drastically reduced natural enemies, allowed European red mite outbreaks to occur. They also reported that selective acaricides varied in their effects on Amblyseius fallacis and European red mite. The above discussion suggests the use of chemicals that are tolerable to the predators of the TSSM. Naher (2005) made laboratory experiments on excised bean leaves applying only one method with 13 chemicals including cypermethrin, malathion and sulphur and reported that cypermethrin was the most effective one against T. urticae. The present experiment was done in two different ways. In addition to a control experiment, insecticides were applied on potted bean plants. The present results are in slight disagreement with that of Naher (2005). Here deltamethrin exhibited more effectiveness against T. urticae than cypermethrin. References
Abbot, W.S. 1925. A method of computing the effectiveness of an insecticide. J. Econ. Entomol. 18: 265. Allen, C.T. 1999. Spider mite control in southeast Arkansas. Proc. Beltwide Cotton Conf. 2: 1185-1186. Brandenburg, R.L. & Kennedy, G.G. 1987. Ecological and agricultural considerations in the management of twospotted spider mite (Tetranychus urticae Koch). Agric. Zool. Rev. 2: 185-236. Busvine, J.R. 1971. A Critical Review of the Techniques for Testing Insecticides. Commonwealth Agricultural Bureaux. London. 345 pp. Cagle, L.R. 1949. Life history of the two-spotted spider mite. Virginia Agric. Exp. Sta. Tech. Bull. 113: 31 pp. Carbonaro, M.A., Moreland, D.E., Edge, V.E.N., Motoyama, R.G.C. & Dauterman, W.C. 1986. Studies on the mechanisms of cyhexatin resistance in the two-spotted spider mite, Tetranychus urticae (Acari: Tetranychidae). J. Econ. Entomol. 79: 576-679. Chahine, H., Aslam, M. & Michelakis, S. 1992. Comparison among two acaricides and a predator for Tetranychus urticae (Acarina: Tetranychidae) control on beans, Phaseolus vulgaris. Arab J. Plant Prot. 10(1): 22-24. Finney, D.J. 1947. Probit Analysis: A statistical treatment of the sigmoid response curve. Cambridge Univ. Press, Cambridge. London. 275 pp. Hill, T.A. & Foster, R.E. 1998. Influence of selective insecticides on population dynamic of European red mite (Acari: Tetranychidae), apple rust mite (Acari: Eriophyidae), and their predator Amblyseius fallacis (Acari: Phytoseiidae) in apple. J. Econ. Entomol. 91(1): 191-199. Ho, C.C. 2000. Spider mite problems and control in Taiwan. Exp. Appl. Acarol. 24: 453-462.

Iftner, D.C. & Hall, F.R. 1984. The effects of fenvalerate and permethrin residues on Tetranychus urticae Koch fecundity and rate of development. J. Agric. Entomol. 1: 191-200. Kim, D., Lee, S. C., Paik, C. H., Kin, S. S. & Ma, K.C. 1997. Population fluctuation of Tetranychus kanzawai and their natural enemies and related susceptibility of some pesticides to Amblyseius womersleyi and Tetranychus kanzawai. J. Korean Tea Soc. 3(1): 83-93. Labanowska, B.H. 1990. Effectiveness of some new generation acaricides in the control of two spotted mite (Tetranychus urticae Koch) on strawberries. Fruit Sci. Report 17(3): 137-147. Labanowska, B.H. & Tkaczuk, C. 1991. Effectiveness of some new generation acaricides in the control of two spotted spider mite (Tetranychus urticae Koch) on black currant. Fruit Sci. Report 18(4): 185-197. Mitchell, R. 1973. Growth and population dynamics of a spider mite (Tetranychus urticae Koch, (Acarina: Tetranychidae). Ecology 54: 1349-1355. Naher, N. 2005. Integrated management of two-spotted spider mite infesting beans. Unpubl. Ph D thesis, Institute of Biological Sciences, Rajshahi University. 221 pp. Naher, N., Islam, W. & Haque, M.M. 2006. Predation of three predators on two-spotted spider mite, Tetranychus urticae Koch (Acari: Tetranychidae). J. Life Earth Science 1(1): 1-4. Sclar, D.C., Gerace, D.J. & Cranshaw, W. 1998. Observations of population increases and injury by spider mites (Acari: Tetranychidae) on ornamental plants treated with imidacloprid. J. Econ. Entomol. 91(1): 250-255. Stanyard, J.M., Foster, R. E. & Gibb, T.J. 1998. Population dynamics of Amblyseius fallacis (Acari: Phytoseiidae) and European red mite (Acari: Tetranychidae) in apple trees treated with selected acaricides. J. Econ. Entomol. 91(1): 217-225. Takafuji, A., Ozawa, A., Nemoto, H. & Gotoh, T. 2000. Spider mites of Japan: their biology and control. Exp. Appl. Acarol. 24: 319-335. Trumble, J.T. & Morse, J.P. 1993. Economics of the integrating the predaceous mite Phytoseiuhis persimilis (Acari: Phytoseiidae) with pesticides in strawberries. Hort. Entomol. 86: 879-889. Wilson, D. 1991. Spider mites (Acari: Tetranychidae) affect yield and fiber quality of cotton. J. Econ. Entomol. 86: 566-585. Wright, B. 2001 Know Your Friends: Minute. Pirate Bugs. http:///www. Entomology. Wige. Edu/mbcn/ ky f101. Html. Wu, K.M., Liu, X.C., Qin, X.Q. & Luo, G.Q. 1990. Investigation of carmine spider mite (Tetranychus cinnabarinus) resistance to insecticides. Acta Agric. Boreali Sinica 5: 117-123. Zhang, Z. & Sanderson, J.P. 1990. Relative toxicity of abamectin to the predatory mite Phytoseiulus persimilis (Acari: Phytoseiidae) and two-spotted spider mite (Acari: Tetranychidae). J. Econ. Entomol. 83: 1783-1790. Revised manuscript received on 10 May 2007.

Univ. j. zool. Rajshahi Univ. Vol. 25, 2006. pp. 19-22

Rajshahi University Zoological Society

ISSN 1023-6104

Effects of native plants and IGRs on the development of Tetranychus urticae Koch (Acari: Tetranychidae)
N. Naher, T. Islam, M. M. Haque* and S. Parween
Department of Zoology, University of Rajshahi, Rajshahi 6205, Bangladesh
*Corresponding author Abstract: Effect of the seed dust of yellow karavi (Nerium oleander L.), flower juice of akanda (Calotropis procera L.) and two IGRs (diflubenzuron and triflumeron) were observed on the development of two-spotted spider mite (TSSM), Tetranychus urticae Koch. The seed dust of yellow karavi and akanda juice delayed the development of T. urticae resulting the elongation of duration of different developmental periods. But, the last stage of development was not affected with these treatments. Similarly, the two IGRs also significantly extended the duration of different developmental stages except deutonymph to adult. The different doses of two plant materials and two IGRs produced different effects on the development of two-spotted spider mite. Key words: Tetranychus urticae, Calotropis procera, Nerium oleander, diflubenzuron, triflumuron, developmental period

Introduction Mites are major pest of vegetable crops, fruits, cut flowers and ornamental plants, throughout the world. Among the mites, the web spinners are known as spider mites. Out of more than 130 species of spider mites, the red spider mite or two-spotted spider mite (TSSM), Tetranychus urticae Koch (Acari: Tetranychidae) is a worldwide major pest species of agricultural crops (Ho, 2000; Takafuji et al., 2000). TSSM feeds on more than 180 host plants (Sim et al., 2003). An adult TSSM measuring 0.5 mm in length passes through egg, larva, protonymph and deutonymph stages before becoming an adult (Huffaker et al., 1969). One generation of TSSM is completed in 19 days, at 21-23C (Mitchell, 1973); but at 30C the development is completed in 12 days (Thomas, 2001). Several acaricides are listed for the control of TSSM by Herbert (1999). Abamectin has been reported to provide excellent suppression of TSSM (Zhang & Sanderson 1990; Wright et al., 1984); Pyridaben can control young stages of the mite (Sekulic, 1995). Due to the harmful effect of the residual toxicity of the chemical neurotoxic insecticides on human and environment, control agents with comparative safety are searching by the entomologists. The systemic synthetic mimics of the insect hormones, which are best known as Insect Growth Regulators (IGRs) have been reported to be potent control agents against a number of pest insect of agriculture and fruit orchards (Fox, 1990). Among the IGRs, Diflubenzuron and Triflumuron are compounds which act as larvicides inhibiting larval molting, (Mulder & Gijswijt, 1973) and extend developmental time (Neumann & Guyer, 1987) in different insect species. These compounds are non-toxic to non-target organisms. Presently, plant

materials are gaining importance in the field of insect management. Besides the neem, a number of native plants are providing better as growth deterrents. The present paper deals with the determination of the effects of seed dust of yellow karavi (Nerium oleander L.), flower juice of akanda (Calotropis procera L.) and two IGRs (Diflubenzuron and Triflumuron) on the development of the TSSM (T. urticae). Materials and Methods Source of TSSM: The culture of TSSM was maintained on bean plants in the laboratory of the Department of Zoology, Rajshahi University. Adults were collected from the laboratory culture and reared on potted young bean plants. Collection of female TSSM: Adult female TSSM were collected with the help of a brush. The females were differentiated by their round caudal end and larger size with pointed posterior end. Rearing of female TSSM: The females were released on leaf discs in the laboratory. Leaf discs were made with fresh bean leaf without any infestation. The leaf was cut into an area of 1.44 cm2 (1.2 cm 1.2 cm). The leaf disc was then placed on cotton bed on a petridish (5 cm 1 cm) facing the underside upward. The bed was soaked with water to keep it wet. Collection of eggs: One or two female TSSM were kept on each disc for two hours. If eggs were laid, the mites were removed from the disc. Only one egg was kept on each disc and the others were removed. In this way required numbers of eggs were collected. Egg to adult development was completed on the leaf disc in the laboratory. Plant materials used: Seeds of karavi and flower juice of the akanda (Giant milk weed) were used in this experiment.

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Collection of Karavi seeds: Fruits of karavi were collected from Rajshahi University campus. The seeds were taken out from the fruit, cut into thin slices and dried well under the sun. The dried seed slices were finely ground with an electric grinder. Collection of flower juice of akanda: The fresh flowers of the akanda plant were collected from the bank of the river Padma, situated on the south side of Rajshahi University campus. The flowers were brought to the laboratory and crushed in an electric blender. The juice obtained was sieved through a sterilized metal wire sieve to separate the juice from the crushed petals. Preparation of doses: For the preparation of stock solution distilled water of required volume was used with either seed dust or flower juice. Karavi seeds: In 10ml of distilled water 0.5 g of seed dust was mixed thoroughly using an electric blender. When 0.02 ml of this solution was sprayed on a leaf disc (1.44 cm2) the dose was obtained as 0.001 g/1.44 cm2 or. 694.44 ng.cm-2, which was the first dose. The next two doses were prepared by adding 20 and 40 ml of water with 0.5 g of seed dust, which sprayed on the leaf discs and attained doses as 347.22 ng.cm2 and 173.61 ng.cm-2 respectively. Akanda flower juice: The stock solution was prepared by adding 2 ml of distilled water with 1ml of raw juice. When 0.02 ml of their solution was sprayed on the leaf disc, the dose, obtained was 4632 nl.cm2. By adding 4 and 8 ml of water with 1 ml of juice and sprayed on the leaf discs, Thus attaining the doses as 2316 nl.cm2 and 1158 nl.cm2 respectively. IGRs: Two IGRs of benzoylphenyl urea group were used in this experiment. These were Dimilin (a.i. 25% WP diflubenzuron) and Baycidal (a.i. 25% WP triflumuron), supplied respectively by the PhilipDuphar and Bayer, UK. Preparation of doses: Both the compounds of 0.01 mg weight were separately dissolved in 10 ml of water. When 0.03 ml of each of the solution was sprayed on the leaf disc, the concentration obtained was 5.208 ng.cm2. By dissolving 0.02 mg.cm2 IGRs in 20 and 40 ml of water, other doses obtained were 2.604 nlcm2 and 1.302 nl.cm2 respectively. Experimentation: Sets of 30 leaf discs treated with each dose of each of the plant extracts or IGRs were prepared. Another 30 untreated leaf discs were placed on the wet cotton bed in petridish as control. The adult females allowed to oviposit on these leaf discs. After egg laying the females were removed, and single

egg/disc was kept in all the petridishes that were covered keeping a slight gap to check excessive evaporation. All the eggs were carefully checked once every day and the life stages of TSSM up to adult emergence were recorded. The leaf discs in treated and control batches were changed with fresh discs of treated and untreated ones after 3-4 days. The experiment was carried out from May to July in the laboratory at ca. 20-23 C. Results and Discussion Effects of the plant extracts and IGRs on the duration of the developmental stages of T. urticae are presented in Tables 1 and 2. Incubation period: Embryonic development of the eggs laid on the leaf discs treated with N. oleander and C. procera was delayed, compared to the eggs laid on the untreated leaf discs (Table 1). The seed dust of N. oleander was found to be more effective than the flower juice of C. procera. The seed dust prolonged the incubation period of TSSM with the increase of doses. Both diflubenzuron and triflumuron delayed the incubation period of TSSM eggs compared to the control (Table 1). The doses of the IGRs produced significantly different effects (F=23.43, P<0.001). Larval period: Treatment with the flower juice of C. procera did not affect the larval development, but the seed dusts of N. oleander at doses 387.22 and 694.44 ng.cm2 increased the larval period of TSSM significantly (Table 1). Both IGRs increased the larval period of the mite with the increased doses (F=31.22, P<0.001). Protonymphal period: Both the plant caused prolongation of the protonymphal period of T. urticae. The maximum protonymphal period was 1.940.01 (at 694.44 nl.cm2) and 1.740.06 (at 4632 nl.cm2) days in treated leaf discs with the seed dusts of N. oleander and flower juice of C. procera, respectively. Effect of both plant extracts significantly lengthened the protonymphal period compared to the protonymphal period in the control (Table 1). Among the IGRs, triflumuron at 5.21ng/ cm2 increased the protonymphal period (2.130.07 days) of TSSM was more than the similar dose level of diflubenzuron (Table 2). Other doses of the IGRs produced equal effect, which was significantly different from the effect produced in the control.

Effects of native plants and IGRs on the development of T. urticae

21

Table 1. Meansd duration of different developmental stages of T. urticae treating with the seed dust of N. oleander and flower juice of C. procera (n=30)
Dose (ng.cm2) N. oleander 193.61 387.22 694.44 Control C. procera 1158 2316 4632 Control Incubation 2.44 0.11b 2.670.09c 3.100.15 d 1.600.07 2.650.08 b 2.650.11b 2.850.09 c 2.000.110a Larval 1.390.09 b 1.720.08 b 2.300.15 c 1.000.26 a 0.900.12 a 0.950.12 a 1.000.11 a 0.900.07 a Duration of developmental period (days) Protonymphal Deutonymphal 1.690.07 b 1.630.11 b 1.940.10 c 1.300.11 1.450.07 b 1.670.04 c 1.740.06 c 1.300.11 a 1.630.25 c 2.250.28 b 2.170.16 b 2.320.18 a 2.250.10 b 2.360.12 a 2.100.04 c 2.390.07 a Egg-Adult 7.630.22 a 8.190.09 c 9.440.31d 7.720.32 b 7.500.06 b 7.641.18 c 7.690.24 c 6.590.15a

Means with the same letters do not differ significantly at P = 0.05 level Table 2. Meansd duration of different developmental stages of T. urticae treating with diflubenzuron and triflumuron (n=30)
Dose (ng.cm2) Diflubenzuron 1.302 2.604 5.21 Control Triflumuron 1.302 2.604 5.21 Control Incubation 2.750.08b 2.800.05 b 2.850.08bc 2.300.11 a 2.750.06 b 2.900.07 c 2.700.01 b 2.300.09 a Larval 1.400.10 bc 1.300.11 b 1.400.12b c 0.900.07a 1.400.10 c 1.150.06 b 1.450.14 c 0.910.05 a Duration of developmental period (days) Protonymphal Deutonymphal 1.600.08b 1.700.02bc 1.650.11 b 1.300.1a 1.550.14 b 1.700.08 c 2.130.07d 1.300.10 a 1.810.19c 2.500.16b 2.500.12b 2.380.07a 2.570.11 b 2.210.12a 2.360.10 a 2.380.01 a Egg-Adult 7.690.12b 8.330.22c 8.110.08c 7.000.12a 8.210.4b 8.00.06b 8.640.22c 7.000.12a

Means with the same letters do not differ significantly at P = 0.05 level Deutonymphal period: Both the plant extracts cause the decrease the of the deutonymphal period of TSSM compared to the control (Table 1). However, the effect was not related to the dose levels of the extracts, and was not statistically significant. In case of IGRs the effect on the deutonymphal period varied with the compounds and their doses (Table 2). Diflubenzuron doses increased the deutonymphal period significantly, but lowest dose (1.302 ng.cm2) reduced the duration at maximum level. Triflumuron similarly resulted in maximum reduction in deutonymphal duration at minimum dose level (1.302 ng.cm2), whereas, there was no effect of the higher two doses (Table 2). The ANOVA test showed no significant effect of both treatments on the duration of the deutonymphal period of TSSM. Egg-to-adult developmental period: Total developmental time (egg-adult) required mere in the mites that develop on leaf disc treated with plant materials or IGRs. The effect was more pronounced and dose depended in plant treatment (Table 1), and N. oleander affected the developmental time more than C. procera. IGRs also lengthened the developing time of the mite compared to the control mites (Table 2), and both diflubenzuron and triflumuron affected the egg-adult development similarly. The present results revealed that both the plant materials and IGRs have effectively slowed down the developmental time in T. urticae. Saenz de Cabenzon et al. (2002) studied the effect of triflumeron on the developing stage of T. urticae and found no toxicity on the egg stage of that mite. But, they mentioned that the immatures are 3.8 times susceptible to triflumeron than the adults. They also commented that triflumeron could be an interesting incorporation in the integrated pest programs of T. urticae. Saenz de Cabenzon et al. (2006) observed that the net reproductive rate, the intrinsic rate of increase and the finite rate of T. urticae female treated with triflumeron were lower than in those non treated, resulting in a reduction of population growth. Diflubenzuron causes the inhibition of embryogenesis in the egg of several citrus root weevils when they fed on the treated foliage (Lovstran and Beavers, 1980; Schroeder et al. 1976). In addition Schroeder et al. (1976) found that the foliage spray of diflubenzuron reduced the egg hatch of Diaprepes abbreviatus (L) for 10 days. Shi et al. (2004) and Shi et al. (2006) studied the effect of plant extract on T. urticae. They found that the extracts of Kochis scopia and Stellera chamaejasme both had contact and systemic toxicity to

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the mite. Both the IGRs used here extended the developmental period of T. urticae by delaying the developmental rate. The two plant extracts also slowed down the developmental period. Further experiment can explore more effectiveness of these plant materials and IGRs. References
Fox, P. 1990. Insect Growth Regulators. PJB Publ. Ltd. Richmond, UK. 102 pp. Herbert, D.A, Jr. 1999. Peanut production guide: Insect control in peanuts. Tidewater Agricultural Research and Extension Center. http://vaes.vt.edu/tidewater/ peanut. Ho, C.C. 2000. Spider mite problems and control in Taiwan. Exp. Appl. Acarol. 24: 453-462. Huffaker, C.B., van de Vrie, M. & McMurty, J.A. 1969. The ecology of tetranychid mites and their natural control. Ann. Rev. Entomol. 14: 125-174. Lovstran, S.A. & Beavers, J.B. 1980. Effect of diflubenzuron on four species of wiivils attackink citrus in Florida. Florida Entomol. 63(1): 112-115. Mitchell, R. 1973. Growth and population dynamics of a spider mite (Tetranychus urticae K., Acarina: Tetranychidae). Ecology 54: 1349-1355. Mulder, R. & Gijswijt, M.J. 1973. The laboratory evaluation of two promising new insecticides which interfere with cuticle deposition. Pestic. Sci. 4: 737-745. Neumann, R. & Guyer, W. 1987. Biochemical and toxicological difference in mode of action of the benzoylureas. Pestic. Sci. 20: 147-156. Saenz de Cabenzon, F.J., Perez-Moreno, I. & Marco, V. 2002. Effects of triflumuron on the two-spotted spider mite, Tetranychus urticae (Acari: Tetranychidae) Exp. Appl. Acarol. 26(1-2): 71-78. Saenz de Cabenzon, F.J., Martinez-Viller, Moreno, F., Marco, Vand & Perez-Moreno. I. 2006. Influence of sublethai exposure to triflumuron on the biological performance of Tetranychus urticae Koch (Acari: Tetranychidae). http://www.fotosaf.com/siar ist/siar 042 08a.html.

Schroeder, W.J., Beavers, B.J., Sutton, R.A. & Selhime, A.G. 1976. Ovicidal effect of Thompson-hayard TH-6040 in Draprepes abbreviatus on citrus in Florida. J. econ. Entomol. 69(6): 780-782. Sekulic, D.R. 1995. The effects of hexythiazox, pyridaben, and flucycloxuron on the population growth of Tetranychus urticae Koch. (Acari: Tetranychidae). Pesticide 10: 25-33. Sim, C., Seo, E. & Cho, K. 2003. Life table and sensitivity analysis as fitness evaluation method of fenpyroximate and pyridaben resistant two-soptted spider mite (Tetranychus urticae Koch). J. Asia-Pacific Entomol. 6: 193-199. Shi, G.L., Liu, S.Q., Cao, H. & Li, S.Y. 2004. Acaricidal activities of Stellera chamaejasme against Tetranychus viennensis (Acari: Tetranychidae). J. econ. Entomol. 97(6): 1912-1916. Shi Gl, , Zhao, L.L., Liu, S.Q., Cao, H., Clarke, S.R. & Sun, J.H. 2006. Acaricidal activities of Kochia scoparia against Tetranychus urticae Tetranychus cinnabarinus and Tetranychus viennensis (Acari: Tetranychidae). J. econ. Entomol. 99(3): 858-863. Takafuji, A., Ozawa, A., Nemoto, H. & Gotoh, T. 2000. Spider mites of Japan: their biology and control. Exp. Appl. Acarol. 24: 319-335. Thomas, C. 2001. Biological control of two-spotted spider mite. Integrated Pest Management Program, Pennsylvania Department of Agriculture. http:// paipm.cas.psu.edu/BugAg Bug/BAB-July2001.html. Wright, D.J., Roberts, I.T.J., Androher, A., Green, A.S.J. & Dybas, R.A. 1984. The residual activity of abamectin (MK-936) against Tetranychus urticae (Koch) on cotton. Meded. Fac. Landbouwwet. Rijksuniv 50: 633-637. Zhang, Z. & Sanderson, J.P. 1990. Relative toxicity of abamectin to the predatory mite Phytoseiulus persimilis (Acari: Phytoseiidae) and two-spotted spider mite (Acari: Tetranychidae). J. econ. Entomol. 83: 1783-1790. Revised manuscript received on 12 May 2007.

Univ. j. zool. Rajshahi Univ. Vol. 25, 2006. pp. 23-25

Rajshahi University Zoological Society

ISSN 1023-6104

Infestation of ectoparasites in Gudusia chapra (Hamilton)

Hamida Khanum*, Haroon Or Rashid Khan and Rimi Farhana
Department of Zoology, University of Dhaka, Dhaka 1000, Bangladesh
*Corresponding author Abstract: One hundred Gudusia chapra ranging from 6 to 17 cm were examined on monthly basis. Of 100 fishes, 32 were male and 68 were female, sex ratio being 1:2.1. A total of 163 parasites were recovered from the host, which 70% were trematodes and 16% copepods. The overall prevalence of infection was 86% and the meanSD intensity was 1.890.91. Heavy infestations (100%) were recorded in males of the largest (14.25-17.0 cm) and the smallest (6.0-8.75 cm) length groups. Total infection rate was also higher in males (87.72%) than in females (83.82%). Intensity of infestation in males and females was 1.62 and 2.03, respectively. Key words: Gudusia chapra, ectoparasites, trematode, copepod, infestation intensity

Introduction Gudusia chapra (Hamilton) is one of the most common fishes of inland fisheries of Bangladesh, whose culture is hampered by the infestation of various fish parasites. The importance of fish parasites is related directly to the importance of fish that they may affect (Hoffman, 1967). The fish parasites feed either on the digested contents of the hosts intestine or tissue (Markov, 1946). The monogenetic trematode Mazocraes, Hermann, 1482 [syn. Kuhnia (Sproston, 1945 also described Kuhnia thunni as the synonym of Dactylocotyle); Octobothrium (Leuckart); Octocotyle (Dies). Octostoma (Kuhn)] has a very simple life cycle. They multiply rapidly under favourable conditions (Dogiel, 1956), cause economic loss by affecting the health of fishes and high mortality (Tripathi, 1959). The helminthes by their damaging activities can suppress the fish growth and in severe cases can kill them. The gill monogeneans, owing to their microscopic size and technical difficulties, were uncounted in their collection and study, and remained little known until the twentieth century. Monogenetic trematodes of freshwater fishes have been studied by Diesing (1856), Dujardin (1845), Gussev (1967) and others. Here we report the ectoparasitic infestations of G. chapra in which the copepod parasite Ergasilus versicolor is being reported for the first time in Bangladesh. Materials and Methods A total of 100 fishes collected on a monthly basis were examined to determine their ectoparasite community. The fishes were separated according to their sex and were measured for total length. At first microscopic examinations were done for ectoparasites and for any cysts, ulceration and scars. Then the gill filaments were

dissected out of the branchial cavity and placed in a petridish containing normal saline solution (0.75% NaCl). All the collected parasites were fixed in glycerin alcohol (90 parts of 70% ethyl alcohol and 10 parts of glycerol), stained in Borax carmine and finally mounted in DPX. Results and Discussion Out of 100 G. chapra, 75 fishes were found infested by two types of parasites. The prevalence of ectoparasite infestation in this fish appeared 86%. The prevalence of. Mazocraes indica was 70% and that of Ergasilus versicolor was only 16%. The intensity of infestation was 1.98 and 1.5% in M. indica and E. versicolor respectively (Table 1). In female fish intensity was higher (2.03 %) than in male fishes (1.62 %). The prevalence of M. indica was found highest (71.87%) in 8.75-11.50 cm length group and highest intensity (2.04 and 2.53) in 11.50- 14.25 cm and 14.25-17.00 cm groups, respectively. Similarly, the prevalence and intensity of E. versicolor were found highest (22.72% and 2.2) in the length group of 14.25-17.00 cm. The effect of fish length on parasite infestation has been observed in the study period (Table 1). In different length groups of G. chapra, it was observed that the fishes of the 1st and 2nd intermediate length groups were more infested than the smaller and larger group of fishes. Bashirullah (1973) reported that the degree of parasitism was obviously related to the age of the host fishes. As shown in Table 2, the prevalence and intensity of parasites in males and females of G. chapra in different length groups also varied. The prevalence of parasite infestation in male fish (87.72%) was higher than the female fishes (83.82%). The intensity of infection was also higher (2.03%) in female than in male (1.62%). In the smallest length group (6.0-8.75 cm), the prevalence of infected male (100%) was higher than female (72.72%). In the 1st intermediate length group (8.75-

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11.50 cm), the prevalence of male (90.90%) was higher than that in female (85.71%) but the intensity was higher in female. In the 2nd intermediate length group (11.50-14.25 cm) the highest prevalence of infestation was shown by female fish (85.71%). In the highest

length group (14.25-17.0 cm) the prevalence of infestation was higher in male (100%) than in female (86.66%). But the intensity was also higher in female (3.07%) than in male (1.85%).

Table 1. Prevalence and intensity of parasites in different length groups of G. chapra

Length groups (cm) 6.00-8.75 8.75-11.50 11.50-14.25 14.25-17.00 Total M. indica N_1 15 32 31 22 100 N_2 10 23 22 15 70 Prevalence (%) 66.66 71.87 70.96 68.18 70.00 N_3 13 43 45 38 139 Intensity (meansd) 1.300.62 1.860.93 2.041.00 2.531.22 1.980.94 N_1 15 32 31 22 100 N_2 2 5 4 5 16 E. versicolor Prevalence (%) 13.33 15.63 12.90 22.73 16.00 N_3 2 6 5 11 24 Intensity (meansd) 1.00.51 1.20.62 1.250.61 2.21.01 1.50.71

N_1= Number of fishes examined; N_2=Number of fishes infected; N_3= Number of parasites collected

Table 2. Prevalence and intensity of parasitic infestation in different length groups of male and female G. chapra
Length group (cm) 6.00-8.75 8.75-11.50 11.50-14.25 14.25-17.00 Total Male N_1 4 11 10 7 32 N_2 4 10 8 7 29 Prevalence (%) 100 90.90 80 100 87.72 N_3 9 10 15 13 47 Intensity (meansd) 2.251.12 1.00.5 1.87 0.93 1.850.93 1.620.81 N_1 11 21 21 15 68 N_2 8 18 18 13 57 Female Prevalence (%) 72.72 85.71 85.71 86.66 83.82 N_3 14 38 24 40 116 Intensity (meansd) 1.750.88 2.111.11 1.330.65 3.071.51 2..031.01

N_1= Number of fishes examined; N_2=Number of fishes infected; N_3= Number of parasites collected

Of the two types of parasites, trematodes showed the higher prevalence of infestation. The prevalence and intensity of trematode were 70% and 1.98% respectively. Copepods showed the lower prevalence of infection. The prevalence and intensity of copepods were 16% and 1.5% respectively. M. indica showed higher intensity (1.98) than that of E. versicolor (1.5%). The majority of parasites showed higher intensity in case of female hosts (2.03%). It was observed that the infestation of M. indica started from very early stages of fish (6.00-8.75 cm). The prevalence was highest (71.87%) in the 1st intermediate length group and lowest (66.66%) in the smallest length group. The intensity was highest (2.53) in largest length group and lowest (1.30) in smallest length group. In case of E. versicolor 24 parasites infested 16 fishes in four length groups. The prevalence was highest (22.72%) in the largest length group and lowest (12.90%) in the 2nd

intermediate length group. The intensity was also highest (2.2) in largest length group and lowest (1.0) in smallest length group (Table 1). Among the gill inhabiting parasites, M. indica has been reported on Cybium guttatum by Tripathi (1959). Sproston (1945), Sprehn (1933) and Goto (1894) reported this parasite in different places of the fish body. The genus Mazocraes until now was reported only from marine fishes (Mamaev, 1975). The present work for the first time recorded Mazocraes elongates from the fish Hilsa ililsha in India. Monogenetic trematodes have been studied by Leuckart 1827, Kulkarni 1969, Mamaev 1981, and Hargis 1955. A new species of the ectoparasitic copepod Ergasilus has been described by Karamchandani (1952) from the gills of Labeo bata. Venkateshappa et al. (1988) reported a new species E. malnadensis from Wallago attu.

Infestation of ectoparasites in G. chapra

25

In the host the female fishes were more infected than the male ones. Thomas (1964), Bibbly (1972) and Watson & Dick (1980) concluded that due to lower physiological resistance, the female is responsible for higher infestation rather than ecological conditions. The present study recorded a significant relationship between the host length and the intensity of parasites in G. chapra. It revealed that the fishes of the 2nd intermediate (11.50-14.25 cm) and large (14.25-17.0 cm) length groups were heavily infested than the smallest and the 1st intermediate length groups. These results are in good accord with those of Stromberg & Crites (1975), who reported that the prevalence and intensity of infestation generally increased with the host size up to a certain point and then declined. References
Bashirullah, A.K.M. 1973. A brief survey of the helminth fauna of certain marine and freshwater fishes of Bangladesh. Bangladesh. J. Zool. 1(1): 63-81. Bibby, M.C. 1972. Population biology of the helminth parasites of Phoxinus phoxinus. The minnow, in a cardigarshire lake. J. Fish. Biol. 4: 389-393. Diesing, K.M. 1834-1856. Quoted from Kulkarni, T. 1969. Studies on the monogenetic trematodes of fishes found in Hyberabad, Andra Pradesh (India). Part 1. Riv. Parasitol. 30 (2): 73-90. Dogiel, V. 1956. Parasitology of fishes. Leningard Univ. Press. (First English in 1961). Oliver and Boyd, London. Dujardin, F. 1845. Quoted from Kulkarni, T. 1969. Studies on the monogenetic trematodes of fishes found in Hyderabad, Andra padesh (India). Part 1. Riv. Parasitol. 30(2): 73-90. Goto, S. 1894. Studies on the ectoparasitic trematodes of Japan. J. Coll. Sc. Tokyo 8:1-273. Gussev, A.V. 1967. The results and perspectives in the study of freshwater monogeneans of USSR. Zool. Journal. 46(11): 1630-1640.(in Russian with English Summary). Hargis, W.J. 1955. Monogenetic trematodes of Gulf of Mexico fishes. Part VI. The super family Polystomatoidea Price, 1936 and Diclidophoroidea Price, 1936, Trans. Amer. Micro. Soc. 74: 361-377.

Hoffman, G.L. 1967. Parasites of North American Freshwater Fishes. Univ. of California Press, Bekeley. Karamchandani, S.J. 1952. A new species of Ergasilus from the gills of Labeo bata (Hamilton). Rec. Ind. Mus. 50: 287-293. Khan, A.K. & Karyakarie, P.P. 1982. A species of monogenetic trematodes, Mazocreas elongates from the fish Hilisha ilisha (Ham) in India. Rivista di parasit., 43: 51-54. Kulkarni, T. 1969. Studies on the monogentic trematodes of fishes found in Hyderabad, Andra Pradesh (India). Part 1. Riv. Parasitol. 30(2): 73-90. Leuckart, F.S. 1827. Quoted from Kulkarni, T. 1969. Studies on the monognetic trematodes of fishes found in Hyderabad Andra Pradesh (India). Part 1. Riv. Parasitol. 30(2): 73-90. Mamaev, Y.U.L. 1981. Some new monogenean species and genera of the family Mazocraeidae. Helminthologica 18: 169-187. Markov, G.S. 1946. Modes of feeding of parasites priroda, XII. (Quoted form Dogiel, 1961). Oldewage, W.H. & Van A.S. J.G. 1988. A key for the indentification of American piscine parasitic ergasilids (Copepoda: Poecilostomatoida). S. Afr. Tydskr. Dierk., 23: 42-46. Sproston, N.G. 1945. The genus Kuhnia (Trematoda: Monogenea). An examination of the value of some specific characters, including factors of relative growth. Parasitology 36: 176-190. Stromberg, P.C. & Crites, J.L. 1975. An analysis of the changes in the prevalence of C. ocycephahus in western lake. Jour. Dci. 751: 117-124. Thomas, J.D. 1964. A comparison between the helminth burdens of male and female brown trout, Salmo trutta L., from a natural population in the river Teify. West Wales. Parasitology 4: 263-272. Tripathi, Y.R. 1959. Monogenetic trematodes from fishes of India. Indian J. Helminthol. 9 (1-2): 1-149. Venkateshappa, T., Seenapa, D. & Manohar, L. 1988. New host records of fish louse, Ergasilus malnadensis from Karnataka, India. Curr. Sci. India 57: 4,210. Waston, R.A & Dick, T.A. 1980. Metazoan parasites of pike Esox lucius from southern Indian lake, Manibota. Canada. J. Fish Biol. 17: 252-262. Revised manuscript received on 13 May 2007.

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Univ. j. zool. Rajshahi Univ. Vol. 25, 2006. pp. 27-30

Rajshahi University Zoological Society

ISSN 1023-6104

Toxic and repellent action of sugarcane bagasse-based lignin against some stored grain insect pests
L. A. Muslima Khanam*, D. Talukder and M. A. Hye
BCSIR Laboratories, Rajshahi-6206, Bangladesh
*Corresponding author Abstract: Laboratory experiments were carried out to investigate the efficacy of sugarcane bagasse-based lignin against four stored grain insect pests viz., Tribolium castaneum, Tribolium confusum, Sitophilus oryzae and Callosobruchus maculatus. Mortality was assessed after 24, 48 and 72 h of treatment and LD50 values were calculated at the respective time intervals. It was observed that T. castaneum is more susceptible to the lignin than the other test insects. Repellent activity of the product was conducted for T. castaneum and T. confusum. All the concentrations of the product were found to be repellent to both the insect species. Strong repellent activity was observed at concentrations of 471.57 and 628.76 g.cm2 to T. confusum showing the repellency of class V activity. Key words: Bagasse-based lignin, toxicity, repellency, Tribolium castaneum, T. confusum, Sitophilus oryzae, Callosobruchus maculatus

Introduction Research into plant derived natural products for agriculture went into decline for a number of years, but this trend is now being reversed as it becomes evident that plant natural products still have enormous potential to inspire and influence modern agrochemical research (Benner, 1993). The plant kingdom can be a rich source of a variety of chemicals with the potential for development as successful pest control agents (Arnason et al., 1989; Rahman et al., 1999). Secondary compounds from plants include alkaloids, terpenoids, phenolics, flavonoids, chromenes and other minor chemicals can affect insects in several ways. They may disrupt major metabolic pathways and cause rapid death, act as attractants, deterrents, phago-stimulants antifeedants or modify oviposition. They may also retard or accelerate development or interfere with the life cycle of the insect in other ways (Smet et al., 1986; Harborne, 1988; Bell, 1986; Houghton, 1996; Jurd & Manners, 1980). Morever, products from several floral species have been demonstrated to act as repellents, toxicants and antifeedants against a number of Coleoptera that attack stored products (Malik & Naqvi, 1984; Rahman & Schmidt, 1999; Raja et al., 2001; Papachristos & Stamopoulos, 2002; Tapondjou et al., 2002). Sugarcane (Saccharum officinarum) bagasse is one of the most important sources of lignin. It contains about 20-22% lignin (Anon, 1965). To a wood pulp manufacturer, lignin represents a wood component, which must be removed from the pulp by alkali. On the basis of earlier research, lignin has been defined as incrusting material of the plant, which is built up mainly, if not entirely, of phenyl propane building stones. It carries the major part of the methoxyl content of the wood, unhydrolyzable by acids, readily oxidizable, soluble in hot alkali and bisulphite and readily condenses with phenols and thiocompounds (Anon., 1968).

Information is not available on the sugarcane bagassebased lignin as a pesticide on stored grain insect pests. Local farmers reported that this product gave a good result by applying on such crops as mustard, onion, wheat, brinjal, etc. and proved to be promising from the pest control point of view. It also acts as a good fertilizer in the field. The properties and composition of lignin depends on the source and method of isolation. Keeping these in mind, the present study was therefore undertaken to test the efficacy of sugarcane bagassebased lignin against four stored grain insect pests. Materials and Methods Sugarcane bagasse was collected from Rajshahi Sugar Mills adjacent to BCSIR Laboratories Rajshahi, dried and kept in room temperature. After drying, one kg bagasse was taken in a 10 l capacity stainless steel beaker containing 6 l of 10% sodium hydroxide solution. It was boiled for 4 h with continuous stirring. During boiling the volume of the mixture was kept constant by adding soft water. The mixture was stored for 24 h. The residual bagasse was separated by cloth filtering. The volume of the solution was reduced to 4 l by heating and then cooled. It was then acidified with HCl. The lignin emulsion was thus prepared and 250 g of urea was added to it. Then it was boiled, cooled and dried to crystalline form. Finally 500 g product was produced, kept in a reagent bottle (500 ml) and stored in room temperature. The above quantity of urea was added for the formation of ammonia in the medium. Ammonia reacts with water to form ammonium hydroxide (NH4OH) solution which was weak alkaline in character. This alkalinity helps to solubilize the lignin as well as to develop fertility of the soil.

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Stock cultures of the test insects were maintained in separate 1000 ml beakers at 30 1C in an incubator. For testing beetle, mortality five doses were used including control (water). Ten to fifteen day-old adults of T. castaneum, T. confusum, S. oryzae and C. maculatus were used at 157.19, 314.38, 471.57 and 628.76 g.cm2 concentrations. The doses were prepared by mixing the requisite quantities of the product with 01 ml water. After mixing properly the liquid was dropped in a petri dish (9.5-cm diameter). After drying by fanning and finally in an oven at 40C, 20 adults of each species were released in each petri dish. For each dose three replications were taken. The doses were calculated by measuring the weight of prepared product (g) in 01 ml of water divided by the surface area of the petri dish and it was converted into g/cm2. Mortality was assessed after 24, 48 and 72 h of the treatment. The mortality was corrected by using Abbotts formula (Abbott, 1925) and LD50 values were determined by probit analysis (Busvine, 1971). The experiments were performed in the laboratory at 30C 0.5C. Repellency test was conducted following McDonald et al. (1970) with some modifications. Substrata were prepared by cutting Whatman No. 40 filter paper disk (9-cm diameter) in half, then treated with the desired concentrations of the material so that deposits of 157.19, 314.38, 471.57 and 628.76 g.cm2 were produced. The treated filter papers were then dried overnight at room temperature. Each treated half-disk was then attached lengthwise, edge to edge, to an untreated half-disk half with cellulose tape and placed in a petri dish. The orientation of the seam was changed in each replicate to avoid the effects of any external directed stimulus affecting distribution of the test insects. Ten adults of each species were released in the middle of each filter paper and a cover was placed on the petri dish. For each experiment three replications were made. Individuals that settled on each half-disk were counted at hourly intervals for 5 h (10:00-14:00 hrs). The average of the counts was converted to express the percentage of repulsion (R) as: R=2(C-50), where C is the percentage of insects on the untreated half. Positive values expressed repellency and negative values attractancy. The averages were then assigned to different classes using the following scale (McGovern et al., 1977; Talukder & Howse, 1993): Class 0 I II III IV V % Repulsion (R) >0.01 to <0.1 0.120 20.1 40 40.1 60 60.1 80 80.1 100

Results and Discussion The results of contact toxicity and statistical analyses have been presented in Table 1. For comparison of the susceptibility LD50 values and regression equation of the test material against the four insect species were determined. The probit analysis of percent mortalities in all the cases gave 2-values and the significant 2-values were adjusted for heterogeneity. Results demonstrate that this product was effective against the insect species at all the duration but it did not produce any effect on C. maculatus at 24 h interval. The susceptibility of the insect species was in the following order: T. castaneum > T. confusum > S. oryzae > C. maculatus, T. castaneum > S. oryzae > T. confusum > C. maculatus and T. castaneum > S. oryzae > C. maculatus > T. confusum at 24, 48 and 72 h interval respectively. It is striking to note that at all the duration, lowest LD50 values were observed for T. castaneum, which showed 100% mortality at 72 h treatment. The present results are in conformity with the results of Liu & Ho (1999) who reported that T. castaneum adults were significantly more susceptible to the fumigant toxicity of the essential oil of Evodia rutaecarpa than the larvae. They also reported that the essential oil of Evodia rutaecarpa was toxic to T. castaneum and S. zeamais adults when applied topically to the insects. Our results are in agreement with the result of Shahjahan & Amin (2000), who reported the toxicity of water extract of akanda, bishkatali and neem against S. oryzae. The authors noted that the LC50 values for neem, bishkatali and akanda were 3.08, 3.38, and 3.51l/insect, respectively at 24 h after treatment. At 48 h the LC50 value for neem was 2.40 l/insect followed by bishkatali (2.54 l/insect) and akanda (2.81 l/insect) while at 72 h, the LC50 values for neem, bishkatali and akanda were 2.27, 2.19 and 2.54 l/insect, respectively. The toxic effect of A. reticulata and O. sanctum leaves on C. maculatus produced 40 and 46.0 % adult mortality at 0.1 g/50 mungbean seeds, respectively (Rajapakse, 1996). He also reported that Dillenia retusa powder gave 46% mortality of C. maculatus at 0.1 and 0.2 g/50 mungbean seeds. Rajapakse et al. (1998) observed the highest mortality of C. maculatus with Citrus lemon, Piper nigrum followed by A. reticulata and A. indica. Mollah & Islam (2002) evaluated the toxic effect of akanda leaf, stem and root against C. maculatus adults in which the lowest LD50 value (538.35 g.cm2) of petroleum spirit extract of leaves was recorded after 72 h exposure. The male adult showed highest mortality in all the solvent extracts. Khanam et al. (1995) reported the effect of Thevetia neriifolia leaf extract on T. confusum adults where acetone extract was found to be the most effective toxicant followed by ethyl acetate, petroleum ether and methanol extracts.

Toxic and repellent action of sugarcane bagasse-based lignin against some stored grain insect pests

29

Table 1. 2-values, regression equations, LD50 and 95% confidence limits of sugarcane bagasse-based lignin against some stored grain insect pests after 24, 48 and 72 h of treatment
Hrs after treatment Test insects 2 -values for heterogeneity* Regression equations LD50 (g.cm2) 95% Confidence limits Lower Upper 99.06 196.11 213.92 268.23 272.94 412.56 16.51 150.63 179.54 272.86 22.75 144.96 226.46 330.06 175.47 3.45 22.04 265.54 176.87 151.42

T. castaneum 4.73 Y= 0.212 + 2.23X 139.38 T. confusum 3.79 Y= -5.82 + 4.55X 239.54 S. oryzae 6.97 Y= -4.78 + 3.87X 335.56 C. maculatus T. castaneum 1.28 Y= 2.26 + 1.61X 49.88 48 h T. confusum 6.47 Y= -5.79 + 4.60X 221.34 S. oryzae 0.134 Y= 1.86 + 1.78X 57.43 C. maculatus 1.06 Y= -0.469 + 2.24X 273.40 T. castaneum 100 % mortality T. confusum 6.90 Y= -6.42 + 4.91x 215.86 72 h S. oryzae 0.27 Y= 3.14 + 1.33x 24.72 C. maculatus 0.535 Y= 2.16 + 1.61x 57.74 *2 = Goodness of fit. The tabulated value of 2 is 5.99 (df = 2, P<005) 24 h

Table 2. Percent repulsion (R) of sugarcane bagasse-based lignin to T. castaneum and T. confusum adults using treated filter paper test
Test insects Concentrations used Average repellency (%) at hours after treatment 1 40 40 60 60 60 20 60 40 2 80 80 80 80 100 80 100 100 3 60 60 100 100 20 80 100 100 4 40 80 20 80 100 100 80 100 5 60 80 100 60 100 100 80 100 Mean 56 68 72 76 76 76 84 88 Repellency class* III IV IV IV IV IV V V

157.19 g.cm2 314.38 g.cm2 T. castaneum 471.57 g.cm2 628.76 g.cm2 157.19 g.cm2 314.38 g.cm2 T. confusum 471.57 g.cm2 628.76 g.cm2 *See Materials and Methods for details

The product (lignin) obtained from sugarcane bagasse showed strong repellent action on the flour beetles T. castaneum and T. confusum (Table 2). The results indicate that the repellent response of T. confusum is higher than that of T. castaneum. The results are in agreement with the work of Jilani & Malik (1973) who observed that water and ethanol extracts of leaves and seeds of neem repelled the red flour beetle, T. castaneum, the khapra beetle, Trogoderma granarium and the lesser grain borer, Rhyzopertha dominica. Rahman et al. (1999) also reported that water extract of urmoi and neem has repellent action on S. oryzae and S. granarium. These findings receive support from the results of Akou-Edi (1983) who reported the repellent action of neem oil against T. confusum and S. zeamais. Ho & Ma (1995) reported that chopped garlic and garlic extracts are repellent to T. castaneum and S. zeamais. The insecticidal property of the sugarcane bagasse-based lignin may be due to the presence of phenolic and alcoholic compounds. The present results suggest that the product may be effective against pest beetles in stores as well as in the fields. Acknowledgements: The authors are grateful to the Director, Dr. Shirina Begum and the P.S.O., Dr. Mosharraf Hossain, BCSIR Laboratories, Rajshahi, for providing necessary laboratory facilities.

References
Abbott, W.S. 1925. A method of computing the effectiveness of an insecticide. J. econ. Ent. 18: 265-267. Akou-Edi, D. 1983. Effects of neem seed powder and oil on Tribolium confusum and Sitophilus zeamais. Proc. 2nd Int. Neem Conf. Rauischholzhausen, Germany, pp. 445-451. Anonymous 1965. Encyclopedia of Polymer science and Technology. Interscience Publishers of John Wiley & Sons, Inc. New York, London, Sydney. Vol. 2, 871 pp. Anonymous 1968. Encyclopedia of Polymer science and Technology. Interscience Publishers of John Wiley & Sons, Inc. New York, Vol. 8, 839 pp. Arnason, J.T., Philogene, B.J.R. & Morand, P. 1989. Insecticides of Plant Origin. American Chemical Society, Washington, D.C. 387 pp. Bell, E.A. 1986. Plants as sources of novel pest and diseases control agents. Proc. British Crop Protection Conf. on Pest and Diseases. pp. 661-666. Benner, J.P. 1993. Pesticidal compounds from higher plants. Pestic. Sci. 39: 95-102. Busvine, J.R. 1971. A Critical Review of the Techniques for Testing Insecticides. Commonwealth Agricultural Bureau, London. 345 pp.

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Harborne, I.B. 1988. Introduction to Ecological Biochemistry (3rd edn). Academic Press. London. 356 pp. Ho, S.H. & Ma, Y. 1995. Repellence of some plant extracts to the stored product beetles, Tribolium castaneum (Herbst) and Sitophilus zeamais Motsch. Paper Presented at the Symposium on Pest Management for Stored Food and Feed. SEMEO BIOTROP, Bogor, Indonesia, 5-7 September. Houghton, P.J. 1996. Medicinal plants and the control of parasites: Compounds with anti HIV activity from plants. Trans. Roy. Soc. Trop. Med. Hyg. 90: 601-604. Jilani, G. & Malik, M.M. 1973. Studies on neem plant as repellent against stored grain insects. Pakistan. J. Sci. Ind. Res. 16: 251-254. Jurd, L. & Manners, G.D. 1980. Wood extractives as models for the development of new types of pest control agents. J. Agric. Fd. Chem. 28: 183-188. Khanam, L.A.M., Talukder, D., Khatun, M. & Rahman, S.M. 1995. Comparative toxicity of Karabi (Thevetia neriifolia Juss.) leaf extracts to confused flour beetle, Tribolium confusum (Duval). Bangladesh J. Sci. Ind. Res. 30: 39-46. Liu, Z.L. & Ho, S.H. 1999. Bioactivity extracted from Evodia rutaecarpa against the grain storage insects, Motsch. and Tribolium castaneum Prod. Res. 35: 317-328. of the essential oil Hook et Thomas Sitophilus zeamais (Herbst). J. stored

Papachristos, D.P. & Stamopoulos, D.C. 2002. Repellent, toxic and reproduction inhibitory effects of essential oil vapours on Acanthoscelides obtectus (Say) (Coleoptera: Bruchidae). J. stored Prod. Res. 38: 117-128. Rahman, M.M. & Schmidt, G.H. 1999. Effect of Acorus calamus (L.) (Araceae) essential oil vapours from various origins on Callosobruchus phaseoli (Gyllenhal) (Coleoptera: Bruchidae). J. stored Prod. Res. 35: 285-295. Rahman, M.L., Hossain, M. & Ahmad, M. 1999. Repellent effects of urmoi, neem and turmeric extracts against rice weevil and granary weevil. Bangladesh j. entomol. 9: 9-16. Raja, N., Albert, S., Ignacimuthu, S. & Dorn, S. 2001. Effect of plant volatile oils in protecting stored cowpea Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walpers against Callosobruchus maculatus (F.) (Coleoptera: Bruchidae) infestation. J. stored Prod. Res. 37: 127-132. Rajapakse, R.H.S. 1996. The effect of four botanicals on the oviposition and adult emergence of Callosobruchus maculatus F. (Bruchidae: Coleoptera). Entomon 21: 211-215. Rajapakse, R., Senanayake, S.G.J.N. & Ratnasekara, D. 1998. Effect of five botanicals on oviposition, adult emergence and mortality of Callosobruchus maculatus Fabr. (Coleoptera: Bruchidae ). J. Ent. Res. 22: 1-6. Shahjahan, M. & Amin, M.R. 2000. Evaluation of some plant extracts against rice weevil Sitophilus oryzae L. J. Asiat. Soc. Bangladesh, Sci. 26: 213-222. Smet, H., Van-Mellaert, H., Rans, M. & De-Loof, A. 1986. The effect of mortality and reproduction of beta-asarone vapours on two insect species of stored grain: Ephestia kuehniella (Lepidoptera) and Tribolium confusum Duval (Coleoptera). Mededeligen Van de Faculteit Landbouwwentenschappen Rijksuniversiteit Gent. 51: 1197-1204. Talukder, F.A. & Howse, P.E. 1993. Deterrent and insecticidal effects of extracts of pitraj, Aphanamixis polystachea ( Meliaceae), against Tribolium castaneum in storage. J. Chem. Ecol. 19: 2463-2471. Tapondjou, L.A., Adler, C. & Bouda, H. 2002. Efficacy of powder and essential oil from Chenopodium ambrosioides leaves as post-harvest grain protectants against six stored product beetles. J. stored Prod. Res. 38: 395-402. Revised manuscript received on 13 May 2007.

Malik, M.M. & Naqvi, S.H.M. 1984. Screening of some indigenous plants as repellents or antifeedants for stored grain insects. J. stored Prod. Res. 20: 41-44. McDonald, L.L., Guy, R.H. & Speirs, R.D. 1970. Preliminary evaluation of new candidate materials as toxicants, repellents and attractants against stored product insects. USDA Mark. Res. Rep. pp. 882-888. McGovern, T.P., Gillenwater, H.B. & Mcdonald, L.L. 1977. Repellents for adult Tribolium confusum: mandelates. J. Ga. Ent. Soc. 12: 79-84. Mollah, J.U. & Islam, W. 2002. Efficacy of akanda Calotropis procera (Ait.) extracts against the pulse beetle, Callosobruchus maculatus F. (Coleoptera: Bruchidae) Bangladesh j. entomol. 12: 115-120.

Univ. j. zool. Rajshahi Univ. Vol. 25, 2006. pp. 31-35

Rajshahi University Zoological Society

ISSN 1023-6104

Present status of pond fishery resources and livelihood of the fish farmers of Mohanpur Upazila in Rajshahi District
Tanjeena Zaman1, M.A.S. Jewel1 and A.S. Bhuiyan2*
1 2

Department of Fisheries, University of Rajshahi, Rajshahi 6205, Bangladesh Department of Zoology, University of Rajshahi, Rajshahi 6205, Bangladesh

*Corresponding author Abstract: A survey was conducted in Mohanpur Upazila, Rajshahi to determine the pond fishery resources and the livelihood status of fish farmers for a period of nine months (August 2005-April 2006). The survey was conducted on 90 fish farmers of 52 villages under 6 unions. Data were collected through personal visit and interviews following a detailed questionnaire. Pond sizes of the area varied from 15 to above 180 decimal of which maximum ponds (57.8%) were operated by single owner. Field observation revealed that 65.5% ponds were used for fish culture, whereas 28.5% and 6% ponds were culturable and derelict, respectively. Among the fish farmers 23.3% was illiterate whereas 14.4, 8.9 and 6.7% were educated upto primary, secondary and higher secondary or above level, respectively. Agriculture (51.1%) is the principal occupation of the pond owners followed by aquaculture (18.9%). The highest percentage (33%) fish farmers earned Tk. 25,000-50,000 per year, 32% earned Tk. 50,000-1,00,000 an the rest 25% earned above Tk. 1,25,000 annually. Fish farmers were found to face various problems such as social, economical and technical problems, which were identified during the study. Necessary overcome efforts are also suggested according to the problems. Key words: Pond fishery resources, fish farmers, livelihood status

Introduction Fish and fishery resources play a vital role in improving the socio-economic condition, combating malnutrition, earning foreign currency and creating employment opportunities in Bangladesh. BBS (1997) reported that there are 52,77,572 hectare water bodies of which 9,15,506 hectare ponds are suitable for fish culture, but most of them remain unaccustomed. If the existing ponds are brought under fish culture through proper planning, suitable management and reexcavation of the water bodies, the present fish production level can easily be increased two to three times of the existing level. Mohanpur Upazila can be considered as one of the ideals fish production area in the northwest region of Bangladesh. In this Upazila, there are 1,565 ponds, which cover the total area of 224.75 ha (Survey Report: UFO, 2003). Most of the ponds are suitable for fish culture. Therefore, if fishers adopt improved fish culture technology and community based fisheries management then fish production will be increased in this upazila through good aquaculture practices. In Bangladesh, the major constrains to increase fish production are lack of technical knowledge nonavailability of credit and multiownership of pond (Hussain, 1999). Fisher folk are considered as one of the most backward sections in our society. Information on socio-economic framework of the fish farmers forms a good base for planning and development of the economically backward sector. Lack of adequate and authentic

information on socio-economic condition of the target population is one of the serious impediments in the successful implementation of developmental programme (Ellis, 2000). Aquaculture practice has become a promising and gainful methodology to attain self-sufficiency in food sector and also to alleviate poverty in developing country like Bangladesh (Ahmed, 2003). A livelihood is sustainable when it can cope with and recover from stress and shocks and maintain to enhance its capabilities and assets both now and in the future (Chambers and Conway, 1992). The social content is especially important particularly access arrangement and assessments of benefits to livelihood (Azucena et al., 2001). The aim of this study was to asses the natural resources, relative economic performance (land holding, labour, utilization, gender etc.), evaluation the social changes (nutrition, housing, mobility, group involvement etc.) also to identify the constraints associated with fish culture and livelihood status of the farmers. Materials and Methods Study area and methods of observation: The study was conducted at Mohanpur Upazila in Rajshahi District with an area of 162.65 km2 for obtaining detailed information about pond fishery resources and livelihood status of fish farmers. The survey was conducted on 90 fish farmers of 52 villages under 6 unions. Various literatures and statistical data were collected from Upazila Fisheries Officer (UFO), Local Government and Engineering Department (LGED) office and Statistical Office at Mohanpur Upazila. For collecting data on

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various aspects of livelihood and technological issues, three methods were used-interview, photograph and direct observation. For collecting data both individual and group interviews were conducted. In most of the cases, a range of PRA tools were applied with different degree of effectiveness of the farmers information. The data were collected fortnightly from August 2005 to April 2006. Analysis of data: All the collected information were accumulated and analyzed and then presented in textual, tabular and graphical forms to understand the present fishery resources and livelihood status of fish farmers. Lastly recommendation and conclusion was made on the total obtained results. Results and Discussion Pond fishery Resources: It revealed that 119 ponds were perennial, where carp polyculture was mainly practiced and only 61 ponds were seasonal (Table 1). Khan et al. (1991) conducted a study on pond fishery resources and reported that 90% of the ponds were perennial while rests of the ponds were capable of retaining water for three to eleven months in Trisal Upazila. It was observed that the highest number of ponds (57.8%) was occupied by the single owners followed by joint or multiple owners (42.2%) Table 1. Hossain et al. reported that multiple pond ownership was a major constrains for pond aquaculture, where more than one fish farmer operated 66% ponds. During the survey it was found that the highest numbers of fish farmers (52%) had 1 pond, while 7, 7 and 8% fish farmers had 4, 5 and above 5 ponds, respectively (Fig. 1). Table 1. Operation types and ownership patterns of ponds
Operation types Single Multiple Owned Leased Seasonal No. % 40 20 34 25 44.4 22.2 37.8 27.6 No. 12 18 19 12 Perennial % 13.3 20.0 21.2 13.3

The multiple ownership is a problem for fish culture because the shareholders are usually unable to arrive at an unified decision in respect of fish farming. This problem can be solved by leasing out the pond to a person interested in fish culture. It was observed that most of the ponds (65.5%) were under culture condition and only 6% ponds were recorded as derelict, while the rest of the surveyed ponds (28.5%) were found as culturable (Table 2). DoF (2001) reported that about 5% ponds were derelict in our country. Water colour of the ponds was found to be variable due to variation of planktonic abundance and supply of feed and fertilizers. The majority of fish farmers had embankment around their ponds and were free from abundance of aquatic vegetation. From the survey it was found that 53.3% fish farmers used lime and fertilizers in their ponds properly (Table 3). Supplementary feed was used by the farmers, which showed a good sign about the awareness of fish culture by the farmers. Shil (2003) reported that 40% fish farmers did not apply lime and fertilizers in the fishermen community at Terakhada Upazila of Khulna District. Khan (1986) reported that in most cases they used cast net and sein net for harvesting fish partially (84.6%) or fully (15.4%). The fish farmers were much professional as because they used to monitor their ponds regularly. Table 2. Types and culture system of ponds
Pond types Cultured Culturable Derelict % 65.5 28.5 6 Culture system Monoculture Polyculture Fry rearing % 5.6 75.5 18.9

Table 3. Use of lime, fertilizer, supplementary feed and pattern of harvesting

Lime % Fertilizer % Supplementary % Harvesting % feeds pattern 53.30 Applied 57.80 Partial 84.6 42.20 Complete 15.40 or Full

8%

One pond Two ponds Three ponds Four ponds Five ponds Above five ponds

Used 53.30 Used properly properly Used 46.70 Used 46.70 Not applied partially Partially

7% 7%

12% 14%

52%

Fig. 1. Number and total area of cultured ponds

Fish production and marketing: During the present survey it was found that the average fish production was 7-8 kg/decimal. The average pond fish production was about 10-12 kg/decimal at Mohanpur Upazila (UFO, 2000). There are mainly two whole sale fish market in that Upazial, i.e. Moharpur and another is Keshorhat bazar, having daily turnover of about 0.5 MT fish. The time of wholesale starts at early in the morning about 6.30 am and continue upto 9.00 pm. The peak time for wholesale to the retailer was between 7:30-1:30 pm at both markets. From the

Present status of pond fishery resources and livelihood of the fish farmers of Mohanpur, Rajshahi

33

present sturdy it was found that the income capital of aratdars and wholesalers ranged from Tk. 500-50,000 seasonally. During transportation especially for long distances (mainly Nowabganj and Rajshahi) preservation is usually done by ice. Livelihood status of fish farmers Income and living standard: The farming sources included agriculture, vegetables, aquaculture and livestock. The annual income from different farming and non-farming sources are given in table 5 and 6. The level of non-farming income is one of the important socio-economic characteristics of the farm families or households. It was found that agriculture was the main profession, which accounts 51.1% and the second most common profession was aquaculture practice 18.9% (Table 4). Similar results were found by Islam & Dewan (1986). Women involvement in earning was some extent low but in some households it was at desired level. Most of fish farmers had improved their living standard through aquaculture practices. Majority of fish farmers used electricity in their house. The people preferred local songs, opera and television. Table 4. Occupation status of the fish farmers
Occupation Household work Agriculture Aquaculture Business Service Labour Student Unemployed Total Main Occupation % 4.4 51.1 18.9 6.7 6.7 2.2 8.9 1.1 100 Subsidiary Occupation % 15.6 41.1 12.2 20 5.6 2.2 3.3 100

Table 6. Annual non-farming income and its sources (in thousand Tk)
Sources Income Below 20 20-40 40-60 60-80 Below 10 10-20 20-30 30-40 Below 2 2-4 4-6 6-8 Below 10 10-20 20-30 30-40 Number of farmers 8 13 6 11 3 5 2 9 0 3 5 11 2 4 2 6 90 % 8.89% 14.44 6.67 12.22 3.33 5.56 2.22 10.00 0.00 3.33 5.56 12.22 2.22 4.44 2.22 3.67 100

Business

Service

Wage labours

Others Total

Literacy and education: Education is a basic right of all population, besides food, cloth and medicine. Majority (14.4%) of the fish farmers were educated up to primary level followed by secondary level (8.9%) and higher secondary or above (6.7%) levels while 27.8% persons can only sign (Table 7). Quddus et al. (1998) reported that there were no illiterate pond owners in Demra area in Dhaka. Table 7. Educational status of the farmers
Educational status Illiterate Can sign Primary level (Class I-V) Secondary level (Class VI-X) SSC pass HSC pass Above HSC pass Total Number of farmers 21 25 13 8 11 6 6 90 % 23.3 27.8 14.4 8.9 12.2 6.7 6.7 100

Table 5. Annual income from different farming sources (in thousand Tk)
Agricultural crops Income % Fish farming Income % Livestock Income % Vegetables and fruits Income % 15.5 13.3 21.2 26 16.7 13.3 100

Below 20 18.8 Below 25 23.3 Below 5 36.67 Below 3 20-40 40-60 60-80 80-100 100-120 Total 4.4 3.3 14.5 24.5 34.5 100 25-50 50-75 75-100 100-125 125-130 13.3 17.8 7.8 10 27.8 100 5-10 10-15 15-20 20-25 25-30 21.11 6.67 11.11 8.89 15.56 100 3-9 9-12 12-15 15-18 18-20

Credit access issues: Poor fish farmers had no access to bank loan due to lack of mortgage assets. Marginal farmers mostly borrow money from local moneylenders. Comparatively rich farmers used to borrow money from different NGOs and banks. The poor and marginal farmers who had managed membership in a co-operative society, borrowed money from there. Ramboll (1996) stated that the persistent indebtedness through the traditional credit system also binds fishers to their communities and occupation, as well as the ethos of the fisher and the related sense of sub cultural identity. CPP (1996) reported that 70% fish farmers took loan from money lender in Tangail district. But Raju (2002) found 48% fish farmers took loan from neighbors. Housing condition: Most of the poor fish farmers lived in very poor housing conditions. The majority of the houses in the villages were made of mud and bamboo fencing or roofing of chhan (one kind of weed leaves).

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A few (35.5%) semi-permanent structures with corrugated iron roof were seen, owned by marginal farmers. Rest 13.4% rich farmers lived in pacca house. Religion and marital status: Out of 90 fish farmers 90% was Muslims and the rest were Hindus. It was found that 87.8% was married and 12.2% was unmarried farmers, which proved, most of the fish farmers were familial (Table 8). Raju (2002) found 14.33% Hindus and 85.67% Muslims in Sailkupa Upazila. Mannu (1999) in Kuakata and Raju (2002) in Sailkupa obtained married fish farmers at 94% and 68% respectively. Table 8. Religion, marital status and housing conditions of the farmers
Religion Muslim Hindu % 90 10 Marital status Married Unmarried % 87.8 12.2 Housing conditions Kacha Semi pacca Pacca % 51.1 35.5 13.4

Age, age structure and family members: In contrast to the nuclear family, joint family was predominating family type in the Mohanpur upazila. They were aware of the family planning procedures that most of the households had a relative small average family size (4.56 Persons.) It was found that the active age groups varied from 15-19 to 55-59 years. The smaller representation of females in the old age groups was due to the lower life expectancy rate of females than males, which was a common scenario in the population pyramid of under developed countries. Nutrition, health and sanitary condition: Most of the fish farmers were not very much aware about nutrition, health and sanitary conditions. From the survey it was observed that intake of vegetables was the highest whereas intake of meat was the lowest in a month. The entire fish farmers used tube-well which was as a source of drinking water and they also used ring well, pond and canal water for other purposes. 23.3% fish farmers had no latrine for defecation (Table 9). So, most of the fish farmers suffered from dysentery and also diarrhoea. Maximum fish farmers family took quack treatment against disease, which showed the unawareness of getting treatment of diseases. Table 9. Sources of drinking water and sanitation practice by the fish farmer
Sources of Number Sanitation Number % drinking water of farmers practice* of farmers Only tube well 67 74.4 Open field 21 Tube well and 7 7.8 Open pit 4 ring well Tube well and 9 10.0 Closed pit 17 pond Open water 2 2.2 Kacha latrine 22 body (beel) Supply line 5 5.6 Sanitary latrine 26 Total 90 100 90 * Places of defaecation % 23.3 4.4 18.9 24.4 29.0 100

Major problems confronted by the fish farmers: The fish farmers under different types of management were found to face with many technical, social and economical problems. Technical problems are related to production techniques and technology such as lack of scientific knowledge and suitable technology, less extension services on aquaculture training, turbidity, non availability of quality fish seeds at proper time, occurrences of fish diseases, water scarcity during drought season, pond water irrigation for crop fields. Social problems were related to management complications of multi ownership of ponds, loss of fish due to poaching, fear from enemies for poisoning in culture pond and negligence in use of fertilizers. In private sector ponds, social conflict is less than in the public sector water bodies. Ali et al., (1982) and Ali & Rahman, (1986) reported that lack of scientific knowledge, multiple ownership of ponds, attack of fish disease and non availability of good quality fish fry are a major problems in pond fish culture in Bangladesh. The main constraints in improving this living standard were the lack of inputs and the persistent indebtedness to the usurious traditional credit system. Chowdhury (1981) also reported that lack of fund for re-excavation of ponds ranked first among all the problems faced by the fish farmers of Bangladesh. Conclusion: Considering the different observations during the present study Mohanpur Upazila was found to be potential area for fish culture and capture. In conclusion it can be said that, farmers should be given facilities on training program, and input availabilities, they should also be provided with credit facilities, motivated to utilize all types of water bodies for fish culture as well as integrated culture should be adopted. The fish farmers should be given amenities for education so that they can be well aware of their problems and prime rights. All the water resources should be utilized for fish culture to get maximum production by using suitable technology. More hatcheries should be established, so that farmers can get quality seeds easily. References
Ali, M.H. & Rahman, M.H. 1986. An investigation on Socioeconomic and technical problems in pond fish culture in two districts of Bangladesh, Bangladesh J. Agrci. 8. (1): 47-51. Ali, M.Z., Nurullah, M., Rahman, M.H. & Shofiquz-zaman, A.M. 1982. Level of inputs uses and culture practice of pond fish culture in eastern Bangladesh, Bangladesh J. Agri. Sci. 22 (2): 37-45. Ahmed, M.N.U. 2003. Fisheries sector in Bangladesh. Economy and Development of livelihood. Mothsho Pakkho (Shoronika). 86 pp.

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Azucena, C.W.W., Oliver, M.S.S., Jonen, B.P., Viray, M.H & OMalley, S. 2001 Utilizing different aquatic resources for livelihoods in Asia. A resource book, printed in Philippines. 361 pp. Bangladesh Bureau of Statistics (BBS). 1997. Statistical yearbook of Bangladesh. Statistics Division Ministry of planning: 170 pp. Chambers, R. & Conway, G. 1992. Sustainable Rural Livelihood Practical concepts for the 21st century, IDS discussion papers no 246. Sussex: Institute of Development Studies, England. 148 pp. Chowdhury, K.B.M. 1981. Factors related to the adoption of selected fisheries management practice by the fish farmers. M.Sc. Thesis (unpublished), department of Agricultural Extension, BAU, Mymensingh, 109 pp. Compartmentalized Pilot Project (C.P.P.). 1996. Socioeconomic profile of the professional fishermen and institutional organization. Final Report. Bangladesh Water Development Board, Tangail. 11-45 p. Department of Fisheries (DOF). 2001. Water area status of Bangladesh, Department of Fisheries, Government of Bangladesh. Ellis, F.2000. Rural Livelihoods and Diversity in Developing Countries, Oxford. Hossain, M.A., Khan, M.A.R. & Mannan, M.A. 2002. Present status of pond fishery in Dhamairhat Upazila, Naogoan. Univ. J.Zool. Rajshahi. Univ. 21: 79-80. Hussain, M.S. 1999. Status of backyard pond utilization in some selected areas of Bangladesh. Bangladesh J. Fish. 22 (1): 113-118.

Islam, M.S. & Dewan S. 1986. Economics of pond fish culture in some selected areas of Bangladesh. Bangladesh. J. Aquacul. 8 (1): 57-61. Khan, M.S. 1986. Socio economic factors in the development of pond fisheries. Bangladesh J. Agric. Econ. 9 (2): 127-132. Khan, M.S., Quddus, M.A. & Islam, M.A. 1991. A study of pond fishery resources in Trisal Upazilla. Bangladesh J. Ext. Edu. 6 (1 & 2): 55-64. Mannu, M.U. 1999. Jeleder Sukh Dukh. The Daily Janakantha. 22 August 1999. Quddus, M.A. & Akbar, M.A. 1998. A study on the investment-income relationship of the inland water fishermen. Bangladesh J. Agril. Sci., 22 (1): 171-178. Raju, A. 2002. Livelihood status of fish farmers in Sailkupa Upazila under Jhenaidah District. M.Sc thesis. Fisheries and Marine Resource Technology Discipline, Khulna Uni, Bangladesh. 53 pp. Ramboll, J. 1996. Evaluation report. Mymensingh Aquaculture Extension Project, Department of Fisheries, Mymensingh, Bangladehs. 48 pp. Shil. 2003. A case study on the socio-economic conditions and alternative livelihood strategies of fisher community in the Terakhada Upazila under Khulna District. M.Sc Thesis Fisheries and Marine Resource Technology Discipline, Khulna University, Khulna, pp. 16-40. Upazila Fisheries Office (UFO). 2000. Survey report on Mohanpur Land Area, Dhaka. Upazila Fisheries Office (UFO). 2003. Survey report on Mohanpur Land Area, Dhaka. Revised manuscript received on 20 May 2007.

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Univ. j. zool. Rajshahi Univ. Vol. 25, 2006. pp. 37-40

Rajshahi University Zoological Society

ISSN 1023-6104

Effect of the traditional parched rice husk incubation techniques on the hatchability of duck eggs
M. Khalequzzaman*, Shah Hussain Ahmad Mahdi and M. Mahbur Rahman
Department of Zoology, University of Rajshahi, Rajshahi 6205, Bangladesh
*Corresponding author, email: kzaman@ru.ac.bd Abstract: The present study was carried out to know the seasonal effect on the hatchability of duck eggs in five private poultry farms at Gaibandha, Bangladesh. Eggs were set in artificial hatching bamboo made cylinders from different number of ducklings. Present observation revealed that the hatchability of duck eggs is highest in March (88.966 2.11) and in June it is lowest (66.398 0.63). In June the highest unfertilized eggs (25.532 1.22) have been recorded followed by March (4.822 0.68), January (10.164 0.12), April (10.408 0.31) and May (13.250 1.37). The loss eggs were recorded highest in January (21.244 1.36) and the lowest in March (4.874 2.05). Least-square analysis of variance showed that individual months had significant effects on the hatchability of duck eggs. Key words: Duck egg, artificial incubation, hatching

Introduction The duck population in Bangladesh is 35 million that are commonly tended for meat and egg. In nature they are reared under traditional system in rural areas (FAO, 1990). Ducks have several advantages over other poultry species, in particular their disease tolerance. In Asia, most duck production is closely associated with wetland rice farming, particularly in the humid and subtropics. An added advantage is that ducks normally lay most of their eggs within the three hours after sunrise (compared with five hours for chickens). This makes it possible for ducks to freely range in the rice fields by day, while being confined by night (Farrell, 1986). Local ducks in Bangladesh are ubiquitous in the country and most smallholder farmers keep them under a subsistent level of management (Islam et al., 2003). Duck comprises about 10% of the total poultry population, occupying second place to chicken in the production of table eggs in the country. It is an important component of farming system and plays a significant role to 80 per cent rural people of Bangladesh. It provides cash income and creates employment opportunity for rural people, particularly for small and landless farmers (Khan et al., 1999). It appears that the ducks can be raised cheaper than broiler and if market is properly organized (Singh, 2001). The process of hatching, which, in the span of 28 days for duck eggs, changes a microscopic germ into a downy chick, capable of walking, eating and expressing its needs by its voice and actions seems nearly magical (Banerjee, 1991). Novice poultry producers usually become interested in artificial incubation of their own chicks. The success of this type of project depends on proper care and incubation of the hatching eggs so healthy, vigorous chicks are produced (Smith, 2000). The artificial parched rice husk incubation process is started in some parts of

Bangladesh. The incubation generally performed from January to June. No study so far been done their performance, particularly on the hatchability of duck eggs and as such the present study was carried out. Materials and Methods Study Area: The present study was carried out in six private duck farms at Gaibandha, Bangladesh, where traditionally huge duck eggs are incubated artificially. The farms were selected at random including small, medium and large ones. Those farms also supply ducklings to the farmers once a week. The farms used to hatch ducklings from January to June. From late July to December they remain closed because during that period the air temperature drops and not suitable for artificial hatching of the eggs. Rearing: The birds were reared in intensive system. The birds were kept in floor and large spacious shed surrounded by wire mesh/bamboo made sheets. Open space and water area were provided. Birds were fed outside the houses and the feed was allotted at the rate of 130-160 gm per head twice a day. Cleaning and sanitary programmes were followed regularly. Ducks were vaccinated with duck plague vaccine. In breeding flock one male duck was provided for every five females. Flock wise eggs were collected and graded for hatching purposes. Good quality clean eggs were collected for hatching purposes avoiding cracked ones. The eggs were stored with the narrower end pointed downward. Incubation: This rice-husk system was adopted on a large scale in Bangladesh after being introduced by poultry development projects in the 1980s. The system has evolved, and the cylindrical egg baskets are now set into larger bamboo frame setting boxes, with more insulating rice husk material placed between the cylinders and the walls of the enclosing setting boxes.

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Khalequzzaman et al.

The cylinder wall is about 10 cm from the setting box wall and 8 cm from the next cylinder. With this greater insulation, there is less heat loss, thus less need to provide supplementary heat from costly fuels. Eggs (45-50) were packed in black cloth and kept within the preheated (by 100w electric bulb) for one hour. Thus each cylinder contained 450-500 eggs. For the first three days, reheated paddy rice husk is added three times a day at regular intervals. During days four to six, this may be reduced to twice a day. The object is to ensure that the eggs are kept at the temperature most suitable for embryo development. The spare basket is used to transfer eggs from an adjoining basket while adding freshly warmed rice or rice-husks. Thus the top layer of eggs becomes the bottom layer and the bottom layer ends up on top of the spare cylinder. The newly emptied basket is then ready to receive eggs from the third basket, and so the cycle continues. The eggs were candled on days 5 and 13, both to identify infertile eggs and dead embryos and to assess the degree of embryo development; which is used as one of the guides in adjusting basket temperature. Placing the egg on the upper eyelid allows the egg temperature to be assessed. Eggs in the advanced stages of incubation produce a lot of heat, so on days 17 to 18, the "old eggs" are transferred to hatching beds, where they are placed in a single layer for final development and hatching. The surface of the bed is covered with a thin layer of rice husks and then covered with a straw mat. The edges of the bed are lined with padding to protect the eggs. The covering for the developing eggs in the bed may be heavy or light cloth, depending on the degree of insulation required. The temperature in the hatching bed is maintained at 36 to 37C, slightly lower than that of the basket. The temperature can be adjusted by changing the thickness of the covering, varying the space between the eggs, and moving the eggs twice a day so that those on the perimeter change places with those at the centre. In very hot dry weather, the eggs are sprayed with a fine mist of water. They are kept in the bed until the chicks hatch out and dry. Results and Discussion Month wise hatchability of duck eggs has been presented in Table 1. Highest hatchability was found in March (88.966 2.11) and the lowest in June (66.398 0.63). The least-square analysis of variance showed that the effect of month was highly significant (P<0.01) on the hatchability of duck eggs. Percent of infertile eggs and standard error has been presented in Table 2. In June the highest number of unfertilized eggs were observed (25.532 1.22) followed by March (4.822 0.68), January (10.164 0.12), April (10.408 0.31)

and May (13.250 1.37). The least square analysis of variance represents that the season had highly significant effect (P<0.01) on the percentage of infertile duck eggs (Table 2). The loss eggs were recorded highest in January (21.244 1.36) and the lowest was in March (4.874 2.05). Here also the ANOVA results are significant which indicates that there are differences in loss eggs within months. Table 1. Number of hatched, unfertilized and loss duck eggs during artificial incubation
Farm Months January February March April May June January February March April May June January February March April May June January February March April May June January February March April May June Hatched eggs 9891 14056 12138 12080 9450 10952 100290 154240 133840 128176 107240 107500 5481 8176 7839 7224 5928 6240 7350 10856 9667 10080 7350 7876 6412 9520 8160 8400 6915 7359 Unfertilized eggs 1484 808 910 1760 2324 4640 13870 3280 3360 17616 14070 39850 855 487 463 896 1274 2561 1050 536 525 1224 1042 2580 994 608 460 1176 1422 2866 Loss eggs 2625 1136 952 2160 2226 408 25840 10480 2800 14208 18690 12650 2064 937 98 1480 1198 799 2100 608 308 696 2108 1544 2334 1072 1180 1624 1463 975 Total eggs 14000 16000 14000 16000 14000 16000 140000 160000 140000 160000 140000 160000 8400 9600 8400 9600 8400 9600 10500 12000 10500 12000 10500 12000 9800 11200 9800 11200 9800 11200

Despite the good results obtained in artificial hatching of Muscovy duck eggs in the last 10 20 years, 81.8 to 83.4 % (Avanzi & Mori, 1983); 75-85% (Sauveur & De Carville, 1990); 80% (Pingel, 1992) of hatchability were recorded. Hodgetts & Tullett (1991) pointed out that hatchability of artificially incubated duck eggs was comparatively low. Specialists in that area tried to define the reasons in the insufficiently precision of some technological elements of the incubation process. For instance, the insufficient attention paid to the necessity of destroying the cuticle of the eggshell in the second half of incubation (Serbul & Tardatjian, 1986), the prolonged true hatching in artificial incubation of eggs (Harun et al., 2001; Nickolova,

Effect of the traditional parched rice husk incubation techniques on the hatchability of duck eggs 2003, 2004, 2005). The least but not last, the unsatisfactory hatchability of the eggs of that species was due to the insufficiently precise temperature regime in artificial hatching (Bagliacca et al., 2003 a,b). The difficulties in maximal optimization of temperature in the incubation and hatchery were due to the high content of fats in the egg yolk of the Muscovy ducks, that led to the increased release of heat in the second half of incubation (Nickolova et al., 1999). Due to the above-mentioned reason, striving at bigger precision, a part of the researchers recommended different temperatures in the incubator depending on the period of embryonic development. For example, Serbul (1983) and Serbul & Tardatjian (1986) recommended a temperature of 37.8-38.0 until allantois closure (13-16 day of incubation), 37.537.4 after allantois closure (16-30 day of incubation) and 37.5-37.4 in the hatchery (31-35 day of incubation). Korotkova (1985) suggested that during the first three days the temperature should be maintained at 38.0, until the 7th day 37.8, until allantois closure 37.6 and in the hatchery 36.8-37. The rest of the researchers in that area support the idea of one and the same temperature until the transfer of the eggs for hatching: Kortlang (1985) applied 37.3 in the incubator and 36.9 in the hatchery, Meltzer (1988) studied 37.50.2 in the incubator, while Sauveur & De Carville (1990) maintained a temperature of 37.6 in the incubation cage and 37.2 in the hatchery, whereas Bagliacca et al. (1991) applied 37.80.2 and 37.20.3, respectively. Table 2. Percent of hatched, unfertilized and loss duck eggs in different months
Months January February March April May June ANOVA (F-ratio) ***=P<0.001 Hatchability (%) 68.59 1.35 88.97 2.11 90.21 2.25 77.97 1.78 71.05 1.50 66.40 0.63 37.57*** Unfertilized eggs (%) 10.16 0.12 4.42 0.61 4.82 0.68 10.41 0.31 13.25 1.37 25.53 1.22 82.52*** Loss eggs (%) 21.24 1.36 7.79 0.79 4.87 2.05 11.62 1.84 15.70 1.17 8.07 1.64 15.49***

39

(78.01.03%) than in summer (46.53.01%). According to Sastry et al. (1996) temperature was the most critical factor for incubation and the temperature affected both quantity and quality of hatching. Species of birds vary in their temperature requirements for incubation. Some wild species incubate and hatch their eggs at 29.4 to 32.2 C. For example, Ruddy duck eggs hatch with little or no external heat except for a few days of initial incubation at higher temperature. High incubation temperature results in embryonic mortality, particularly when there was high temperature during the last part of incubation period. Sastry et al. (1996) also reported that high humidity during incubation prevents sufficient evaporation from the eggs as a result of which large and soggy chicks were produced. High humidity also had a tendency to delay hatch and reduce hatchability. As subnormal incubation temperature causes late hatching and poor hatchability (Sastry et al., 1996). The fertility and rate of hatchability of eggs produced in summer and early spring was low (Das & Ali, 1999; Chowdhury et al., 2004). The effect of season on hatchability of duck eggs implies that March was the best for hatching of duck eggs, because of low rainfall and suitable room temperature. In conclusion, since the seasonal effect on hatchability is prominent, effort should be taken for more duckling production at that particular season to meet the increasing demand of ducklings in the region. References
Avanzi C.F. & Mori, B. 1983. Influenza dei fattori climatici sulla fertilita e sulla schusa dell anatra muschiata, Avicoltura, 2: 27. Bagliacca, M., Paci, G., Marzoni, M. & Avanzi, C.F. 1991. Tecnologia di incubazione delle uova degli anatidi Incubation technology of duck egg. III Convegno CNR Gruppo Allevamenti delle piccole Specie, Roma. Edizioni Fondazione Iniziative Zoprofilattiche e Zotecniche, 31: 95 -107. Bagliacca, M., Paci, G. & Marzoni, M. 2003a. Effect of egg weight categories, storage time and storage temperature on incubation length in Muscovy duck eggs (Cairina moschata L.) 2nd World Waterfowl Conference, Alexandria Egypt (Oct 7 - 9). Bagliacca, M., Marzoni, M. & Paci, G. 2003b.Effect of egg weight categories, storage time and storage temperature on incubation length in Pekin duck eggs (Anas platyrhynchos L.). Avian poult. Biol. Rev. 14 (4): 195-196. Banerjee, G.C. 1991. A Text Book of Animal Husbandry 7th Edition, Oxford and IBH Publishing Co. Pvt. Ltd. New Delhi- Bombay-Calcutta, 747 pp. Banerjee, G.C. 1992. Poultry. 3rd Edition, Oxford and IBH Publishing Co. Pvt. Ltd., New Delhi, Calcutta, 57 pp.

In the present investigation it was recorded that the best hatching was observed during March. Similar results were found by Banerjee (1992) who reported that the best time to hatch chicks altogether depends upon the climate. Farooq et al. (2003) observed that the hatchability of chicken eggs was higher in spring

40
Chowdhury, M.M.I., Ashraf, A., Mondal, S.P., Mondol, N.M.A.A.M. & Hasan, M.M. 2004. Effect of season on the hatchability of duck eggs. Int. J. Poult. Sci. 3(6): 419-421. Das, G. B. & Ali, M.L. 1999. Raising layer chicken over fish ponds in integrated poultry-fish farming system in rural areas. Bangladesh J. Anim. Sci. 28: 121-128. FAO, 1990. Statistics on livestock population. Asian Livestock, XV(II): 150. Farooq, M., Javed, K, Durrani, F.R., Irfanullah, K. & Chand, N. 2003. Hatching performance of backyard hens in Peshawar, Pakistan. Livestock Research for Rural Development, 15. Farrell, D.J. 1986. Energy expenditure of laying ducks: confined and herded. In: Duck Production Science and World Practice (eds. D.J. Farrell and P. Stapleton), pp. 70-82. University of New England, Armidale, NSW. Harun, M., Veeneklaas, R.J, Visser, G.H. & Van Kampen, M. 2001. Artificial Incubation of Muscovy Duck Eggs: Why some Eggs Hatch and Others do not. Poult. Sci. 80: 219- 224. Hodgetts, B. & Tullett, S.G. 1991. Current hatchabilities in species of domestic importance and the scope for improvement, Avian-incubation. 139-144; Poultry Science Symposium No. 22. Islam, M.N., Huque, Q.M.E., Salahuddin, M. & Sarker, M.S.K. 2003. Potentiality of Native Genotypes of Ducks. World Poult. Sci. Assoc. Bang. Branch J., 3: 259. Khan, M.K.I., Ali, A. & Bhuiyan, A.K.F.H. 1999. Economic traits of Deshi males with Isa brown females under farm and rural conditions. Bang. J. Anim. Sci. 28: 9. Kortlang, C.F. 1985. The Incubation of Duck Eggs, Proc. of Workshop at CIPANAS, Bogor, Indonesia, November 18- 22, 1985. Kostova, Z. 1985. Study on the major reproductive factors of Benkovska White goose and possibilities for regulating them. Unpubl. PhD thesis, Higher Institute of Agriculture, Plovdiv. Meltzer, A. 1988. Incubation of Muscovy Duck Eggs, Proc. of International Symposium on Waterfowl Production, the Satellite Conference for the XVIII Worlds Poultry Congress, Beijing, China, 11-18 September 1988.

Khalequzzaman et al.
Nickolova M., Guerzilov, V., Penkov, D. & Hristova, T. 1999. Alimentary composition of Muscovy ducks eggs. 12th European Symposium on Waterfowl, Adana, Turkey. pp. 159-163. Nickolova, . 2003. Study on some major reproduction factors of Muscovy ducks (Cairina moschata) with elements of the incubation technology. Unpubl. PhD thesis (in Bulgarian). 188 pp. Nickolova, . 2004. Study on nesting behavior of Muscovy ducks (Cairina moschata) in conventional and biological breeding, XXII Worlds Poultry Congress, Istanbul, Turkey, 8-13 June 2004. Nickolova, . 2005. Study on the temperature regime in incubation of Muscovy duck eggs I. Study on temperature regime in natural hatched Muscovy duck eggs. J. Central European Agric. 6 (2): 185-190 Pingel H. 1992. Reproduction of Duck and Geese, XIX World Poultry Congres, Amsterdam, 3: 292- 301. Sastry, N. S. R.; Thomas, C. K. & Singh, R. A. 1996. Livestock Production Management, 3rd Ed., Kalyani Publishers, New Delhi-Ludhiana, India. 559 pp. Sauveur, B. & De Carville, H. 1990. Effect of day-length on early puberty in female Muscovy ducks, Control of fertility in domestic birds, Tours, France, 2-4 July, Colloques-de-lINRA. 1990, 54: 197-203. Serbul V. 1983. Characteristics of Muscovy duck egg incubation, Ptitsevodstvo 6: 17- 19 Serbul, V.P. & Tardatjian, G.A. 1986. Improving Muscovy duck eggs incubation technique, 7th Conference Europeenne d Aviculture, Paris, 1986. Singh, R.A. 2001. Poultry Production, 3rd Edition, Kalyani Publishers, New Delhi-Ludhiana, India. 345 pp. Smith, A.J. 1990. Poultry-Tropical Agriculturist Series. pp.179-184 CTA, Macmillan, London. Smith, T.W. 2000. Care and Incubation of Hatching Eggs. A popular article. Department of Poultry Science, Mississippi State University, USA. 421 pp. Revised manuscript received on 28 May 2007.

Univ. j. zool. Rajshahi Univ. Vol. 25, 2006. pp. 41-44

Rajshahi University Zoological Society

ISSN 1023-6104

Physio-chemical conditions and plankton population of two fishponds in Khulna

Abdullah Harun Chowdhury1 and Abdullah Al Mamun
Environmental Science Discipline, University of Khulna, Khulna 9208, Bangladesh
1

Corresponding author Abstract: Sixteen physico-chemical variables, and the diversity and abundance of phyto- and zooplankton of two fishponds in Khulna University Campus have been studied during October 2003 and September 2004. A total of 25 phytoplankton genera, 7 belonging to Cyanophyceae, 7 to Chlorophyceae, 8 to Bacillariophyceae and 3 to Euglenophyceae, and 18 zooplankton genera, 4 belonging to Copepoda, 7 to Cladocera and 7 to Rotifera, were recorded. Both ponds were permanently alkaline in nature. The values of TDS, BOD and phosphate, and the current status of plankton population imply that the study ponds were eutrophic in nature. Key words: Fishponds, physico-chemical conditions, plankton population, Khulna

Introduction The pond water is considered as one of the major sources for fishery and domestic uses in Khulna region. This region abounds in many artificial ponds and temporary water bodies of large and small size, which make an interesting biotope for physico-chemical studies. Presently pond fishery is being practiced in the country in large scale for better augmentation of fish product. A number of researches have been done on fishponds. Fakruzzaman et al. (2001) studied the zooplankton of some fishponds in Barind Tract in relation to its physico-chemical variables. Naz (1992) studied the eutrophic and hypertrophic nature of fishponds of Rajshahi University Campus. Ameen et al. (1986) made some observations on the physicochemical and biological conditions of some fishponds in Dhaka. Chowdhury et al. (1989) worked on the seasonal variation of zooplankton in a fishpond of Dhaka in relation to some physico-chemical factors. Bhuiyan et al. (1997) observed the physico-chemical conditions in relation to meteorological conditions of a fish pond in Rajshahi. Biswas (1993) studied the limnology of three fishponds in Rajshahi hatchery while Rahman et al. (1982) and Mumtazuddin et al. (1982) worked on some fishponds in Mymenshingh. The details of indigenous pond ecosystems have been studied by Bhuiyan & Nessa (1998), Begum & Alam (1987), Habib et al. (1984), Islam et al. (1998), Safi & Farooque (1983), Islam & Nahar (1967) and Rao (1977). But unfortunately, no such data are available on the physico-chemical and biological conditions of the fishponds in Khulna University Campus, which led us to design the present investigation. Materials and methods Fortnightly samplings were carried out in two fish culture ponds in Khulna from October 2003 to

September 2004. The slope less ponds, each 20 m long, 15 m wide and 1.5 m deep on average are located beside the 2nd academic building of Khulna University Campus at a distance of 15 meter apart from each other. Both the ponds receive direct sunlight, the bottom soil of which contains clay and the ponds are highly charged. These ponds are dewatered every year in the month of March only for one week and cow dung, urea, TSP, lime, etc. are used as needed. Dipterex, Sumithion and Copper sulphate were used 46 times each month in all the ponds to control plankton. TSP, cow dung, urea and additional mixed food were used as needed in the ponds at the rate of 3-4% of total weight of stocked fishes. Water samples were collected by using 250 ml glass stoppered bottle from a depth of 10-15 cm below the surface. Some of the physico-chemical studies were done on the spot, while others were done in laboratory. Temperature was measured by a centigrade thermometer. Transparency was measured by a Secchi disc while pH and TDS were measured by a digital pH meter (model-pH 211, HANNA) and a multi-range TDS meter (model no. HI-9635). Dissolved oxygen (DO) content of water was determined by DO meter (model- JENWAY-9015). Titrimetric methods (Welch, 1948) were used to determine free CO2, CO3 and HCO3 alkalinities. Chloride content was measured by Argentometric method, biological oxygen demand (BOD5) by Winkler modified method and all hardness were measured by following APHA (1989). Phosphate and silicate were measured following Gautam (1990). The plankton samples were collected by plankton net of No. 20 silk bolting cloth (mesh size 0.076 mm). After collecting, the plankton materials were transferred into the glass bottle and preserved permanently in Transeau's solution (Transeau, 1951) and identified by the help of relevant literature. The abundance of plankton was measured using Sedgewick Rafter counting chamber (Welch, 1948).

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Chowdury & Mamun

Results and Discussion Physico-chemical conditions of the study ponds in Khulna are shown in Table 1. Water temperature (1925.5 and 19-25.6C) and transparency (33-36 and 33-37 cm) of the ponds were similar. Alkaline nature of the study ponds was indicated by pH values that varied from 7.9 to 9.1 and 7.5 to 7.8 in pond 1 and pond 2, respectively. Dissolve oxygen content fluctuated between 2.7 and 4.8, and 2.8 and 5.0 mg.l1in two ponds while BOD5 value varied from 5.5 to 6.9 and 4.3 to 5.8 mg.l1. During the period of study CO2 was absent in pond 1 and CO3 alkalinity was absent in pond 2. HCO3 alkalinity ranged from 153 to 165 and 69 to 75 mg.l1 in pond 1 and pond 2, respectively. Chloride content varied from 498 to 543 and 500-532 mg.l1. Total hardness, calcium hardness and magnesium hardness were found to vary respectively from 900-1180, 866-1131 and 21-48 mg.l1 in pond 1, and 853-1220, 763-1202 and 17-89 mg.l1 in pond 2. Similar silicate values (0.0001- 0.0006 mg.l1) and phosphate contents (0.04-0.07 and 0.05-0.07 mg.l1) were recorded in both study ponds. Table 1. Physico-chemical conditions and plankton abundance in two ponds in Khulna
Pond 1 October 2003-March Meansd 2004 20.2-32.2 19-25.5 33-36 910-1190 27.20.9 23.90.6 341 1057115 8.40.5 4.30.3 5.80.4 342 1595 51918 1076126 1042124 3411 0.0003 0.0002 0.050.01 40156 9362 1453855 74 Pond 2 October 2003March 2004 Meansd 20.2-32.2 19-25.6 33-37 910-1190 7.5-7.8 2.8-5.0 4.3-5.8 12-18 69-75 500-532 853-1220 763-1202 17-89 0.0001-0.0006 0.05-0.07 27542-44268 9798 - 18954 27.20.9 240.6 342 1050 114 7.60.1 4.40.5 4.80.8 163 713 52115 983167 919200 6332 0.0003 0.0002 0.05 0.01 37526 8974 143725 896

Plankton abundance (Table 1) was found to vary from 28156 to 48302 and 27542 to 44268 units.l1 and from 9846 to 19282 and 9798 to 18954 units.l1 for the phyto- and zooplankton in pond 1 and pond 2, respectively. Plankton diversity was obvious from recording a total of 25 phytoplankton genera (Table 2) and 18 zooplankton genera (Table 3) from these ponds. Table 2. Diversity and abundance of phytoplankton of two ponds in Khulna
Pond 1 Total abundance % (units.l1) 16330 18986 26768 44016 17564 15348 10686 15308 15124 15108 16334 13686 11288 16820 18570 15710 21018 17132 11132 14698 19610 15018 11854 9802 407910 4.00 4.66 6.56 10.79 4.31 3.76 2.62 3.75 3.71 3.70 4.01 3.36 2.77 4.12 4.55 3.85 5.15 4.20 2.73 3.60 4.81 3.68 2.91 2.40 100% Pond 2 Total abundance % (units.l1) 18372 16710 24024 40830 19678 16328 15922 15756 14730 16520 14539 10962 16890 15328 14550 17718 18018 12156 14098 18713 16348 12694 6810 9328 397022 4.63 4.21 6.05 10.28 4.96 4.11 4.01 3.97 3.71 4.16 3.66 2.76 4.25 3.86 3.67 4.46 4.54 3.06 3.55 4.71 4.12 3.20 1.72 2.35 100%

Phytoplankton Cyanophyceae Anabaena sp. Aphanocapsa sp. Nostoc sp. Oscillatoria sp. Lyngbya sp. Gloeocapsa sp. Cylindrospermum sp. Chlorophyceae Stigeoclonium sp. Chaetophora sp. Cladophora sp. Rhizoclonium sp. Cosmarium sp. Closterium sp. Pediastrum sp. Bacillariophyceae Synedra sp. Melosira sp. Navicula sp. Pinnularia sp. Gyrosigma sp. Cymbella sp. Nitzschia sp. Fragilaria sp. Euglenophyceae Euglena sp. Phacus sp. Trachelomonas sp. Total - = Not detected

Parameters Air temperature (C) Water temperature (C) Transparency (cm) TDS (mg.l1)

pH 7.9-9.1 Dissolved 2.7-4.8 oxygen (mg.l1) 1 5.5-6.9 BOD5 (mg.l ) CO2 (mg.l1) CO3 alkalinity 31-36 (mg.l1) HCO3 alkalinity 153-65 (mg.l1) 1 Chloride (mg.l ) 498-543 Total hardness 900-1180 (mg.l1) Ca. hardness 866 - 1131 (mg.l1) Mg. hardness 21-48 (mg.l1) 0.0001Silicate (mg.l1) 0.0006 Phosphate 0.04 - 0.07 (mg.l1) Phytoplankton 28156 48302 (units.l1) Zooplankton 9846 19282 (units.l1) - = Not detected

Of the physico-chemical conditions, pH values indicate that the study ponds were permanently alkaline in nature. Maximum values of TDS, BOD5, chloride, hardness and phosphate contents were recorded in the months of April and May when water level was minimum in the summer, while the lowest values were recorded in the month of August when water level was maximum due to rainfall. Similar observations were made by Islam et al. (1998), Fakruzzaman & Zaman (1996), Naz (1999) and Rahman (1997) in their studies. Maximum transparency, DO and diversity of phytoplankton and zooplankton were recorded in the month of August when all dissolved solids, organic and inorganic materials were more diluted due to increase of water level. Chowdhury & Zaman (2000) and Gautam (1990) also expressed similar views.

Physio-chemical conditions and plankton population of two fishponds in Khulna

43

Maximum abundance and diversity of Cyanophyceae, and all Euglenophyceae were recorded in the months of April and May when phosphate and BOD5 values were highest, indicating that the study ponds were rich in nutrients in those months (Islam & Nahar, 1967). Chlorophycean genera were almost absent in the months of April and May. Zooplankton diversity and abundance were also poor in the months of April and May but cladoceran Daphnia sp., rotiferan Brachionus sp. and Notholca sp. showed highest abundance in these months. Maximum diversity and abundance of zooplankton were in the months of August and September. All genera of Copepoda except Cyclops sp. were recorded in the months of August, September and October. These findings are in good agreement with Islam et al. (2001) and Naz (1999). Maximum abundance and diversity of Bacillariophycean genera were recorded in the months of September and October when silicate value was the highest. This is supported by the results of Chowdhury & Zaman (2000). Table 3. Diversity and abundance of zooplankton of two ponds in Khulna
Pond 1 Zooplankton Total abundance (units.l1) 10132 12986 7968 9516 7456 8642 16230 6412 14210 12342 10468 9888 6218 11120 7770 5928 4682 161968 % Pond 2 Total abundance (units.l1) 11374 13720 6028 8852 6982 9526 5240 15890 4366 14992 11750 10910 9672 5790 10422 8150 5764 159428 %

Zooplankton population, on the other hand, showed significant positive correlation with transparency (r= 0.983) and DO (r= 0.959), and significant negative correlation with BOD5 (r= -0.935), chloride (r= -0.976) and calcium hardness (r= -0.948). High values of BOD5 and the plankton population are clearly indicative of the eutrophic nature of the study ponds (Jayangaudar, 1964; Arora, 1966; Islam & Nahar, 1967; Gautam, 1990). After a few years these ponds probably would become hypertrophic. TDS values also suggest that the study ponds were loaded with high amount of organic and inorganic substances (Gautam, 1990). Further study, however, is needed for a sustainable pond fishery in these water bodies. References
Ameen, M., Begum, Z.N.T., Ali, S., Rahman, M.M. & Roy, T.K. 1986. A Comparative limnological study of two fishponds Raipur. Dhaka Uni. Stud. E 1 (1): 25-34. APHA. 1989. Standard Methods for the Examination of Water and Waste Water. American Public Health Association, Washington. 1125 pp. Arora, C.H. 1966. Rotifera as indicators of trophic nature of environments. Hydrobiologia 32 (1-2): 146-159. Begum, Z.N.T. & Alam, M.J. 1987. Plankton abundance in relation to physico-chemical variables in two ponds in Maijdee court, Noakhali. J. Asiat. Soc. Bangladesh, Sci. 13: 55-63. Bhuiyan, A.S. & Nessa, Q. 1998. A quantitative study on zooplankton in relation to the physico-chemical conditions of a fresh water fish pond of Rajshahi. Univ. j. zool. Rajshahi. Univ. 17: 29-37. Bhuiyan, N.I.M.A.S, Nahar, Q. & Islam, M.N. 1997. Physico-chemical condition in relation to meteorogical condition of a fish pond in Rajshahi. Univ. j. zool. Rajshahi Univ. 16: 85-88. Biswas, A. 1993. Limnology of Three Fishponds in Rajshahi Hatchery. Unpubl. M. Sc. thesis, Deptartment of Botany, Rajshahi University. 155 pp. Chowdhury, A.H., & Zaman, M. 2000. Limnological conditions of the river Padma, near Rajshahi city, Bangladesh. Bangladesh J. Bot. 29(2): 159-165. Chowdhury, A.N., Begum, S. & Sultana, S. 1989. Occurrence of seasonal variation of zooplankton in fish pond in relation to some physco- chemical factors. Bangladesh j. zool. 17(2): 101-106. Fakruzzaman, M. & Zaman, M. 1996. Preliminary investigation on the physico-chemical characteristics of some ponds in central Barind regions, Bangladesh. Limnologia 3: 18-22. Gautam, A. 1990. Ecology and Pollution of Mountain Water. Ashish Publ. House, New Delhi, India. 209 pp.

Copepoda Diaptomus sp. Cyclops sp. Macrocyclops sp. Mesocyclops sp. Cladocera Alona sp. Bosmina sp. Ceriodaphnia sp. Daphnia sp. Diaphanosoma sp. Moina sp. Sida sp. Rotifera Brachionus sp. Filinia sp. Harringia sp. Notholca sp. Philodina sp. Rotaria sp. Trichocerca sp. Total - = Not detected

6.26 8.02 4.92 5.87 4.60 5.34 10.02 3.95 8.77 7.62 6.46 6.11 3.84 6.87 4.80 3.66 2.89 100%

7.13 8.61 3.78 5.55 4.38 5.98 3.29 9.97 2.74 9.40 7.37 6.84 6.07 3.63 6.54 5.11 3.61 100%

Phytoplankton population was found to have significant positive correlation each with transparency (r=0.962), DO (r=0.951), phosphate content (r=0.967) and zooplankton population (r= 0.944), and significant negative correlation with BOD5 (r=0.949), chloride (r=0.992) and calcium hardness (r=0.976).

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Habib, M.A.B., Islam, M.A., Mohsinuzzaman, M. & Rahman, M.S. 1984. Effect of some physico-chemical factors of water on the abundance of fluctuation of zooplankton of two selected ponds. Univ. j. zool. Rajshahi Univ. 3: 27-34. Islam, A.K.M.N. & Nahar, L. 1967. Preliminary studies on the phytoplankton of polluted waters. Sci. Res. 3: 94-109. Islam, M.A., Chowdhury, A.H. & Zaman, M. 1998. Seasonal occurrence of zooplankton in four managed fishponds in Rajshahi. Univ. j. zool. Rajshahi Univ. 17: 51-60. Islam, M.A., Chowdhury, A.H. & Zaman, M. 2001. Limnology of fishponds in Rajshahi, Bangladesh. Ecol. Env. & Cons. 7(1): 1-7. Jayanguadar, I. 1964. The bio-ecological study of Nuggikari Lake in Dharwas, Mysore, India. Hydrobiologia 23(34): 515-532. Fakruzzaman, M., Chowdhury, A.H., Naz, S. & Zaman, M. 2001. Zooplankton of some fishponds in Barind Tract in relation to its physico-chemical variables. Univ. j. zool. Rajshahi Univ. 20: 75-80. Mumtazuddin, M., Rahman, M.S. & Mostafa, G. 1982. Limnological studies of four selected rearing ponds at the aquaculture experiment station, Mymenshingh. Bang. J. Fish. 2-5(1-2): 83-90.

Naz, S. 1992. Studies on Physico-chemical Conditions and Plankton of Fishponds in Rajshahi. Unpubl. M.Sc. thesis, Dept. of Botany. Rajshahi University. 167 pp. Naz, S. 1999. Studies on the Limnological Character-istics and Trophic Status of Pisciculture Ponds in Rajshahi. Unpubl. Ph.D. thesis, Department of Botany, Rajshahi University. 278 pp. Rahman, H.A.M. 1997. Preliminary investigation on the limnological characteristics of some ponds in the south Barind region. Unpubl. M Sc. thesis, Dept. of Botany, Rajshahi University. 99 pp. Rahman, M.S., Chowdhury, M.Y., Haque, A.K.M.A. & Haq, M.S. 1982. Limnological studies of four fishponds. Bangla. J. Fish 2-5 (1-2): 25-35. Rao, D.S. 1977. An ecological study of three fresh water ponds of Hyderabad, India. Hydrobiologia 53(1): 13-32. Safi, B.G. & Farooque, D. 1983. Water quality of fishponds in Dhaka city in relation to fish production. Dhaka Univ. Stud. B 31: 61-66. Transeau, E.N. 1951. Zygnemaceae.Ohio State University Press. Columbus. USA. Welch, P.S. 1948. Limnological Methods. McGraw Hill, N.Y. USA. 381 pp. Revised manuscript received on 12 June 2007.

Univ. j. zool. Rajshahi Univ. Vol. 25, 2006. pp. 45-49

Rajshahi University Zoological Society

ISSN 1023-6104

Effects of cypermethrin alone and in combination with leaf and seed extracts of neem against adult Tribolium castaneum (Herbst)
M. Khalequzzaman1* and Makhsuda Khanom2
Institute of Biological Sciences, Rajshahi University, Rajshahi 6205, Bangladesh 1 Department of Zoology, University of Rajshahi, Rajshahi 6205, Bangladesh
*Corresponding author; email: kzaman@ru.ac.bd; 2Present address: New Govt. Degree College, Rajshahi 6000, Bangladesh Abstract: Cypermethrin was applied either alone or in combination with leaf and seed extracts of neem (Azadirachta indica A. Juss) to four strains of the adult red flour beetle Tribolium castaneum (Herbst) and the mortality was assessed after 24 and 48 hrs of treatments. The LD50 values were calculated as 0.0072, 0.0105, 0.0056 and 0.0124 gcm2 after 24 hours and 0.0041, 0.0076, 0.0046 and 0.0097 gcm2 after 48 hours of treatment for the Local, CR-1, FSS-II and CTC-12 strains respectively. The results showed synergism when applied in combined doses of cypermethrin and leaf and seed extracts with petroleum spirit, ethyl acetate and methanol. Leaf extract in acetone had an insignificant effect showing its inertness with cypermethrin excepting 24 hrs after treatment of Local strain and 48 hrs after treatment of CTC-12 strain. Seed extract in methanol in Local strain showed insignificant effect after 24 hrs of treatment but a synergistic effect occurred after 48 hrs of treatment. Key words: Cypermethrin, Azadirachta indica, Tribolium castaneum, synergism

Introduction The intensification of food production has led to several problems in the post harvest phase including the major concern of pest infestation during storage. This is further aggravated by the increased attention paid to maintenance of buffer stocks to provide food security for a country. Pest problems have increased side by side with the increase in the quantity of food stockpiled and the longer duration of storage. Such pest problems are more acute in the tropics than in temperate zones because the environment in the former is more conducive to the growth and development of pests. The development of resistant strains of stored grain pests to malathion and more recently to fenitrothion has posed serious problems for the grain industries and has prompted extensive studies of alternative grain protectants. Preliminary work in the laboratory has shown that the synthetic pyrethroids cyfluthrin and cypermethrin have the potential to control prevalent resistant strains of the many storage pests (Bengston et al., 1987). The search for combinations of pesticides with plant derivatives that have a synergistic effect on the pest, whilst having no detrimental effect on stored product, is an important area of study. Especially natural insecticides, like Rotenone (Brannon, 1947), Ryania dust (Reed & Filmer, 1950) and Sabadilla (Blum & Kearns, 1957) could be synergistic. The neem tree (Azadirachta indica A. Juss) is one of the most promising botanical insecticide at present (Khalequzzaman & Islam, 1997; Sutherland et al., 2002; El Shafie & Basedow, 2003; Aliero, 2003; Greenberg et al., 2005) and its products are known to

have strong pesticidal properties (Isman, 1999; Walter, 1999; Khalequzzaman & Khanom, 2000; Khanom & Khalequzzaman, 2000; Mancebo et al., 2002). Evaluation of extracts and pure compounds against numerous species of insect pests have demonstrated neems diverse biological effects: repellence (Ma et al., 2000; Hou et al., 2004), feeding deterrence (Weathersbee & Tang, 2002), reduced growth and abnormal development (Isman, 1993), oviposion deterrence (Singh & Singh, 1998, Lale & Mustapha, 2000, Liang et al., 2003), reduced egg laying due to sterilizing effect (Xie et al., 1995; Rahim, 1998; Lale & Abdulrahmanb, 1999) and also direct toxicity (Makanjuola, 1989, Iloba & Ekrakene, 2006). The present investigations were carried out to observe the effects of cypermethrin as stored grains protectant; and combined effect of cypermethrin with leaf and seed extracts of neem on four strains of adult Tribolium castaneum (Herbst). Materials and Methods Test insects: Four strains of the flour beetle, T. castaneum viz., Local, CR-1, FSS-II and CTC-12 were used for the study. The Local strain was collected from flourmills and other three strains were collected from Crop Protection Lab., Department of Agriculture and Environmental Science, University of Newcastle upon Tyne, U.K. The exotic strains were successfully reared for more than ten years in the Crop Protection and Toxicology Lab., Institute of Biological Sciences, Rajshahi University. The cultures were maintained in jars (1000 ml) and sub-cultured in beakers (500 ml) with food medium and kept in an incubator at 300.5C. A standard mixture of whole-wheat flour with powdered dry yeast in a ratio of 19:1

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(Khalequzzaman et al., 1994) was used as food medium throughout the experimental period. Neem leaf and seed extractions: Neem leaves and seeds were collected and dried in shade. Extractions were done in a Soxhlet`s apparatus with solvent in the process described by Feuerhake & Schmutterer (1982). The solvents used were petroleum spirit, ethyl acetate, acetone and methanol serially on the same stock of leaves and seeds. After completing extraction, the mixed solvent was removed from the extract with a vacuum rotary evaporator. Mortality tests: Residual film method (Busvine, 1971) was used to test the mortality of the adults of T. castaneum. The test insecticide was cypermethrin [(RS)alpha-cyano-3-phenoxybenzyl (IRS)-cis, trans3-(2,2-dichlorovinyl)-2,2-dimethylcyclopropane carboxylate] commercially available as Fenom 10 EC of Novartis (Bangladesh) Limited. The insecticide was diluted in acetone and different doses were made. The doses were 0.01572, 0.00786, 0.00393, and 0.00196 gcm2 including a control dose (only acetone). One ml of liquid from each dose was dropped on petridishes (90 mm) separately, covering uniformly the whole area of the petridish. They were then kept open for sometimes to dry-up. Four plastic rings (30 mm) were placed inside a petridish and 10 adult beetles were released within each ring. The rings within the petridish were served as replications. The doses were calculated by measuring the actual amount of active ingredient (g) present in one ml of the solvent divided by the surface area of the petridish. The mortality was recorded after 24 and 48 hrs of treatment. The mortality percentage was corrected using Abbotts formula (Abbott, 1925), and the observed data was subjected to probit analysis according to Finney (1947) and Busvine (1971). Before actual experiments ad-hoc trials for each leaf and seed extracts were done to have a clear idea of the dose-mortality response. The dose at which mortality took place between 10-20 percent was selected as low dose. After completion of the above experiments the lowest dose of insecticide (0.00196 gcm2) and the lowest doses of neem leaf extracts (33.96, 123.82, 67.76 and 86.27gcm2 for extracts in petroleum spirit, ethyl acetate, acetone and methanol, respectively) were mixed and thus four combined doses were made. Again another four combined doses were made by mixing the same dose of insecticide and the lowest doses of neem seed extracts (44.41, 155.78, 116.53 and 110.13 gcm2 for extracts in petroleum spirit, ethyl acetate, acetone and methanol respectively). The combined doses were then applied on four strains of adult T. castaneum in the same procedure detailed above.

The mortality was recorded after 24 and 48 hrs of treatment and the mortality was tested using chi-square based on an expected mortality for the sum of the two individual effect as given by Mather (1940) as follows.
2 = (N C X 1 X E X C N 1 N E ) 2 N 1 N E X 1 X E N C {N 1 N E (N 1 N E X 1 X E ) + N C N E X E Y1 + N C N 1 X 1Y E }

Where, N1, NE and NC are the total number of insects used in the treatments with cypermethrin, extracts (leave and seed) and their combined doses respectively; X1, XE and XC represent the total number of insects surviving in the treatments of cypermethrin, extracts (leave and seed) and their combined doses respectively; and Y1 and YE denote the number of insects killed in individual treatment of cypermethrin and neem extracts, respectively. Significant chi-square values are expected to indicate that observed mortality of the combined chemicals is greater and synergism may occur. The combined effects on adult mortality were classified on the basis of criteria for synergism (Hewlett, 1960) as described by Benz (1971). Results and Discussion The LD50 values, 95% confidence limits, regression equations and chi-square values for cypemethrin at 24 and 48 hrs after treatment on adult T. castaneum are presented in Table 1. From the regression equations LD50 values were calculated and all values of 2 showed insignificant indicating the good fit of the regression lines. It was observed that cypermethrin was very toxic to the adult flour beetles and mortality increased with the increasing exposure time. Local and FSS-II strains were more susceptible towards cypermethrin whereas CR-I and CTC-12 were moderately susceptible. CTC-12 is a recognized malathion resistant strain (Lloyd & Ruczkowski 1980) but it was found susceptible to cypermethrin. The LD50 values have been calculated as 0.0072, 0.0105, 0.0056 and 0.0124 gcm2 for Local, CR-1, FSS-II and CTC-12 strains respectively after 24 hours of treatment. The values were 0.0041, 0.0076, 0.0046 and 0.0097 gcm2 in the above mentioned strains respectively after 48 hrs of treatment. Table 1. LD50, 95% confidence limits and regression equations for cypermethrin against different strains of adult T. castaneum.
95% CL LD50 Hrs of Strains gcm2 (LowerUpper) treatment Local CR-1 FSS-II CTC-12 Local CR-1 FSS-II CTC-12 0.0072 0.0105 0.0056 0.0124 0.0041 0.0076 0.0046 0.0097 (0.00511.0200) (0.00710.0157) (0.00410.0076) (0.00800.0192) (0.00310.0053) (0.00540.0107) (0.00330.0064) (0.00660.0143) Regression equations (2 at 2 df) Y=3.7627+1.4382X (2.26) Y=3.4684+1.4942X (0.24) Y=3.8879+1.4896X (0.28) Y=3.3688+1.4925X (0.25) Y=3.8061+1.9599X (0.89) Y=3.7317+1.4406X (1.22) Y=4.0063+1.4959X (0.08) Y=3.5682+1.4497X (0.68)

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Effects of cypermethrin alone and in combination with leaf and seed extracts of neem against T. castaneum

47

Table 2. 2-values based on expected mortality of the adult T. castaneum for the sum of the individual effects of cypermethrin and neem extracts
Extraction Solvents Petroleum spirit 24 Ethyl acetate Acetone Leaf Methanol Petroleum spirit 48 Ethyl acetate Acetone Methanol Petroleum spirit 24 Ethyl acetate Acetone Methanol Seed Petroleum spirit 48 Ethyl acetate Acetone Methanol *=P<0.05, **=P<0.01; ***=P<0.001 Plant parts Hrs of Treatment Strains Local CR-1 FSS-II CTC-12 Local CR-1 FSS-II CTC-12 Local CR-1 FSS-II CTC-12 Local CR-1 FSS-II CTC-12 Local 9.76** 7.88** 6.38* 7.72** 15.01*** 13.00*** 0.456 11.20*** 19.20*** 9.77** 0.99 3.62 17.55*** 5.71* 1.24 8.72** CR-1 7.56** 12.13*** 0.901 13.48*** 10.81*** 14.97*** 0.994 9.77** 14.97*** 17.44*** 3.02 10.04*** 15.26*** 6.72** 4.83* 14.48*** (2-values) FSS-II 7.81** 5.35* 0.27 4.12* 20.16*** 13.95*** 2.06 6.53** 12.12*** 11.53*** 0.27 4.30* 10.61*** 11.99*** 2.28 3.94* CTC-12 17.57*** 7.12** 1.02 8.40** 24.80*** 14.77*** 8.81** 12.47*** 18.71*** 5.03* 3.56 4.74* 23.97*** 4.33* 0.99 5.98*

The results of the combined action of cypermethrin and neem extracts are presented in Table 2. Leaf extracts of neem shows synergistic effect on cypermethrin to adult T. castaneum. It was observed that neem leaf extracts in petroleum spirit, ethyl acetate and methanol offered synergism with cypermethrin having all significant 2values after 24 and 48 hrs of treatments. But it was interesting to note that acetone extract having insignificant 2-value shows their inertness with cypermethrin excepting 24 hrs after treatment of Local strain (P<0.05) and 48 hrs after treatment of strain CTC-12 (P<0.01). The combined action of neem seed extracts and cypermethrin also showed similar results as shown in leaf extracts. Here extracts in petroleum spirit, ethyl acetate and methanol with cypermethrin showed significant 2-values suggesting synergistic effect on T. castaneum. Acetone extract again showed insignificant results in all strains except CR-1 at 48 hrs after treatment (P<0.05). It was also interesting that methanol extract in Local strain showed insignificant 2-value after 24 hours of treatment but the synergism occurred after 48 hrs of treatment (P<0.01). The toxic effect of cypermethrin on four strains of the red flour beetle indicated that the CTC-12 was more resistant to cypermethrin than the remaining strains. Champ & Campbell-Brown (1970) reported that CTC12 was 18.3 times more resistant to malathion than CTC-4. Lloyd & Ruczkowski (1980) reported that the CTC-12 is resistant to malathion. According to Wool & Manheim (1980) CTC-12 is not only tolerant to malathion but also to many other insecticides. Yadav (1987) studied the toxicity of three pyrethroids viz., deltamethrin, cypermethrin and permethrin against 13 stored grain pests. Karnatak & Khari (1991) reported that deltamethrin and cypermethrin were

significantly superior among the synthetic pyrethroids and mortality was directly correlated with the dose concentration. Gul-e-Rukhsana et al. (1993) studied the toxic effects of neem oil, deltamethrin and perfecthion against Callosobruchus analis under laboratory conditions and the LD50 of those compounds were found to be 46.25%, 0.00625% and 0.00084082% for neem oil, deltamethrin and perfecthion respectively. Naqvi et al. (1995) determined the toxic and teratogenic effects of Coopex (25 E.C), pyrethroid and neem extract (N-7) against 3rd instar larvae of Musca domestica L. where LC50 of Coopex was 0.0029% and neem extract was 3.8%. It is evident from the present results that almost all the combined doses offered synergism having significant 2-values. According to Hewlett (1960) and Metcalf (1967) the synergists inhibit the enzymes responsible for toxicant degradation. Othaki et al. (1968) and Othaki & Williams (1970) showed that the insect body contains enzymes for the degradation of hormones like the moulting hormone. Azadirachtin, a tetranorterpenoid first isolated from the neem tree, A. indica (Butterworth & Morgan, 1971), is known for its potent insecticidal effects. It acts as a phagodeterrent, antifeedant and growth-disrupting substance and is most effective against Lepidoptera (Mordue & Blackwell, 1993). Leaf and seed extracts used in the present experiment showed to some extent similar synergistic results to that of Dyte & Rowlands (1970) who reported higher mortality of T. castaneum adults in combined doses of insecticides (e.g., Fenitrothion, Bromoxon and Malaoxon) and synergists (Sesamex, SKF, 525 and PAOB-1) in comparison with the mortality due to individual action of the chemicals. This result is also similar to that of Ishaaya et al. (1983) who reported

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higher mortality of T. castaneum in combined doses of insecticide (e.g., trans- and cis-cypermethrin) and synergist (piperonylbutoxide). Mondal (1990) also observed a similar effect of an insecticide (pirimiphosmethyl) and a synergist (methylquinone) on T. castaneum. References
Abbott, W.S. 1925. A method of computing effectiveness of an insecticide. J. Econ. Entomol. 18: 265-267. Aliero, B.L. 2003. Larvicidal effects of aqueous extracts of Azadirachta indica (neem) on the larvae of Anopheles mosquito. Afr. J. Biotech. 2 (9): 325-327. Bengston, M., Desmarchelier, J.M., Hayward, B., Henning, R., Moulden, J.H., Noble, R.M., Smith, G., Snelson, J.T., Sticka, R., Thomas, D., Wallbank, B.E. & Webley, D.J. 1987. Synergised cyfluthrin and cypermethrin as grain protectant on bulk wheat. Pestic. Sci. 12: 23-37. Benz, G. 1971. Synergism of microorganisms and chemical insecticides. In: Microbial control of insects and mites (eds. H.D. Burges & H.W. Hussey), pp. 145-163. . Academic Press. London. Blum, L.W. & Kearns, C.W. 1957. The effect of pyrethrum activators on the toxicity of Sabadilla to houseflies. J. Econ. Entomol. 49: 283. Brannon, L.W. 1947. Piperonyl-cyclonene and piperonylbutoxide as synergist with rotenone. J. Econ. Entomol. 40: 933-934. Busvine, J.R. 1971. A Critical Review of the Techniques for Testing Insecticide, Commonwealth Agricultural Bureau: London. 345 pp. Butterworth J.H. & Morgan, E.D. 1971. Investigation of the locust feeding inhibition of the seeds of the neem tree, Azadirachta indica. J. Insect Physiol. 17: 969-977. Champ, B.R. & Campbell-Brown, M.J. 1970. Insecticide resistance in Australian Tribolium castaneum (Herbst) (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae), II. Malathion resistance in Estern Australia. J. stored Prod. Res. 6: 16. Dyte, C.E. & Rowlands, D.G. 1970. The effects of some insecticide synergists on the potency and metabolism of Bromophos and Fenitrothion in Tribolium castaneum (Herbst) (Coleoptera : Tenebrionidae). J. stored Prod. Res. 6: 1-18. El Shafie, H.A.F. & Basedow, T. 2003. The efficacy of different neem preparations for the control of insects damaging potatoes and eggplants in the Sudan. Crop Prot. 22: 10151021. Feuerhake K.J. & Schmutterer, H. 1982. Einfache verfahren Zur Ge Winnung und Formulating von Niemsamenextrakten und deren Wirkung auf verschiedene schadinsckten. Z. Pflkrankh Pflschutz. 89: 737-747. Finney, D.J. 1947. Probit analysis. University Press, Cambridge. 333 pp.

Greenberg, S.M., Showler, A.T. & Liu, T.X. 2005. Effects of neem-based insecticides on beet armyworm (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae). Insect Sci. 12: 17-23. Gul-e-Rukhsana, M., Aslam, M., Kazmi, A., Ahmad, I., Khan M.F. & Naqvi, S.N.H. 1993. Toxicity of neem oil against Callosobruchus analis F. in comparison with deltamethrin and dimethoate. Pakistan J. Entomol. 8(2): 15-27. Hewlett, P.S. 1960. Joint action in insecticide. Adv. pest control Res. 3: 27-74. Hou, X., Fields, P. & Taylor, W. 2004. The effect of repellents on penetration into packaging by storedproduct insects. J. stored Prod. Res. 40: 47-54. Iloba, B.N. & Ekrakene, T. 2006. Comparative assessment of insecticidal effect of Azadirachta indica, Hyptis suaveolens and Ocimum gratissimum on Sitophilus zeamais and Callosobruchus maculatus. J. Biol. Sci. 6(3): 626-630. Ishaaya, I., Elsner, A., Ascher K.R.S. & Casida, J.E. 1983. Synthetic pyrethroids: Toxicity and synergism on dietary exposure of Tribolium castaneum (Herbst) larvae. Pestic. Sci. 14: 367-372. Isman, M.B. 1993. Growth inhibitory and antifeedant effects of azadirachtin on six noctuids of regional economic importance. Pestic. Sci. 38: 57-63. Isman, M.B. 1999. Neem and related natural products. In: Biopesticides: Use and Delivery (eds. F.R. Hall and J.J. Menn), pp. 139-154. Humana Press, Totowa, New Jersey. Karnatak, A.K. & Khari, B.P. 1991. Biological efficacy of some synthetic pyrethroid insecticides against Sitophilus oryzae (Linn.) Agric. Biol. Res. 7(2): 126-131. Khalequzzaman, M. & Islam, M.R. 1997. Synergism of cypermethrin by neem (Azadirachta indica A. Juss) leaf extract against housefly, Musca domestica L.Univ. j. zool. Rajshahi Univ. 16: 73-78. Khalequzzaman, M., Khanam, L.A.M. & Talukdar, D. 1994. Growth of Tribolium confusum Duv. on wheat flour with various yeast levels. Int. Pest Cont. 36: 128-130. Khalequzzaman, M. & Khanom, M. 2000. Effect of neem (Azadirachta indica A. Juss) leaf extracts on larvae and adults of Tribolium castaneum (Herbst). J. bio-sci. 8: 83-91. Khanom, M. & Khalequzzaman, M. 2000. Effect of neem (Azadirachta indica A. Juss) seed extracts on larvae and adults of Tribolium castaneum (Herbst). Univ. j. zool. Rajshahi Univ. 19: 7-16. Lale, N.E.S. & Abdulrahmanb, H.T. 1999. Evaluation of neem (Azadirachta indica A. Juss) seed oil obtained by different methods and neem powder for the management of Callosobruchus maculatus (F.) (Coleoptera: Bruchidae) in stored cowpea. J. stored Prod. Res. 35: 135-143. Lale, N.E.S. & Mustapha, A. 2000. Potential of combining neem (Azadirachta indica A. Juss) seed oil with varietal resistance for the management of the cowpea bruchid, Callosobruchus maculatus (F.). J. stored Prod. Res. 36: 215-222.

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Liang, G., Chen, W. & Liu, T.X. 2003. Effects of three neembased insecticides on diamondback moth (lepidoptera: plutellidae). Crop Prot. 22: 333340. Lloyd C.J. & Ruczkowski, G.E. 1980. The cross-resistance to pyrethrins and eight synthetic pyrethroids, of an organophosphorus-resistant strain of the rust-red flour beetle, Tribolium castaneum (Herbst). Pestic. Sci. 11: 331-340. Ma, D.L., Gordh, G. & Zalucki, M.P. 2000. Biological effects of azadirachtin on Helicoverpa armigera (Hbner) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) fed on cotton and artificial diet. Aust. J. Entomol. 39: 301-304. Makanjuola, W.A. 1989. Evaluation of extracts of neem (Azadirachta indica A. Juss) for the control of some stored product pests. J. stored Prod. Res. 25(4): 231-237. Mancebo, F., Hilje, L., Mora, G.A. & Salazar, R. 2002. Biological activity of two neem (Azadirachta indica A. Juss., Meliaceae) products on Hypsipyla grandella (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) larvae. Crop Prot. 21: 107112. Mather, K. 1940. The design and significance of synergic action tests. J. Hyg. Camb. 40: 513-531. Metcalf, R.L. 1967. Mode of action of insecticide synergists. Ann. Rev. Ent. 12: 229-256. Mondal, K.A.M.S.H. 1990. Combined action of mythyl quinone, aggregation pheromone and pirimiphos-methyl on Tribolium castaneum larval mortality. Pakistan J. Zool. 22(3): 249-255. Mordue L.A.J. & Blackwell, A. 1993. Azadirachtin: an update. J. Insect Physiol. 39: 903924 Naqvi, S.N.H., Jahan, M., Tabassum, R., Qamar, S.J. & Ahmad, I. 1995. Toxicity and teratogeny caused by Coopex 25 E.C. and a neem extract (N-7) against 3rd instar larvae of Musca domestica. Pakistan J. Zool. 27(1): 27-31. Othaki, J. & Williams, C.M. 1970. Inactivation of ecdysone and cyasterone by larvae of the flesh fly, Sacrophaga peregrina and pupae of the silkworm, Sesamia cynthia. Biol. Bull. mar. bilo. lab. Woods Hole 138: 326-333.

Othaki, T., Milkma, R.D. & Williams, C.M. 1968. Dynamics of ecdysone secretion and action in the flesh fly, Sacrophaga peregrian. Biol. Bull. mor. biol. lab. Woods Hole 135: 322-334. Rahim, M. 1998. Biological activity of azadirachtin-enriched neem kernal extracts against Rhyzopertha dominica (F.) (Coleoptera: Bostrichidae) in stored wheat. . J. stored Prod. Res. 34(2/3): 123-128. Reed, R.P. & Filmer, R.S. 1950. Activation of ryania dust by piperonyl cyclonene and N-propyl isomer. J. Econ. Entomol. 43: 161-164. Singh, S. & Singh, R.P. 1998. Neem (Azadirachta indica) seed kernel extracts and azadirachtin as oviposition deterrents against the melon fly (Bactrocera cucurbitae) and oriental fruit fly (Bactrocera dorsalis). Phytoparasitica 26: 1-7. Sutherland, J.P., Baharally, V. & Permaul, D. 2002. Use of the botanical insecticide, neem to control the small rice stinkbug Oebalus poecilus (Dallas, 1851) (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae) in Guyana. Entomotropica 17(1): 97-101. Walter, J.F. 1999. Commercial experience with neem products. In: Biopesticides: Use and Delivery (eds. F.R. Hall & J.J. Menn), pp. 155-170. Humana Press, Totowa, New Jersey. Weathersbee, A.A. & Tang, Y.Q. 2002. Effect of neem seed extract on feeding, growth, survival, and reproduction of Diaprepes abbreviatus (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) J. Econ. Entomol. 95(4): 661-667. Wool, D. & Manheim, O. 1980. Genetically-induced susceptibility to malathion in Tribolium castaneum despite selection for resistance. Entomol. exp. appl. 28: 183. Xie, Y.S., Fields, P.G., Isman, M.B., Chen, W.K. & Zhang, X. 1995. Insecticidal activity of Melia toosendan extracts and Toosendanin against three stored-product insects. J. stored Prod. Res. 31(3): 259-265. Yadav, T.D. 1987. Toxicity of deltamethrin, cypermethrin and permethrin against 13 stored product insects. Indian J. Entomol. 49(1): 21-26. Revised manuscript received on 14 June 2007.

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Univ. j. zool. Rajshahi Univ. Vol. 25, 2006. pp. 51-55

Rajshahi University Zoological Society

ISSN 1023-6104

Efficacy of commercial neem-based insecticide, Nimbicidine against eggs of the red flour beetle Tribolium castaneum (Herbst)
Dipali Rani Das, Selina Parween and Saiful Islam Faruki*
Department of Zoology, Rajshahi University, Rajshahi-6205, Bangladesh
*Corresponding author; email: faruki64@yahoo.com

Abstract: The efficacy of different concentrations of the commercial neem-based insecticide, Nimbicidine was evaluated against the eggs of the red flour beetle Tribolium castaneum (Herbst). The insecticide significantly inhibited the hatching, pupation and adult emergence of the beetle. The latent effects of Nimbicidine on the next generation progenies were expressed by significant reductions in the growth of larvae, pupation and adult emergence coupled with lengthened developmental period, but the sex ratio was unaffected. Key words: Tribolium castaneum, Azadirachtin, hatching, pupation, adult emergence, growth and development, sex ratio Introduction The post-harvest losses and quality deterioration caused by storage pests are major problem throughout the world (Hill, 1990). Synthetic insecticides have been successfully used to protect stored grains from insect infestations but their indiscriminate and massive use have created serious problems such as hazards to the environment including human health and non-target organisms (Sighamony et al., 1986), residues in food grains (Fishwick, 1988), environmental pollution (Wright et al., 1993; WMO, 1995), and development of resistant strains (Champ & Dyte, 1976; Zettler, 1982; Zettler & Cuperus, 1990; Yusof & Ho, 1992; White, 1995). Finding safe alternatives to synthetic insecticides to protect stored grains and grain products from insect infestations are highly desirable. Recently, attention has been given to the possible use of plant products or plant derived compounds as promising alternatives to synthetic insecticides in controlling insect pests of stored products (Jahan et al., 1989; Mondal et al., 1989; Khalequzzaman & Islam, 1992; Senguttuvan et al., 1995; Liu & Ho, 1999; Ohazurike et al., 2003; Umoetok & Gerard, 2003). The effectiveness of many plant derivatives for use against stored grains pests has been reviewed by Jacobson (1983, 1989) and Golob & Webley (1980). Joseph et al. (1994) and Haque et al. (2000) studied the growth inhibitory effects of some commercially available plant extracts on the red flour beetle, Tribolium castaneum (Herbst) (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae). Many biologically active compounds have been isolated from neem, Azadirachta indica A. Juss, including triterpenoids, azadirachtin (Butterworth & Morgan, 1971) and melantriol (Lavie et al., 1967), which reduced the feeding of insects. Azadirachtin is a mixture of seven isomeric compounds as Azadirachtin-A to AzadirachtinG of which Azadirachtin-E is the most effective insect growth regulator (Verkerk & Wright, 1993). Azadirachtin possess insecticidal, ovicidal, antifeedant, and growth inhibiting effects against many insect pests (Akou-Edi, 1984; Schmutterer, 1990; Vietmeyer, 1992; Nawrot & Harmatha, 1994), including the storage pests (Jilani & Su, 1983; Ivbijaro, 1983a, b; Makanjuola, 1989). The present investigation, therefore, was undertaken to evaluate the pesticidal activity of Nimbicidine on eggs, and the growth and development of next generation progenies of T. castaneum developed from treated eggs. Materials and Methods The test insects: T. castaneum was collected from the stock culture maintained at the Insect Research Laboratory, Department of Zoology, Rajshahi University on standard food medium (wheat flour: Brewers yeast, 19:1) in plastic containers. Source of the test compound: The experimental compound, Nimbicidine, a commercial formulation of Azadirachtin EC (0.03% a. i.) was produced by The Stanes & Co. Ltd., India and marketed by the ACI Crop Care, Bangladesh. The compound is an extract of neem seed, which acts as repellent, antifeedant and growth regulator. The concentrations used in the present experiment were 0.5-, 1-, 2-, 4-, 8- and 16 ml.kg-1 and prepared by mixing the requisite amounts of Nimbicidine with the food medium. Experimental procedures: One hundred 24 h-old eggs were released on Nimbicidine-treated foods separately. An equal number of eggs of the same age were released on untreated food as controls. The eggs were exposed to treated food for 24h, and were transferred to clean Petri dishes separately for each concentration to record their hatching percentage. The newly hatched larvae were transferred to untreated food separately for each concentration. The food medium was changed with a fresh one after every 7

52 days to avoid conditioning. The larvae were kept in the food medium up to pupation, and the following parameters were recorded: () Larval survival (%) on 12th day after hatching, and (i) Pupal and adult recoveries (%). To assess the effects of Nimbicidine on the next generation progeny, adults emerging from the treated eggs were kept separately in Petri dishes provided with the fresh food. Eighteen-day old adults were allowed to oviposit for three consecutive days. Eggs were incubated and neonates were transferred to fresh food up to pupation with regular changing of the food medium. The following parameters for the progeny were recorded: () Weight of 12- and 16-day old larvae; () Developmental period; (i) Pupal and adult recoveries (%); (iv) Weight of male and female pupae; and (v) Weight of male and female adults. All

Das et al. the experiments were replicated three times and conducted at mean room temperatures of 302C without any humidity and light control. Results and Discussion Effect on egg-hatching and survival of life stages: Hatching of T. castaneum eggs was inhibited significantly due to Nimbicidine treatment at all concentrations (F6,12 = 52.06, P<0.001; Table 1). The insecticide reduced the egg hatching up to 18.60% at higher concentrations. The percentages of larval, pupal and adult survival reduced up to 20.00, 20.25 and 21.79% respectively at 16 ml.kg-1 of Nimbicidine as compared to control and the reduction was statistically significant (P<0.001) in all the life stages (Table 1).

Table 1. Effects of egg treatment with Nimbicidine on hatching and survival of various life stages in T. castaneum (N = 300)
Concentrations Hatching (%) % reduction@ MeanSE (ml.kg-1) 0.0 0.5 1.0 2.0 4.0 8.0 16.0 86.00.58a 82.00.58a 82.00.58
a

4.65 4.65 17.44 12.79 18.6 18.6

Larvae Mean SE % reduction@ 80.00.58a 78.00.58a 78.01.16

a

Survival (%) Pupae Mean SE % reduction@ 79.00.58a 77.00.58a 78.01.16

a

Mean SE 78.00.58a 76.00.58a 76.00.58a 65.00.58b 66.01.16b 65.00.58bc 61.00.58c

Adults % reduction@ 2.56 2.56 16.67 15.38 16.67 21.79

2.50 2.50 16.25 11.25 16.25 20.00

2.53 1.27 16.46 13.92 15.19 20.25

71.00.58bc 75.02.89b 70.00.05

c

67.01.16c 71.00.58b 67.01.16

c

66.00.58bc 68.01.16b 67.01.16

b

70.01.16c

64.00.58d

63.00.58c

F-values 52.06*** 188.14*** 69.00*** 109.56*** Means in each column followed by the same letter are not significantly different by Tukey's test (P < 0.05); @ % reduction over control; *** P< 0.001

Effect on growth of various developmental stages of next generation progenies: The latent effects of Nimbicidinetreated eggs on the weight of larvae, pupae and adults of next generation T. castaneum are presented in Table 2. The insecticide significantly reduced the weight of larvae (F6,12= 8.56 and 12.28, P<0.001 for 12- and 16-day old larvae, respectively), which gradually reduced at increasing concentrations. However, the weights of pupae and adults were not affected. Effect on developmental period and next generation progeny formation: Nimbicidine-induced developmental periods, pupal and adult recoveries and sex ratio in T. castaneum are shown in Table 3. The larval period was not affected compared to that of the control but the insecticide significantly lengthened the pupal period in the next generation progenies (F6,12 = 8.11, P<0.01). In addition, it significantly reduced pupation as well as adult emergence. The reduction in pupation and adult emergence was increased respectively up to 13.45% and 14.73% as the concentrations were increased. However, Nimbicidine failed to produce any appreciable change in adult sex ratios in T. castaneum.

Table 2. Effects of Nimbicidine treatment on the weight (mg) of larvae, pupae and adults in next generation T. castaneum progenies
Larvae Pupae Adults Concs. 12 day- 16 day (ml.kg-1) old old Mean Mean Mean Mean Mean Mean SE SE SE SE SE SE 1.62 2.98 2.67 3.06 2.10 2.24 0.0 0.01a 0.02a 0.08 0.06 0.07 0.03 1.59 2.89 2.61 2.90 2.05 2.21 0.5 0.01ab 0.03ab 0.02 0.02 0.03 0.05 2.81 2.63 2.89 2.02 2.20 1.55 1.0 0.06ab 0.05 0.10 0.06 0.03 0.03abc 2.79 2.63 2.86 2.01 2.21 1.52 2.0 0.05ab 0.07 0.05 0.01 0.08 0.03abc 1.47 2.77 2.63 2.88 2.01 2.11 4.0 0.08bc 0.07ab 0.05 0.05 0.01 0.07 2.74 2.63 2.84 2.02 2.15 1.45 8.0 0.06b 0.03 0.10 0.02 0.03 0.02bc 2.68 2.63 2.85 2.02 2.19 1.44 16.0 0.02b 0.03 0.10 0.04 0.06 0.03c *** F-values 8.56 12.28*** 0.15ns 2.70ns 0.77ns 2.22ns Means in each column followed by the same letter are not significantly different by Tukey's test (P < 0.05); *** P<0.001; ns = not significant

Efficacy of commercial neem-based insecticide against T. castaneum The production of eggs, hatching and adult emergence in Callosobruchus maculatus and adult emergence in Sitophilus oryzae were significantly reduced when raised on cowpeas and maize respectively treated with extracts of neem leaf and seed (Makanjuola, 1989). Similarly, Lale & Abdulrahman (1999) and Lale & Mustapha (2000) reported a significant reduction in egg laying and adult emergence in C. maculatus treated with neem seed oil. Ivbijaro (1983a) also reported a significant reduction in egg laying of C. maculatus on cowpeas mixed with neem seeds. Neem oil treatment also reduced oviposition, inhibited adult emergence and development of C. maculatus, C. chinensis and C. analis (Yadav, 1985; Sujatha & Punnaiah, 1985; Babu et al., 1989). That Azadirachtin inhibits the release of prothoracicotropic hormones and allatotropins (Banken & Stark, 1997), thereby affecting metamorphosis in

53

insects (Schmutterer & Rembold, 1995) is well documented. It also alters insect behaviour because of its antifeedant and repellent action, and it modifies insect development by inhibiting the release of prothoracicotropic hormones and allatotropins (Mordue (Luntz) & Blackwell, 1993; Williams & Mansingh, 1996). Previous report by Chander et al. (1999) showed Nimbicidine was effective at 20 mg.cm2 and above against T. castaneum. In this study, we have demonstrated that Nimbicidine has a latent effect on T. castaneum progenies as manifested by the reduced growth and development of immature and mature stages and the lesser production of adults. The present results imply that the use of natural products like neem extracts as pesticide would help controlling the storage pests in an environment-friendly way.

Table 3. Effects of Nimbicidine treatment on the developmental periods, pupal and adult recoveries and sex-ratios in next generation T. castaneum progenies
Concentrations (ml.kg-1) 0 .0 0.5 1.0 2.0 4.0 8.0 16.0 F-values Developmental periods (days) (Mean SE) Larval 21.00 0.58 21.67 0.17 22.33 0.33 22.33 0.60 22.33 0.44 22.50 0.29 22.84 0.73 2.34
ns

Recovery (%) (Mean SE) Pupal 90.48 0.69a 85.81 0.89ab 85.03 1.61 83.38 1.87
ab ab

Sex-ratios % reduction@ 5.16 7.98 9.1 8.38 11.17 14.73

@

Pupal 6.00 0.17a 6.00 0.33a 6.33 0.33 6.67 0.58

ab abc

% reduction@ 5.16 6.02 7.85 8.38 10.63 13.45

Adult 90.48 0.69a 85.81 0.63ab 83.26 1.34 82.25 2.21

ab ab

: 1:1.08 1:1.09 1:1.09 1:1.10 1:1.05 1:1.29 1:1.07

6.67 0.58abc 7.33 0.33bc 7.67 0.33 8.11

** c

82.90 2.10ab 80.86 1.45ab 78.31 3.90 5.86

** b

82.90 2.21ab 80.37 1.53b 77.15 3.58 6.46

** b

Means in each column followed by the same letter are not significantly different by Tukey's test (P < 0.05); **P<0.01, ns = not significant

% reduction over control,

Acknowledgements The authors are grateful to the Chairman, Department of Zoology, University of Rajshahi, for extending laboratory facilities and to ACI Crop Care, Bangladesh, for supplying Nimbicidine. References
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Banken, J.A.O. & Stark, J. 1997. Stage and age influence on the susceptibility of Coccinella septempunctata after direct exposure to Neemex, a neem insecticide. J. Econ. Entomol. 90: 1102-1105. Butterworth, J.H. & Morgan, E.D. 1971. Investigation of the locust feeding inhibition of the seeds of the neem tree, Azadirachta indica. J. Insect Physiol. 17: 969-977. Champ, B.R. & Dyte, C.E. 1976. Report of the FAO global survey of pesticides susceptibility of stored grain pests. In: FAO Plant Production and Protection Series No. 5, p. 297. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Rome. Chander, H., Nagender, A., Ahuja, D. K. & Berry, S.K. 1999. Laboratory evaluation of plant extracts as repellents to the rust red flour beetle, Tribolium castaneum (Herbst), on jute fabric. Int. Pest. Contr. 41(1): 18-20. Fishwick, F.B. 1988. Pesticide residues in grain arising from postharvest treatments. Aspects Appl. Biol. 17: 37-46.

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Liu, Z.L. & Ho, S.H. 1999. Bioactivity of the essential oil extracted from Evodia rutaecarpa Hook f. et Thomas against the grain storage insects, Sitophilus zeamais Motsch. and Tribolium castaneum (Herbst). J. stored Prod. Res. 35: 317-328. Makanjuola, W.A. 1989. Evaluation of extracts of neem (Azadirachta indica A. Juss) for the control of some stored product pests. J. stored Prod. Res. 25(4): 231-237. Mondal, K.A.M.S.H., Hossain, G.M.M. & Ali, M.S. 1989. Effect of some indigenous plant materials on larval development of Tribolium confusum Duval (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae). Univ. J. Zool., Rajshahi Univ. 8: 31-34. Mordue (Luntz), A.J. & Blackwell, A. 1993. Azadirachtin: an update. J. Insect. Physiol. 39: 903-924. Nawrot, J. & Harmatha, J. 1994. Natural products as antifeedants against stored products insects. Postharv. News Inf. 5: 17N-21N. Ohazurike, N.C., Onuh, M. O. & Emeribe, E.O. 2003. The use of seed extracts of the physic nut (Jatropha curcas L.) in the control of maize weevil (Sitophilus zeamaize M.) in stored maize grains (Zea mays L.). Global J. Agric. Sci. 2(2): 86-88. Schmutterer, H. 1990. Properties and potential of natural pesticides from neem tree, Azadirachta indica. Ann. Rev. Entomol. 35: 271-297. Schmutterer, H. & Rembold, H. 1995. Neem tree-source of unique natural products for integrated pest management, medicine industry and other purposes (ed. Schmutterer, H.), VCH, Weinheim, Germany. Senguttuvan, T., Kareem, A.A. & Rajendran, R. 1995. Effects of plant products and edible oils against rice moth Corcyra cephalonica Stainton in stored groundnuts. J. stored Prod. Res. 31: 207-210. Sighamony, S., Anees, I., Chandrakala, T. & Osmani, Z. 1986. Efficacy of certain indigenous plant products as grain protectants against Sitophilus oryzae L.) and Rhizopertha dominica (F.). J. stored Prod. Res. 22: 21-23. Sujatha, A. & Punnaiah, K.C. 1985. Effect of coating stored seeds of green gram with vegetable oils on the development of pulse beetle. Indian J. Agric. Sci. 55: 475-477. Umoetok, S.B.A & Gerard, M.B. 2003. Comparative efficacy of Acorus calamus powder and two synthetic insecticides for control of three major insect pests of stored cereal grains. Global J. Agric. Sci. 2(2): 94-97. Verkerk, R.H.J. & Wright, D.J. 1993. Biological activity of neem seed kernel extracts and synthetic azadirachtin against larvae of Plutella xylostella L. Pestic. Sci. 37: 83-91. Vietmeyer, N.D. 1992. Neem: a tree for solving global problems. In: Report of an ad hoc panel of the Board on Science and Technology for International Development, pp. 141. National Research Council, National Academy Press, Washington,DC, USA.

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White, N.D.G. 1995. Insects, mites and insecticides in stored grain ecosystems. In: Stored grain ecosystems (eds. Jayas, D.S., White, N.D.G & Muir, W.E.), pp.123-168, Marcel Dekker, New York. Williams, L.A.D & Mansingh, A. 1996. The insecticidal and acaricidal actions of compounds from Azadirachta indica A. Juss and their use in tropical pest management. Int. Pest Manag. Rev. 1: 133-145. WMO. 1995. Scientific assessment of ozone depletion: World Meteorological Organization global ozone research and monitoring project. Report No. 37, WMO, Geneva, Switzerland. Wright, C.G., Leidy, R.B. & Dupree, Jr., H.E. 1993. Cypermethrin in the ambient air and on surface of rooms treated for cockroaches. Bull. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. 51: 356-360.

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Yadav, T.D. 1985. Antiovipositional and ovicidal toxicity of neem (Azadirachta indica A. Juss) oil against three species of Callosobruchus. Neem Newslet. 2: 5-6. Yusof, O. & Ho. S.H. 1992. A survey of insecticide resistance in Sitophilus zeamais Motsch. in Malaysia and Singapore. J. Plant Prot. Tropics 9: 219-225. Zettler, J.L. 1982. Insecticide resistance in selected stored product insects infesting peanuts in the southern United States. J. Econ. Entomol. 75: 359-362. Zettler, J.L. & Cuperus, G.W. 1990. Pesticide resistance in Tribolium castaneum (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae) and Rhizopertha dominica (Coleoptera: Bostrichidae) in wheat. J. Econ. Entomol. 83: 1677-1681. Revised manuscript received on 14 June 2007.

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Univ. j. zool. Rajshahi Univ. Vol. 25, 2006. pp. 57-62

Rajshahi University Zoological Society

ISSN 1023-6104

Effects of methionine and tryptophan on some economic characters in the mulberry silkworm Bombyx mori L.
Rezina Laz*, Ataul Gani and A. M. Saleh Reza
Department of Zoology, University of Rajshahi, Rajshahi 6205, Bangladesh
*Corresponding author Abstract: Methionine and tryptophan were supplemented with food at four concentrations viz. 250, 500, 750 and 1000 ppm to evaluate the effects of these amino acids on the larval and pupal weight and different cocoon characters in the mulberry silkworm, Bombyx mori L. Treatments significantly enhanced the performance of all the parameters in both parental and F1 generations except the filament denier. Significant differences were also observed between the generations of all the parameters except the filament length. However, the highest concentration (1000 ppm) of both the compounds decreased the growth parameters in comparison to control. Key words: Bombyx mori, methionine, tryptophan, growth, filament length

Introduction Nutrition plays a pivotal role in sericulture by improving the commercial characters of silkworms. Silkworm is a monophagous, deriving almost all the constituents required for its growth from the mulberry leaf. Feeding of nutritionally enriched leaves provided better growth and development of silkworms as well as gain in economic characters of cocoons (Krishnaswami et al., 1971). Effects of diets with different nutrients such as proteins, amino acids, carbohydrates, hormones, vitamins and minerals on the better production of cocoon crops have been reported earlier by Narasimhamurthy & Govindappa (1988), Bose & Majumder (1989), Islam & Khan (1993), Reddy et al. (1994), Saha & Khan (1997a,b), Faruki (1998), Nirwani et al. (1998) and Nakamura (2000). The structural components and all the enzymes regulating biochemical transformations of living cells are proteins and hence amino acids constitute a primary class of nutrients (Ito, 1972). Proteins and especially free amino acids play important roles in insect development. Presence of high levels of amino acids in insects indicates that besides their role in protein synthesis, they have additional functions related to neural transmission, detoxification, synthesis of phospholipids, energy production and morphogenetic processes (Chen, 1985). Rodwell (1993) reported that amino acids and their derivatives participate in intracellular functions as diverse as nerve transmission, regulation of cell growth and the biosynthesis of various compounds in silkworm. There are many natural nonprotein amino acids produced by higher plants or microorganisms, acting as antiaminoacids, while many have been synthesized in the laboratory by the structural modifications of normal amino acids. The origins, mode of action, physiological and biochemical functions as well as the biological effects of such substances have been reviewed elsewhere (Shive & Skinner, 1963; Fowden et al., 1967).

The requirements of amino acids in silkworm were confirmed by a number of experiments (Ito & Inokuchi, 1972; Bose & Majumder, 1989; Quader et al., 1994; Khan & Saha, 1995). It has been determined that 10 amino acids viz., arginine, histidine, isoleusine, leusine, glysine, methionine, phenylalanine, threonine, tryptophan and valine are essential for silkworm nutrition (Arai & Ito, 1964; Inokuchi et al., 1967; Ito, 1967; Akter & Arghar, 1972). Bose et al. (1989) stated that amino acids are one of the most important constituents in silkworms that require 18 amino acids for their adequate nutrition. It is thus obvious that the study of larval growth is an important aspect of research for the insects that are economically important. Successful cocoon crops in sericulture depend mostly on a healthy larval growth. Keeping these in mind, the present experiment therefore was aimed at determining the effects of methionine and tryptophan on the larval and pupal weights, and different cocoon characters of the silkworm, Bombyx mori L. Materials and Methods The eggs of the multivoltine race of B. mori viz., BSRI83/3 were collected from the Germplasm Bank of the Bangladesh Sericulture Research and Training Institute (BSRTI), Rajshahi, and were refrigerated at 5010 C for the synchronization of hatching in the Silkworm Research Laboratory, Department of Zoology, Rajshahi University. After hatching the larvae were brushed to wooden rearing trays and reared on fresh mulberry leaves up to second moult following the standard techniques as suggested by Krishnaswami et al. (1978). L-methionine) and L-tryptophan (Fluka Chemicals Ltd., Great Britain), were used at four concentrations, viz., 250, 500, 750 and 1000 ppm. The chemical composition of methionine is -amino--methylmercaptobutyrate and that of tryptophan is -amino--3-indolepropionate. Methionine is glittering white in colour, bitter in smell, water-soluble dust powder and tryptophan is whitish

58 yellow in colour and water-soluble dust powder. Different concentrations of the amino acids were prepared by adding the requisite amounts of the compound to distilled water. The leaves were treated by dipping in these solutions and dried by fanning. Treated leaves were then supplied to the B. mori larvae from the first day of 3rd instar and were continued up to spinning, and succeded by parental and F1 generation. The larvae of a control batch were simultaneously reared on fresh mulberry leaves dipping in distilled water only. Feeding was supplied four times a day at six-hourly intervals. Three replicates were made in each concentration of the amino acids and untreated control batch, each with 30 larvae. To determine the effect of amino acids on the experimental insects, the weight of mature larvae, pupae, shells, cocoons, shell-ratio (%), and shell weight, and the length and denier of filaments were recorded and analysed. The experiment was carried out at a mean room temperature of 28010 C and 855 % RH. Results and Discussion The effects of amino acids on the growth and economic characters of the parental and F1 generations of B. mori are shown in Figs. 1 and 2. Both the amino acids enhanced the performance of all the parameters in the parental and F1 generations. The highest and lowest performances were observed at 500 and 1000 ppm concentrations respectively for all the characters throughout the parental and F1 generations except the filament denier of the parental generation. It has also been found that amino acids supplemented food has significant effects on the larval weight (F4,24 = 45.41 and 85.30, P<0.001 respectively for methionine and tryptophan). A significant difference was also observed in between the generations for methionine (F1,24 = 2205.29, P<0.001) and tryptophan (F1,24 = 2385.16, P<0.001). Methionine concentrations significantly enhanced the pupal weight (F4,24 = 5.85 and 5.93, P<0.001 for male and female, respectively), shell weight (F4,24 = 7.40, P<0.001 for male and F4,24 = 4.20, P<0.01 for female) and cocoon weight (F4,24 = 10.77 and 10.49, P<0.001 respectively for male and female). Statistical analyses showed that tryptophan produced similar effects on male and female pupal weight (F4,24 = 8.29 and 7.85, P<0.001), male and female shell weight (F4,24 = 9.95, and 8.06, P<0.001) and cocoon weight (F4,24 = 14.85 and 14.93, P<0.001 for male and female, respectively). It was further observed that the male was always lighter than their female counterparts throughout the parental and F1 generations in both amino acid treatments. The shell-ratio (%) of male and female B. mori was increased due to amino acids supplementation; although methionine had no significant effects, tryptophan concentrations induced significant effects (F4,24 = 2.87 and 2.40, P<0.05 for male and female, respectively).

Laz et al. The filament weight and length in B. mori were significantly increased when the larvae were reared on methionine (F4,24 = 7.65 and 8.08, P <0.001) and tryptophan (F4,24 = 11.82 and 12.29, P <0.001) supplemented food. Amino acids supplementation increased the filaments denier but did not produce significant effects. Compared to parental generation, methionine and tryptophan supplemented food vigorously increased the performances of all the characters in F1 generation except filament length. Analyses of variance conducted on all such characters as larval, pupal, shell and cocoon weights, female shell-ratio (%) and filament weight and denier showed that significant differences existed between the parental and F1 generations for both amino acid treatments (P<0.001). A significant difference was also noted between the generations for shell-ratio in male (F1,24 = 4.37 and 5.86, P <0.05). The present study has clearly demonstrated that low concentrations of methionine and tryptophan supplemented food increased the performance of the economic characters in B. mori that are similar to the findings of Harpar et al. (1970), Kade & Shepherd (1948), and McKittrick (1947) on other organisms. Improved growth and economic traits in silkworm following nutritionally enriched food with low concentrations of vitamin and minerals have been observed by several workers (Khan & Faruki, 1990; Faruki & Khan, 1992; Khan & Saha, 1996; Saha & Khan, 1996, 1997) that correlate with the present results. Tryptophan, the first reported amino acid was found to be nutritionally indispensable (Willcock & Hopkins, 1906), but Hick (1926) first suggested that it could be toxic when fed in excess to the rat. Krishnappa (1987) observed that the larval, pupal, cocoon and shell weights, filament length and denier were significantly increased due to amino acid supplementation in B. mori. Kabila et al. (1994) reported that aspartic and glutamic acids increased the larval growth in silkworm. Proline and leucine significantly increased the growth of larvae, pupae and cocoon characters of B. mori (Saha et al., 1994) and cystine enhanced the cocoon and shell weights, which are closely related to the weight and length of the filament of B. mori (Saha & Khan, 1995). Khan & Saha (1995) also stated that alanine at 10 ppm, and glutamine at 10 and 100 ppm enhanced the growth and beneficial characters of silkworm. In relation with the present results Khan & Saha (1995) reported that higher concentrations of alanine and glutamine produced adverse effects on different parameters of the silkworm.

Effects of methionine and tryptophan on some economic characters in B. mori

59

Larval w eight 3500 3000 Weight 2500 2000 1500 0 250 500 750 1000 Doses (ppm )

P F1

Pupal w eight 1650 Weight (mg) 1450 1250 1050 850 650 0 250 500 750 1000 Doses (ppm )

MP FP MF1 FF1

Shell w eight 260 240 220 200 180 160 140 120 100 0 250 500 750 Doses (ppm ) 1000

MP FP MF1
Weight (mg) 1850 1650 1450 1250 1050 850 650 0

Cocoon w eight

MP FP MF1 FF1

FF1

Weight (mg)

250

500

750

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Doses (ppm )

Shell ratio 18 Percentage 16 14 12 10 0 250 500 750 1000 Doses (ppm )

MP FP MF1 FF1

Filam ent w eight 220 Weight (mg) 200 180 160 140 120 100 0 250 500 750 1000 Doses (ppm )

P F1

Filam ent length 540 520 500 480 460 440 420 400 0 250 500 750 1000 Doses (ppm )

P F1

Denier 3500 Percentages 3300 3100 2900 2700 2500 0 250 500 750 1000 Doses (ppm )

P F1

Fig. 1. Effect of methionine on larval and pupal weight, and cocoon characters in B. mori (P= parental generation; F1= F1 generation; MP= male parental; FP= female parental; MF1= male F1; and FF1= female F1)

Meter

60

Laz et al.

Larval w eight 4000 Weight (mg) 3500 3000 2500 2000 1500 0 250 500 750 1000 Doses (ppm )

P F1

Pupal w eight 1800 1600 1400 1200 1000 800 600 0 250 500 750 1000 Doses (ppm )

MP FP MF1 FF1

Shell w eight 270 Weight (mg) 220 170 120 0 250 500 750 1000 Doses (ppm )

Weight (mg)

MP FP Weight (mg) MF1 FF1 2100 1600 1100 600 0

Cocoon w eight

MP FP MF1 FF1

250

500

750 1000

Doses (ppm )

Shell ratio 20 Ratio (%) 18 16 14 12 10 0 250 500 750 1000 Doses (ppm )

MP FP MF1 FF1 Weight (mg) 250 200 150 100 0

Filam ent w eight

P F1

250

500

750

1000

Doses (ppm )

Filam ent length 600 Length (cm) 550 500 450 400 0 250 500 750 1000 Doses (ppm )

P F1
3500 Percentage 3300 3100 2900 2700 2500 0

Denier

P F1

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500

750

1000

Doses (ppm )

Effects of methionine and tryptophan on some economic characters in B. mori 61 Fig. 2. Effect of tryptophan on larval and pupal weight, and cocoon characters in B. mori (P= parental generation; F1= F1 generation; MP= male parental; FP= female parental; MF1= male F1 and FF1= female F1) Oral administration of antibiotics such as penicillin and weight of silkworm meterage of reelable silk (Murthy streptomycin along with mulbery leaves increased the et al., 1951). Krishnappa (1987) also reported that post

cocoon parameter like filament length denier of silkworm was enhanced due to amino acid supplementation. According to Leonardi et al. (2001) nutrient absorption and its modulation are critical for animal growth. They demonstrated that leucinemethyl-ester (Leu-Ome) greatly increase the activity of the transport system responsible for absorption of most essential amino acids in the larval midgut of the silkworm in vitro culture, increasing larval growth, and produced cocoons which were 20% heavier than the cocoons of control. On the light of the present findings, more comprehensive works are very much solicited in this line with the array of concentrations. However, it may be recommended that low concentrations of methionine and tryptophan could be used to boost up the production of economic parameters in B. mori. Acknowledgements: The authors are grateful to the Chairman, Department of Zoology, Rajshahi University for extending laboratory facilities and to the Director, Bangladesh Sericulture Research and Training Institute, Rajshahi for supplying the experimental eggs. The authors are also thankful to Professors Dr. Selina Parween and Dr. S. I. Faruki of this Department for their kind suggestions and corrections of the manuscript. References
Akther, M. & Arghar, A. 1972. Nutritional requirements or silkworm, Bombyx mori. Pak. J. Zool. 4: 101-107. Arai, N. & Ito, T. 1963. Food value of mulberry leaves for the silkworm, Bombyx mori L. determined by means of artificial diets. II. Comparison between soft and hard leaves. Bull. Seric. Expt. Sat. Tokyo. 18: 1-16. Bose, P.C & Majumder, S.K. 1989. Amino acid requirements in silkworm, Bombyx mori L. Indian Silk. 28(4): 41-43. Chen, P.S. 1985. Amino acid and protein metabolism. In: G.A. Kerkut & L.I. Gilbert (eds), Comprehensive Insect Physiology, Biochemistry and Pharmacology, Vol. 10, Pergamon Press, pp. 177219. Faruki, S. I. & Khan, A. R. 1992. Cocoon characters of Bombyx mori L. fed on para-amino benzoic acid- treated mulberry leaves. Bull. Sericult. Res. 3: 71-73. Faruki, S.I. 1998. Nutritive effect of Tianomin enriched leaves on the silkworm Bombyx mori L. Univ. J. Zool. Rajshahi Uni. 17: 39-44. Fowden, L., Lewis, D. & Tristram, H. 1967. Toxic Amino Acids as Antimetabolites. Advances in Enzymology 29: 89-163. Harper, A.E., Benevenga, N.J. & Wohlhueter, R.M. 1970. Effects of ingestion of disproportionate amounts of amino acids. Physiol. Rev. 50(3): 1-131.

Hicks,C.S. 1926. Studies on tryptophan feeding. Australian J. Exptl. Biot. Med. Sk. 3: 193-202. Islam,M.Z. & Khan, A.R. 1993. Growth and development of the mulberry silkworm, Bombyx mori L. (Lepidoptera: Bombycidae) on feed supplemented with manganese sulphate. J. Bio-Sci. 1: 21-30. Inokuchi, T., Horie, Y. & Ito, T. 1967. Nutrition of the silkworm, Bombyx mori L. XIX. Effects of omission of essential amino acids in each of the larval instars. Bull. Seric. Expt. Stn. 22: 195. Ito, T. 1967. Nutritional requirements of the silkworm, Bombyx mori. Proc. Jap. Acad. 48: 57-61. Ito, T. 1972. Amino acid nutrition of the silkworm, Bombyx mori. Proc. Jap. Acad. 48: 613-617. Kabila, V., Subburathinam, K.M.& Chatty, J.S. 1994. Growth and economic characters of silkworm, Bombyx mori L. on feed enriched with neutralised aspartic acid. Indian J. Seric. 33(1):80-81. Kade, C. F. Jr. & Shepherd, J. 1948. The inhibitory effect of methionine on protein utilization (abatr.). Federation Proc. 7: 291. Khan, A. R. & Faruki, S. I. 1990. Growth and development of Bombyx mori L. on feed supplemented with para amino benjoic acid. Univ. j. zool. Rajshahi Univ. 9: 47-53. Khan, A.R. & Saha, B.N. 1995. Growth and development of the mulberry silkworm, Bombyx mori L. on feed supplemented with alanine and glutamine. Sericologia 35(4): 657-663. Khan, A.R. & Saha, B.N. 1996. Nutritive effects of Fe-plus ( ferrous fumerate + folic acid ) on the silkworm, Bombyx mori L. Bangladesh J. Zool. 24(2): 195-203. Krishaswami, S., Kumararaj, S.S., Vijayarachavan, K. & Kastviswanathan, K. 1971. Silkworm feeding trails for evaluating the quality of mulberry as in influenced by variety, spacing and nitrogen fertilization. Indian. J. Seric. 10(1): 79-90. Krishnaswami, S. 1978. New technology of silkworm rearing. Central Silk Board, India. Krishnappa, J.B. 1987. Influence of amino acids supplementation on growth and development of mulberry silkworm, Bombyx mori L. Unpubl. P.G. Degree thesis, Univ. of Agricultural Science, Bangalore, India. Leonardi, M.G., Fiandra, L., Casartelli, M., Cappellozza, S. & Giordana, B. 2001. Modulation of leucine absorption 62 in the larval midgut of Bombyx mori (Lepidoptera: Bombycidae). Comp. Biochem. and Physiol. Part A. 129: 665-672. McKittrick, D.S. 1947. The interrealations of choline and methionine in growth and the action of betaine in replacing them. Arch. Biochem. 15: 133-155.

Murthy, M.R.V., Shankarappa, B.S. & Sreenivasaya, M. 1951. Influence of antibiotics on the growth of silkworm, Bombyx mori L. Curr. Sci. 20: 269-270. Nakamura, M. 2000. Homeostasis and physiology of vitamin B2 of the silkworm, Bombyx mori L. Dept. of Sericulture, National Inst. of Sericultural and Entomological Sci. 1-2. Ohwashi, Tsukuba, Japan. Narasimhamurty, C.V. & Govindappa, S. 1988. Effect of cobalt on silkworm growth and cocoon crop performance. Indian J. Seric. 27(1): 45-47. Nirwani, R.B., Hugar, I.I. & Kaliwal, B.B. 1998. Supplementation of riboflavin on economic parameters and biometrical changes of the silkworm, Bombyx mori L. Bull. Sericult. Res. 9:37-41. Quader, M.A., Haque, R. & Absar,N. 1994. Amino acid contents in posterior silk glands of Bombyx mori L. (Lepidoptera: Bombycidae) influenced by quality of mulberry leaves. Bull Sericult. Res. 5: 63-68. Reddy, V.R., Magadum, K.S.B., Meera, V. & Datta, R.K. 1994. Metabolic significant of vertebrate type steroids in silkworm, Bombyx mori L. Indian J. Seric. 33(1): 6-11.

Rodwell, V.W. 1993. In: Amino acids. (eds. R.K. Murray, D.K. Granner, P.A. Mayes & V.W. Rodwell), pp. 23-32. Harpers Biochemistry (23rd edn.). Prentice Hall International, Inc. Saha, A.K., Rahman, M.S., Saha, B.N. & Uddin, M. 1994. Effect of proline and leucine on the growth and development of silkworm, Bombyx mori L. Univ. j. zool. Rajshahi Univ. 13: 75-79. Saha, B.N. & Khan, A.R. 1995. Effect of eystine supplementation on the growth and development of Bombyx mori L. Bull. Sericult. Res. 6: 91-94. Saha, B.N. & Khan, A.R. 1996. Effect of dietary supplementation of vitamins minerals on the growth and development of silkworm, Bombyx mori L. Bangladesh J. Zool. 24(2): 125-131. Saha, B.N. & Khan, A.R. 1997a. The nutritive effects of Sinafort(R)-B on Bombyx mori L. Entomon. 22(1): 29-34. Saha, B.N. & Khan, A.R. 1997b. Effects of vertebrate sexhormone on Bombyx mori L. Sericologia, 37(1): 19-25. Shive,W. & Skinner, C.G. 1963. Amino acid analogues. In: Metabolic Inhibitors Vol. I. (eds. R. M. Hochster & J. H. Quastel), pp. 273. Academic Press, New York. Willcock, E.G. & Hopkins, F.G. 1906. The importance of individual amino acids in metabolism; observations on the effect of adding tryptophan to a dietary in which zinc is the sole nitrogenous constituent. J. Physiol. (London) 35: 88-102. Revised manuscript received on 3 July 2007.

Univ. j. zool. Rajshahi Univ. Vol. 25, 2006. pp. 63-64

Scientific Note ISSN 1023-6104

Rajshahi University Zoological Society

Toxicity of diazinon and cypermethrin against the American cockroach, Periplaneta americana (L.)
A. S. M. Shafiqur Rahman* and M. Y. Akter
Department of Zoology, University of Rajshahi, Rajshahi 6205, Bangladesh
*Corresponding author

American cockroach, Periplaneta americana L. is an obnoxious and filthy domestic pest of tropical countries of the world. Cockroaches are high priority urban pests because of their aesthetically unappealing damage stored products and household good and transmit diseases (Ebeling, 1978). It is a common pest of restaurants, bakeries, grocery stores etc. It has also been observed in the cargo holds libraries and dining rooms and occurs in latrines and sewers. P. americana carry filth and pathogens on their legs and body and contaminate food on contact. Among pathogenic diseases transmissible by roaches to man are enteric fever, dysentery and leprosy (Eads et al., 1954; Cornwell, 1968). Various control methods have been adopted to control this insect, such as chemical control with the use of selective insecticides, mechanical, biological and genetic control methods. Chemical insecticides are conventionally utilized for controlling cockroaches in most parts of the world. (Pal, 1994; Schofield, 1993). In the case of the German cockroach, Blatella germanica L. high-level resistance of the pyrethroid insecticides appear to be emerging rapidly (Cockram, 1989). If this trend continuous new compounds will be required to replace the use of conventional insecticides to control cockroach. In the present study the toxic potency of two selected insecticides, viz. diazinon and cypermethrin against P. americana was evaluated under laboratory conditions. Initially the adult P. americana used in the bioassays were obtained from

different local flour mills under Rajshahi City Corporation. Dose mortality bioassays were undertaken according to the standard method described by McDonald et al. (1996) with slight modification by topical application of a 1 l of insecticide solution of different doses to the thoracic notum of individual adult using Hamilton microlitre syringe (Hamilton Bonaduz, Switzerland). Cockroaches were anaesthetized before dosing. Five replications of each of the five concentrations were prepared, each with 50 insects per concentration. Control insects were treated with acetone only. After treatment treated cockroaches were placed in Pyrex glass beakers containing small amount of food, and finally the insects were placed in a temperature-controlled incubator at 26 C 0.5 C. Dose-mortality data were corrected according to Abbotts (1925) formula and analyzed by probit (Finney, 1971)

The LD50 values were found to be 303.04 and 511.56 ng/insect respectively for cypermethrin and diazinon (Table 1, Figs. 1 and 2). The experiment indicated that the relative toxicity of the pyrethroid insecticide, cypermethrin might prove to be more economic to use. Lukua & Manokora (1997) studied the toxicity of some pyrethroid insecticides against P. americana and reported that the cockroach died immediately after application of permethrin. The present results are similar to those reported by Ho et al. (1994) and Lukua & Manokore (1997). Table 1. LD50, 95% confidence limits and regression equation of insecticides applied to adult P. americana after 24h of treatment
Insecticides LD50 (g/insect) 511.56 303.04 95% confidence limits Lower 418.399 228.954 Upper 625.44 428.028 Y=-3.4044+3.1026 X Y=0.09537+1.965 X 0.265 (1)ns 2.149 (1)ns Regression equation 2 (df)

Diazinon Cypermethrin df= degrees of freedom; ns= not significant

64

Rahman & Akter

Y=-3.404477+3.102555X

Y=0.09537172+1.965302X

6 Probit mortality 5.5 5 4.5 4 2.5 2.6 2.7 2.8 2.9 3 Log dose (ng/insect)
Probit mortality

7 6 5 4 3 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 Log dose (ng/insect)

Fig. 1. Regression line of log dose of diazinon on probit mortality of P. americana after 24 h of exposure References
Abbott, M.S. 1925. A method of computing effectiveness of an insecticide. J. Econ. Enotmol. 18: 265-267. Cockram, D.G. 1989. Monitoring for insecticide resistance in field collected strains of the German cockroach. J. Econ. Entomol. 82: 336-341. Cornwell, P.B. 1968. The Cockroaches. A Laboratory Insect and an Industrial Pest. Vol. 1. Hutchinson Co. Ltd. London. 391 pp. Eads, R.B., Von, F.R., Bennett, S.E. & Walker, O.L. 1954. Studies on cockroaches in a municipal sewerage system. Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg. 3: 1092-1098. Ebeling, W. 1978. Urban Entomology. J. Univ. California. 695 pp. Finney, D.J. 1971. Probit Analysis. 2nd edition. Cambridge University. Press. 250 pp.

Fig. 2. Regression line of log dose of cypermethrin on probit mortality of P. americana after 24 h of exposure
Ho, S.H., Gon, P.M. & Leong, F.C. 1994. Toxicity of some organophosphate and carbamate insecticides to Periplaneta americana Int. Pest Control 36(b): 153-158. Lukua, A.N. & Manokore, V. 1997. Biological activity of permethrin, pherothrin on Periplaneta americana and Blatella germanica. East African J. 74(4): 1007-1010. McDonald, D.1996. Controlling cockroaches: The problem of resistance. Int. Pest Control 37(5): 146-147. Pal, R. 1994. Program of Genetic Control of Mosquito. 73-95 pp. Elsevier, North-Holland. Schofield, C.J. 1993. The policies of malaria vector control. Bull. ent. Res. 83: 1-6. Revised manuscript received on 3 April 2007.

Univ. j. zool. Rajshahi Univ. Vol. 25, 2006. pp. 65-66

Rajshahi University Zoological Society

Scientific Note ISSN 1023-6104

Determination of sexual dimorphism in Mystus bleekeri (Day)

A. S. M. Musa1 and Abdus Salam Bhuiyan*
Department of Zoology, University of Rajshahi, Rajshahi-6205, Bangladesh
*Corresponding author; 1present address: Department of Zoology, Rajshahi Model College, Kazihata, Rajshahi

Fishes exhibit well marked dimorphism between two sexes (Haq, 1977). Individuals of two sexes of catfishes of the study areas look similar. No report on sexual dimorphism of fishes is available except for the breeding season, when the gravid females become obvious by the bulged-out belly and the differentiation of sexes. For breeding and culture purposes it is necessary to separate males and females rapidly and accurately by the external characters. It was with this end in view the present research was undertaken. Jordan & Evermann (1896) reported sexual dimorphism in fishes at maturity while Davis (1959) reported the means of discerning sexes in channel catfish Ictaluras punctatus. Breeder & Rosen (1966) described an ovipositor in bitterling. Lagler et al. (1967) reported that body is an important secondary sexual character. Cross (1967) and Flickinger (1969) determined the sexes in the flathead minnow. Doha (1974) studied the sexual dimorphism of Glossogobius giuris and recently Rob & Mirza (1987) described a rapid method of sexing juvenile fishes. The genital pore, the size of the head, the shape of the body, abdomen of the fishes and the body colouration of both the sexes were examined for finding a practical way of discerning the sexes. The area of genital pore was observed to be quite helpful for identification of the sexes (Hossain and Islam, 1983).

During April 2002 and March 2003, 1,300 specimens of Mystus bleekeri (Day) were collected from different fish landing centres of Rajshahi. Of these, 594 were males and 706 females. The male:female sex ratio was 1:1.30. The females were found dominant throughout the year except in November, December and January. Identification of the sexes in M. bleekeri was done by differences in body shape, genital papilla and colouration. In the female the base of the round genital structure had a round protrusion, which never reached the base of the anal fin. The other distinctions of the female from the male were the body shape and colouration. The abdominal region was always broader and longer. The colour of the female was also darker in comparison with that of the male. In the male, genital papilla was a soft, elongated structure, broad at the base and gradually tapering towards the end and over 2/3 of this structure hang freely from the body. The tip of the papilla was beyond the base of the first anal fin. The body was elongated, and the colour was light in comparison with that of the female (Fig. 1). The female fish was larger than the male of the same age. The observed dimorphic characters would be helpful in developing any breeding strategies for M. bleekeri.

Genital papilla (male)

Genital pore (female) Fig. 1. Sexual dimorphic characters in M. bleekeri

66

Musa & Bhuiyan

References
Breeder, C.M. & Rosen, D.E. 1966. Modes of Reproduction in Fishes. Natural History Press, Garden City, N. Y. USA. 941 pp. Cross, F.B. 1967. Handbook Fishes of Kansas. University of Kansas. Museum of Natural History, Misc. Publ. No. 45, 357 pp. Davis, J. 1959. Management of Channel Catfish in Kansas. University of Kansas of Natural History, Misc. Publ. No. 21, 56 pp. Doha, S. 1974. Investigation in to the biology of the gobi, Glossogobius giuris (Hamilton-Buchanan) (Perci-formes: Gobidae). Bangladesh J. Zool. 2(2): 95-106. Flickinger, S.A. 1969. Determination of sexes in the flathead minnow. Middle America Fish. Soc. 98: 526-527.

Haq, M.F. 1977. Determination of sexes in catfish of Bangladesh and Pakistan coasts. Bangladesh J. Zool. 5(1): 33-40. Hossain, M.A. & Islam, M.S. 1983. Sexual dimorphism and sex ratio of Clupisoma atherinoides (Bloch). Univ. j. zool. Rajshahi Univ. 2: 71-72. Jordan, D.S. & Evermann, B.W. 1896. The Fishes of North and Middle America. Vol. 1. Govt. Printing Office, Washington, D.C. 826 pp. Lagler, K.F., Bardack, J.E. & Miller, R.R. 1967. Ichthyo-logy. John Willey and Sons. Inc. New York. 241 pp. Rob, M.A. & Mirza, J.A. 1987. A rapid method for sexing juvenile fishes. Bangladesh J. Aquaculture 9(2): 71-72. Revised manuscript received on 22 April 2007.

Univ. j. zool. Rajshahi Univ. Vol. 25, 2006. pp. 67-68

Rajshahi University Zoological Society

Scientific Note ISSN 1023-6104

The fisheries resources management of the greater Rajshahi District, Bangladesh

M. Golam Mortuza* and M. A. Hossain
Department of Zoology, University of Rajshahi, Rajshahi 6205, Bangladesh
*Corresponding author; email: mortuza@ru.ac.bd

Fisheries and aquatic resources are economically, ecologically, culturally and aesthetically important to the nation. From the global perspectives, the main issues facing by the international fishing community generally are over fishing, overcapacity, by-catch management as well as environmental degradation. The combined effect of these factors that have made 60-70% of the major world fisheries resources are in urgent need of management action to restrict the increase in fishing capacity and to rehabilitate damaged resources (FAO, 1991). In Bangladesh, fisheries is one of the major subsectors of agriculture, which play a dominant role in nutrition, employment, earning foreign currency and other areas of economy. This sub-sector contributes about 80% to the national animal protein intakes, nearly 6% to the GDP and more than 12% to the export earning of the country (Task Force report, 1991). The survey reports from the Department of Fisheries (DOF, 1986) showed that 1,24,216 acres of open water area in the greater Rajshahi District including rivers, numerous beels and floodplains, is gradually declining because of flood control, drainage and irrigation project as well as Farakkan impact. The rapid population growth in Bangladesh and the faster rate of expansion of agricultural, domestic, irrigation and industrial activities for which water is essential, frequently shifting priorities from inland fisheries development to other uses. The stagnation in fish production over the year is attributed mainly to a gradual reduction of inland capture fisheries. Data generated by the DOF shows that the total productions of capture fisheries has declined from year to year. Despite the possession of a highly productive inland water area of about 45,000 km2, the continuing decrease in fish catch increasingly threatens the livelihoods of more than 12 million fishers in Bangladesh (Hossain et al., 2006). A new factor has arisen in the last 30 years, which is threatening the fish resources of the floodplain. This is the constriction of embankment and dykes in order to control flood. The great impact of these on fisheries has been described extensively by Ali (1991). The present work is an approach to gain some information on different aspects of fisheries resources in the greater Rajshahi District. The information needed for this study was collected from multiple sources. Firstly, an extensive literature reviews were made in the area of fisheries resources. Secondly, the primary data for the study were collected through survey method from the fishermen, fish traders, Government and NGO personnel and experienced persons related to fisheries research and education (N=250). The information thus collected was

analyzed to bring it to bear on the hypothesis by simple tabulation and statistical calculations. The fish species were collected from the different fish markets, landing certres and on the fishing spots of the study area for the taxonomic study. Supporting papers, documents, information and records were collected from the Water Development Board, Rajshahi, Bangladesh. Contracts were also made with different Fisheries Co-operative Societies and other experienced personnel to obtain data on the fisheries resources of the greater Rajshahi District. The greater Rajshahi District has vast fisheries resources, covering 2,39,292 ha, nearly one-third of the total land mass. There are 18,991 ha of rivers and canals, 19,889 ha of beels and 1,85,043 ha of floodplains. It has also 56,954 ponds covering an area of 15,369 ha. The total fish production of the area was estimated as 59864 metric tones (mt), of which open water contributed 24,562 mt (41.03%) and culture fishery produced 35,302 mt (58.97%) for the year 2000. The fish production from rivers and canals, beels, floodplains, and ponds were estimated as 2,316, 6,518, 15,728 and 35,302 mt, receptively (Table 1). The data shows that ponds contributed the highest fish production (2,297 kg/ha), followed by beels (328 kg/ha), river and canals (122 kg/ha), and floodplain (85 kg/ha). The average fish production was calculated as 110 and 2297 kg/ha for capture and culture fishery, respectively. The relative share of fish production for different water bodies were calculated as 3.87, 10.89, 26.27 and 58.97% for rivers and canals, beels, floodplains, and ponds respectively. The growth rate of fish production from 1990 to 2000 for these areas were calculated as -0.96, -1.91, -2.06 and 5.68%, respectively. From 1990 to 2000, capture fishery declined nearly 5,855 mt (1.92%) per year, whereas culture fishery increased 5.68%, and combined total fish production increased by 1.31%. Fish production from the open water has declined due to many factors such as water quality degradation by pollution, environmental modification, fish diseases, and high fishing pressure (Ali, 1991). Environmental pollution is one of the major causes for the reduction of open water fish production. Environmental pollution caused by the pesticides in Bangladesh has been reviewed by Showler (1989). Nearly 4000-5000 mt of pesticides are used for agricultural crops every year in Bangladesh. It is estimated that nearly 25% or, 1000 mt pesticides ultimately dissolved in the water of crop lands, floodplains and drained into other water bodies (Showler, 1989). These chemical residues either directly kill the fishes or indirectly decrease

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Mortuza & Hossain

the population causing diseases, retarded aquatic growth, even shifting the breeding and feeding grounds by the fishes themselves in evidence to the pollution. At low percentage of the residues, biological activities of fish and aquatic organisms have been hampered. Most of the fish and small aquatic animals cannot survive these pesticides in concentration greater than 1 ppb (Task Force Report, 1991). Increasing food demand is now being placed on the aquatic resources and floodplains are now among the fastest disappearing of all ecological systems (Hoggarth, 1999). Changes in pattern of land use and the widespread development of flood control schemes nation-wide have had an important impact on the extent of natural floodplain available for fish feeding and reproduction. Fishing pressure from a growing population has increased dramatically and has seriously affected the abundance of some species, particularly major carps and many even be putting the availability of more resilient floodplain fish at risk. Siltation, often a result of upstream changes in catchments, has reduced water flows and cut off vital access routes for fish from one habitat to another. Increased use of pesticides and fertilizers in agriculture and growing industrial pollution are also contributing to the deterioration of the aquatic environment. Tsai & Ali (1997) pointed out that the flood control and drainage (FCD), and flood control drainage and irrigation (FCDI) projects became threat to the fish resources during the last 20 years. The same fate has been observed in the study area. The feasibility report on the Barnai Project

(1984) had foreseen the negative fate of fisheries sector, after the implementation of the project. Before the Barnai (FCD) Project, the fishermen obtained relatively large size of carps, Chital, Pangus, Boal, Shol, Gajar etc. and also in considerable quantity (Mortuza et al., 2001). A total of 11 species of fish is now in threatening condition and some are extinct from the greater Rajshahi District. On the other hand, nine species of exotic carps and catfishes have been introduced so far in the study area under semi-intensive and extensive fish culture. Culture fish production was peaked in the 1980s as a result of increased fish and shrimp grown in ponds. However, such increase does not alleviate the problems of subsistence part-time fishermen, who have traditionally been able to provide fish for their families for free from the declining resources of floodplain fisheries. It is therefore necessary to understand and recognize the need for aquatic habitats and the adaptation of different fish and prawn populations to certain sets of hydrological conditions for breeding, feeding, migration and movement. The negative impacts of flood control and road infrastructure on floodplain fisheries are being mitigated through a programme of floodplain stocking and fish pass construction. While planning water resources development projects, comprehensive studies on different aspects of ecological needs of fisheries species should be undertaken so that a meaningful understanding of the needs for fish and other aquatic animals emerges.

Table 1. Fish production from different water bodies of Greater Rajshahi District (1990-2000)
Fish Production Name of the water bodies Rivers & Canals Beels Floodplains Subtotal Ponds Total Area (ha) Total (mt) 18991 19889 185043 223923 15369 239292 2563 8055 19799 30417 22518 52935 1990 kg/ha 135 405 107 136 1465 221 Share in production (%) 4.84 15.22 37.40 57.46 42.54 100 Total (mt) 2316 6518 15728 24562 35302 59864 kg/ha 122 328 85 110 2297 250 2000 Share in production (%) 3.87 10.89 26.27 41.03 58.97 100 Growth rate (%) 1990-2000 -0.96 -1.91 -2.06 -1.93 5.68 1.31

References
Ali, M.Y. 1991. Towards sustainable development of fisheries of Bangladesh. Workshop paper on national conservation strategy, Bangladesh. BARC. 90 pp. Barnai Project, 1984. Feasibility report on the Barnai Project. Drainage and flood control III project (DFC III). Bangladesh Water Development Board, I & II. DOF 1986. Water area statistics of Bangladesh. Bangladesh fisheries resource survey system, Department of Fisheries, Dhaka, Bangladesh. Fish. Info. Bull. 3(1): FAO, 1991. Fish for food and development. FAO Report 1991. New York. 49 pp. Hogarth, D.D. 1999. Adaptive learning for floodplain river fishing communities in Asia. Aquacul. News 25: 19-22.

Hossain, M.M., Islam, M.A., Ridgway, S. & Matsuishi, T. 2006. Management of inland open water fisheries resource of Bangladesh: Issues and options. Fisheries Res. 77: 275-284 Mortuza, M.G., Parween, S. & Hossain, M.A. 2001. The fisheries resource of the Barnai (FCD) project area, Rajshahi, Bangladesh. J. Ecobiol. 13(3): 163-167. Showler, A. 1989. Pesticide used and environmental pollution in Bangladesh. An annex of the Bangladesh environmental and natural resources assessment. World Research Institute, Washington, D.C. Task Force Report, 1991. Report of the task forces on Bangladesh development for the 1990s. University Press Ltd. 439 pp. Tsai, C-F. & Ali, M.Y. 1997. Open water fisheries of Bangladesh. Vedams, India, xiii, 212 pp. Revised manuscript received on 27 May 2007.

Univ. j. zool. Rajshahi Univ. Vol. 25, 2006. pp. 69-71

Rajshahi University Zoological Society

Scientific Note ISSN 1023-6104

Food and feeding habits of Gagata youssoufi (Rahman) from the river Padma in Rajshahi
Md. Abdur Razzaq Joadder
Department of Fisheries, University of Rajshahi, Rajshahi 6205, Bangladesh Gagata youssoufi (Rahman) is a riverine catfish, commonly known as Gang tengra or Kyakata. In Bangladesh it is available in the northern and southern parts and mainly found in Padma, Meghna, Brahmaputra and Jamuna rivers. This fish is also found in many countries like Pakistan, India, Nepal and Burma (Talwar & Jhingran, 1991). Its body length varies from 3.5 to 11 cm. G. youssoufi is considered to be one is the most important fishes for its taste and highly nutritive value. This small fish is a good source of protein, calcium, essential amino acids, phosphate and vitamin A. Feeding is the dominant activity of the entire life cycle of fish (Royce, 1972). The success on good scientific planning and management of fish species largely depends on the knowledge of their biological aspects, in which food and feeding habits include a valuable portion. Nutrition of fish is directly related with the amount of fish production. Studies on the seasonal patterns of feeding habits of fishes have been made by many workers at home and abroad (Das & Moitra, 1955; Nargis & Hossain, 1987; Hynes, 1990). A comparative study on the food and feeding habits of Puntius stigma, Mystus vittatus and Nandus nandus has been reported by Ahmed et al. (1993). Moreover, seasonal patterns of feeding of the freshwater fish, Colisa fasciata (Bloch) by Mustafa et al. (1981) and food of the fry of Cirrhina mrigala (Hamilton) by Bhuiyan & Islam (1991) are noteworthy. But no published information is available on the food and feeding habits of G. youssoufi. This led to the present study that would help to select this species for culture, and to produce an optimum yield by utilizing all the potential food of the water bodies. A total number of 339 specimens of G. youssoufi were collected during November 2004 and October 2005 from the river Padma in Rajshahi Metropolis in every month with the help of cast nets, dip nets and drag nets (Tana jal). Immediately after collection, 70% alcohol was injected into the guts of all the fishes in order to stop digestion of food items. The stomach contents of all the specimens were noted and the stomachs were classified into full, 3/4 full, 1/2 full, 1/4 full, 1/8 full and empty. The stomach of each specimen was dissected with a pair of fine scissors and stomach contents were taken. Alimentary canal length (ACL) was measured and weight of food of each fish was recorded using an electronic balance (Model-400EX, MFD by A & D Co. Ltd., Korea). The percentages of different food items were calculated month-wise by using gravimetric method. Afterwards the undigested gut contents were estimated under simple and binocular microscopes at each 10 and categorized them under different taxonomic hierarchy by following Ward & Whipple (1959), Mellanby (1963) and Needham & Needham (1972). Relationship between the total length (TL) and ACL was established by using the statistical formula: Y = a + bX. The monthly percentages of stomach condition of G youssoufi are shown in Table 1. Out of 339 stomachs, 290 (85.83%) were with food and 49 (14.57%) were empty. Of 290 stomachs, 76 were full, 65 were 3/4 full, 66 were 1/2 full, 40 were 1/4 full, 43 were 1/8 full. The highest percentage of fullness of the stomachs was observed in January and September (41.93%). After these months the percentage of fullness gradually decreased and it was least in March (3.03%). The highest percentage of empty stomachs was found in March (45.45%), after which the percentage of emptiness gradually decreased and the lowest percentage of emptiness was found in April (2.86%). The mean TL of the fishes was 7.372.57 cm and the mean ACL was 7.153.24 cm. The TL and ACL ratio was 1: 0.97, the calculated regression equation was ACL = -2.0866 + 1.2525 TL (r = 0.98). The results on the stomach contents of G. youssoufi are presented in Table 2. The stomach contents consisted mainly of crustaceans (14.12%), insects and their larvae (13.12%), mosquitoes and their larvae (12.88%), and parts of aquatic plants (12.18%). The less significant food groups were mollsucs (11.05%), algal filaments (11.74%), fish scales (9.89%), sand and mud (9.12%) and unidentified food materials (5.86%). The occurrence of various food groups varied from during the year. The crustacean food items consisted mainly of Cyclops, Daphnia, Cypris and Diaptomus whereas larvae of identified insects and mosquitoes and their larvae, larvae and adults (parts) of Anopheles and Culex , and plant parts composed of dry stems and l eaves. The highest percentage of crustaceans was recorded in the month of January (23.05%) and the lowest in May (6.21%). The highest percentage of insects and their larvae was observed in the month of October (17.50%) and the lowest in April (8.55%). The

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Joadder

highest percentage of mosquitoes and their larvae was recorded in June (23.77%) and the lowest in November (5.58%). The highest percentage of aquatic plant parts was recorded in May (19.15%) and the lowest in January (1.5%). Algal filaments of Spirogyra, Trichita,

Chlorolla, Losmarium, Crucigenia, Dedogonium, Chara and Ckroococuis were observed. The highest percentage of this food item was observed in November (17.82%) and lowest (3.15%) in April.

Table 1. The monthly percentage of the stomach condition of G. youssoufi

Years No. of fish examined Nov 25 2004 Dec 27 Jan 31 Feb 29 Mar 33 Apr 35 May 22 2005 Jun 23 Jul 29 Aug 21 Sep 31 Oct 33 % occurrence average of 12 months Months Full 24 25.92 41.93* 24.14 9.09 14.28 13.64 8.69 10.34 33.33 41.93* 24.24 22.62 3/4 full 20 18.52 22.58 34.48 21.21 34.14 27.27 13.04 10.34 9.52 9.68 6.06 19.15 Stomach condition 1/2 full 1/4 full 16 20 7.41 18.52 16.13 9.68 13.79 17.24 15.15 3.03* 25.71 5.71 9.09 22.73 21.74 8.69 31.03 17.24 14.28 9.52 29.03 6.45 33.33 12.12 19.39 11.93 1/8 full 12 11.11 6.45 6.89 6.07 14.28 18.18 21.74 13.79 14.28 3.22 15.15 12.74 Empty 8 18.52 6.45 3.45 45.45* 2.86* 9.09 26.08 17.24 19.04 9.68 9.09 14.57

Table 2. The monthly percentage composition of the food items of G. youssoufi

Years No. of fishes examined Nov 25 2004 Dec 27 Jan 31 Feb 29 Mar 33 Apr 35 May 22 2005 Jun 23 Jul 29 Aug 21 Sep 31 Oct 33 % occurrence average of 12 months Months Molluscs Crustacean Insect and their larvae 15.50 13.10 13.15 12.45 9.25 8.55 9.65 13.15 15.57 17.30 12.25 17.50 13.12 Mosquito and their larvae 5.58 9.75 8.85 11.05 13.26 21.73 12.37 23.77 19.75 11.29 7.95 9.15 12.88 Algal filament 17.82 16.45 11.75 8.5 7.89 3.15 9.81 12.89 14.9 9.5 14.28 13.87 11.74 Fish scales 10.15 7.17 0 0 0 18.23 16.35 9.32 13.79 9.98 15.55 18.15 9.89 Parts of aquatic plants 7.5 12.05 1.5 10.75 12.65 15.52 19.15 16.37 15.82 14.01 13.71 7.15 12.18 Sand and mud 3 7.75 25.75 23.5 19.98 14.21 13.75 1.5 0 0 0 0 9.12 Unidentified food materials 7.45 2.83 3.6 6.27 9.96 6.14 9.26 8.88 7.07 4.63 1.46 2.78 5.86

14.5 9.15 12.25 9.98 11.25 4.75 3.25 3.15 4.45 19.5 21.75 18.65 11.05

18.5 21.75 23.05 17.5 15.76 7.72 6.21 10.97 8.35 13.79 13.05 12.75 14.12

Molluscs consisted of Pila, bivalves and other snails. The highest percentage of molluscs was observed in September (21.75%) and lowest in June (3.15%). Fish scales, small fishes, fish fries and fish eggs were recorded the highest in April (18.23%) and the lowest in December (7.17%). There was no fish scale from the months of January to March. The highest percentage of sand and mud was recorded in January (25.75%) and lowest in the month of June (1.5%). Sand and mud were absent from July to October. The highest percentage of unidentified food materials was found in March (9.96%) and the lowest in September (1.46%). The maximum number of empty stomachs was recorded in March (45.45%) and the higher percentage of full stomachs were observed from August to January. The adult fish was found to be poorly feed during February and July. This period of poor feeding

activity coincided with the peak spawning season because the abdominal cavity is fully occupied by the voluminous ripe gonads and so the stomachs were always empty and small in size. Thomas (1969) stated that this low feeding activity may not be due to shortage of food items but due to the spawning season of the fish. Dewan & Saha (1979) reported that the low feeding activity of Tilapia in the months of February to June is associated with fecundity of the water produced by heavy rain fall, whereas the immature fishes were found to actively feeding in all other months. Keast (1965) reported that many fishes change their food habits as they grow. These findings clearly indicate that the feeding intensity in juvenile fishes is increased remarkably. The crustaceans and molluscs were very dominant food items in G. youssoufi throughout the year. It is

Food and feeding habits of G. youssoufi from the river Padma in Rajshahi

71

observed that G. youssoufi feeds in all the months of a year and the change of season. Ompok pabda (Bhuiyan & Islam, 1991), Aspidoparia morar and Clupisoma atherinoides shared similar food preference (Bhuiyan et al., 1992; 1997). Mustafa et al. (1982) recorded more or less the same food items along with rotifers in Puntius sarana. From the analysis of food in the gut contents, it is evident that G. youssoufi is neither a true surface feeder nor a true bottom feeder, rather its food substances mainly consisted of crustaceans, molluscs, plant parts, fish scales, algal filaments and sand and mud were distributed throughout the different layers of the water bodies. On the basis of different food items found in the stomach contents, G. youssoufi may therefore be conveniently regarded as an omnivorous catfish. References
Ahmed, A.T.A., Rahman, M.M., Mustafa, G. & Sanaullah, M. 1993. A comparative study of food and feeding habits of three species of fish from Beel Mahmeud, Faridpur. Bangladesh J. Zool . 21(1): 11-21. Bhuiyan, A.S. & Islam, M.N. 1991. Observation on the food and feeding habit of Ompok pabda(Ham.) from the river Padma. Pakistan J. Zool. 23(1): 75-77. Bhuiyan, A.S., Begum, M. & Nessa, Q. 1997. Observation on the food feeding habit of Clupisoma atherinoides (Bloch). Univ. j. zool. Rajshahi Univ. 16: 1-5 Bhuiyan, A.S., Islam, M.N. & Sultana, N. 1992. Food and feeding habit of Aspedoparia morar (Ham.) from the river Padma. Univ. j. zool. Rajshahi Univ. 10&11: 71-76. Das, M. & Moitra, X. 1955. Studies on the food of some common fishes of Uttar Pradewsh, India. Proc. National Acad. Sci. India. parts I-II, Section. O, Vol. 25.

Dewan, S. & Saha, S.H. 1979. Food and feeding habit of Tilapia nilotica (L): Diet and seasonal pattern of feeding. Bangladesh J. Zool. 7: 75-80. Hynes, H.B.N. 1990. The food of freshwater stickleback with a review of the methods used in studies of fishes. J. Anim. Ecol. 19: 41-57. Keast, A. 1965. Feeding biology of the Black Crappie. Pomoxis migromaculatus. J. Fish. Res. 25: 285-297. Mellanby, H. 1963. Animal Life in Freshwater (6th edn.). Methuen & Co.Ltd. London. 300 pp. Mustafa, G., Islam, K.R. & Ali, S. 1981. Seasonal patterns of feeding of the freshwater fish Colisa fasciata (Bloch) Bangladesh J. Zool. 9( I): 49-50. Mustafa, M., Islam, K.R., Ali, S. & Alam, A.K.M.A. 1982. Some aspect of the biology of Puntias sarana (Ham.): Food and feeding habit in relation to fish size and fecundity. Bangladesh J. Zool. 10(2): 92-100. Nargis, A. & Hossain, M.A.1987. Food and feeding habit of Koi fish, Anabas testudineus. Bangladesh J. Agric. 12: 121-127. Needham, J.G. & Needham, R.P. 1972. A Guide to the Study of Freshwater Biology. Holden-Day, Inc. California, USA. Rahman, A.K.A. 1989. Freshwater Fishes of Bangladesh (1st edn). The Zoological Society of Bangladesh. 364 pp. Royee, W.F. 1972. Introduction to the Fishery Science. Academic Press. New York. Talwar, P.K. & Jhinagran, A.G. 1991. Inland Fishes of India and Adjacent Countries. Vols. I & II. Oxford & IBH Publishing Co. Pvt. Ltd. New Delhi, India. Thomas, P.A. 1969. Goat fishes (Fam. Mullidae) of the Indian seas. Mar. Biol. Assoc. India Memoir.III.7: 152-157. Ward, H.B. & Whipple, G.C. 1959. Freshwater Biology. John Willey & Sons. Inc. New York. Revised manuscript received on 27 June 2007.

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Univ. j. zool. Rajshahi Univ. Vol. 25, 2006. pp. 73

Rajshahi University Zoological Society

Commentary ISSN 1023-6104

Flies as the indicator for formalin untreated raw food materials: A contrary approach in sanitary entomology
Flies (Diptera: Muscidae and Calliphoridae) are often blamed for nasty habit since they favour filthy habitats and materials. They play the role of mechanical vectors for the transmission of many dangerous pathogens. Raw food materials including fruits are sold in our markets with little or no proper sanitary measures. In our country these pathogen-infested food materials can cause havoc in our public health sectors aggravating the prevailing germ-affected living bodies. However, the genotoxic and other long persistent chemical-biased environs and lifestyles have surpassed the situations. Even ionized radiations and electromagnetic fields are playing vital roles in the same direction. In our socio-economic conditions, chanelizing of the ecological components many times deviate the normal as well as the natural pathways. Since occupation, food habit and daily exposure to micro-environmental conditions are neither scientific nor health-friendly, the problems of contaminations, infestations and pollutions result into biomagnifications through bioaccumulation. The sufferings are always chronic and many times acute. The lengthening of shelf life for the raw materials is often done with unhygienic materials keeping the economic consideration in mind. Similarly crops in the field are protected with high doses of persistent toxic chemicals through frequent and illogical uses. For preserving most of the commodities like raw, semiprepared and prepared food materials including milk, formalin (usually having 30-50% formaldehyde) is being used in our country rampantly. Majority of the users and consumers are ignorant of the evil effect of this chemical already earned notoriety in this regard. According to Alano (2007) formalin and other preservatives are considered harmful because they act as free radicals that lead to oxidative stress, which has been implicated in a growing list of diseases from cataract to cancer. He further opines that oxidative stress is fast becoming the nutritional and medical buzzword for the 21st century. Recent anti-adulteration drives have created aware and consciousness among the consumers as well as the providers in the public. The efforts of the officials and media of our Republic are being highly appreciated. Since this is an economic issue, in many cases, it crosses the control measure barriers and the morality limits. Still the formalin-treated eatables are being marketed. In this case people are depending on the nature's magnificent tips. They are discriminating the treated commodities from the untreated ones with the help of the so-called culprit, the flies. Flies are believed not to sit on the formalin-treated materials. Folks use this trick to an extent. Scientific basis of this trick is still to be explored out. Biosensor, bio-tracers and bioindicators are the most demanding research objects in the scientific and technological arena in the developed countries. The precisions of the measures are still being on trial. Even nowadays forensic entomology is flourishing as a package of identifying/detecting tools for committed crimes. But the scenario in our perspective is bleak. A few attempts have been ventured in case of imported food materials to assess the clastogenecity (breaking ability of the chromosomes) through irradiation by the IFRB, BAEC, Dhaka. Furthermore, maggot therapy created a big hope in medication. On the eve of publishing the Silver Jubilee volume of this Journal, we hope that this most-talked issue entitling the commentary would draw the attention of the scientists of our community to do something in the new vista of research. Good luck! Reference Alano, C.M. 2007. Everything you're dying to know about formalin. The Philippine Star. July 24. Contributed by:
M. A. Mannan M. Khalequzzaman M. Saiful Islam1 Department of Zoology, University of Rajshahi, Rajshahi 6205, Bangladesh
1

corresponding author; email: saifulzoo@yahoo.co.uk

Univ. j. zool. Rajshahi Univ. Vol. 25, 2006. pp. 75-88

Rajshahi University Zoological Society

Compilation: TOC Alert ISSN 1023-6104

Editorial Boards, Contents and Appendices: 1-25 Volumes

M. Khalequzzaman
Department of Zoology, University of Rajshahi, Rajshahi 6205, Bangladesh
1

email: kzaman@ru.ac.bd

Volume 1 (1982) Editorial Board: Prof. Mustafizur Rahman (Chairman), Prof. M. A. Quayum (Executive Editor), Prof. M. Altaf Hossain, Dr. M. Altaf Hossain, Dr. M. Ataur Rahman Khan, M. Khalequzzaman, M. Mahtab Ali. Quayum, M.A. & Baqui, A. 1982. Factors determining the wing forms of brown planthopper, Nilaparvata lugens (Stal.) (Homoptera: Delphacidae). 1-16. Muttalib, S.A., Rahman, M.A. & Khalequzzaman, M. 1982. The incidence of the pink borer, Sesamia inferens (Walker) (Noctuidae: Lepidoptera) on rice. 17-21. Hossain, M.A. 1982. On the length-weight relationship and condition factor of the sand lobster, Thenus orientalis (Lund). 23-28. Bhuiyan, A.S. & Biswas, B. 1982. Studies on the Morphometry of Puntius chola (Hamilton-Buchnan) (Cyprinidae: Cypriniformes). 29-34. Khalequzzaman, M. & Ansary, F.H. 1982. Effect of some dietary constituents on the yield and vitality of the mulberry milkworm, Bombyx mori L. (Bombycidae: Lepidoptera). 35-42. Parween, S. & Hossain, M.A. 1982. On the size-frequency distribution and length-weight relationship of beelchingri of Rajshah. 43-50. Quayum, M.A., Ali M.S. & Rahman, A.S.M.S. 1982. Morphological studies n the larvae of Coccinella repanda Thunb. (Coccinellidae: Coleoptera). 51-56. Ali, M.S. & Mostafa, D. 1982. The histology of the female sex pheromone gland of Chilo auricilia (D.) (Pyralidae: Lepidoptera). 57-64. Rahman, M.S. 1982. Morphology, histology and secretion of the salivary glands of Antilochus coqueberti (Fab.) (Pyrrhocoridae: Heteroptera). 65-70. Khalequzzaman, M. & Mannan, M. A. 1982. Effect of artificial diet on certain biological aspects of the silkworm, Bombyx mori L. (Bombycidae: Lepidoptera). 71-76. Bhuiyan, A.S. & Rahman, M. 1982. Relative species composition of fishes and fishery resources of the Benchi Jal catch at different places of the Sundarbans Estuaries in Bangladesh. 77-78 (Scientific Note). Hossain, M.A 1982. Notes on the sex ratios of the sand lobster, Thenus orientalis (Lund). 79-80 (Scientific Note). Jahan, M.S., Rahman, M. & Mannan, M.A. 1982. A report on the assessment of crop loss due to attack of leaf roller, Hedylepta indicata (F) Pyralidae: Lepidoptera) on soyabean, Glycine max Merr. 81-82 (Scientific Note).

Volume 2 (1983) Editorial Board: Prof. Mustafizur Rahman (Chairman), Prof. M. A. Quzyum (Executivee Editor), Prof. M. Altaf Hossain, M. SohrabAli, Dr. M. Ataur Rahman Khan, M. Khalequzzaman. Bhuiyan, A.S. 1983. Salinity tolerance of the hatchlings of Cirrhina reba (Hamilton) (Cyprinidae: Cypriniformes). 1-6. Rahman, A.S.M.S. Quayum, M.A. & Ali. M.S. 1983. Life history and feeding habit of Harmonia octomaculata Fab. ( Coleoptera: Coccinellidae): a predator of aphid. 7-10. Rahman, S.M. & Haque, T. 1983. Studies on the effect of number and durtion of mating on occurrence of viable eggs in silkworm, Bombyx mori L. race-nistari plain (Lepidoptera: Bombycidae). 11-16. Khalequzzaman, M. & Hossain, M.I. 1983. Inheritance of the quantitative characters on the silkworm, Bombyx mori L. through hybridization. 17-24. Nabi, R., Hossain, M.A. & Rahman, S. 1983. On the use of tube-well and pond water for transporing carp fry. 25-28. Afroza, S. & Hossain, M.A. 1983. The fecundity and sexratio of Amblypharyngodon mola (Hamilton) (Cyprinformes: Cyprinidae). 29-32. Islam, W. Ahmed, K.N. & Malek, M.A. 1983. External morphology of Anisopteromalus calandrae (Howard) (Hymenoptera: Pteromalidae). 33-39. Parween, S. & Hossain, M.A. 1983. Seasonal price variation of Macrobrachium dayanum Handr. and sellers margin at different levels of marketing. 41-44. Muttalib, S.A. & Khalequzzaman M. 1983. Incidence of the pink-borer, Sesamia inferens (Walker) (Noctuidae: Lepidoptera) on wheat. 45-52. Baksha, M.W. & Choudhury, J.H. 1983. Entomo-fauna in the forests of Bangladesh. I. Pieridae: Lepidoptera. 53-60. Ahsan, M.F. 1983. Incidence of the mango shoot-gall psyllid, Apsylla cistellata Buckton at Shibganj. 61-68. Ali, M. 1983. The soft scale, Rastrococus spinosus (Robinson): now recorded from Bangladesh (Homoptera: Coccoidae: Pseudococcidae). 69-70 (Scientific Note). Hossain, M.A. & Islam, M.S. 1983. Sexual dimorphism and sex ratio of Clupisoma atherinoides (Bloch). 71-72 (Scientific Note). Islam, Z. & Khan, A.R. 1983. Effectof different millets on the formation and duration of various stages of the confused flour beetle, Tribolium confusum Duval (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae). 73-74 (Scientific Note). Khan, A.R. & Rahman, A.S.M.S. 1983. Effect of noninscticidal chemicals on the hatchability of the eri silkworm Samia cynthia ricini (Boisd.) (Lepidoptera: Saturniidae). 75-76 (Scientific Note).

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Ali, M. & Ali, O. 1983. On the staining and mounting of the soft scales and mealybugs (Homoptera: Coccoidae). 7779 (Scientific Note). Khan, A.R. & Islam, S. 1983. A note on a curculionid beetle attacking date palm. 80 (Scientific Note). Bhuiyna, A.S. 1983. Observation on the effect of food on the spawning behaviour of Albino guppy, Lebistes reticulatus (Cyprinodontidae: Cyprinodontiformes). 8182 (Scientific Note). Haque, R. & Kaidanov, L.Z. 1983. Evidance for genetic control of longevity in Drosophila melanogaster. 83-84 (Scientific Note). Volume 3 (1984) Editorial Board: Prof. Mustafizur Rahman (Chairman), Prof. M.A. Quayum (Executive Editor), Prof. M. Altaf Hossain-2, M. SohrabAli, M. Khalequzzaman, Dr. M. A. Salam, Dr. Rashidul Haque. Sarder, M.A. & Murphy, P.W. 1984. Occurrence of the beetles in light trap and phoresy of mesostigmatic mites. 1-6. Barman, A.C. & Pasha, K. 1984. Raising of bacteria-resistant silkworm, Bombyx mori L. races. 7-12. Salam, M.A. 1984. Modification of n-nitroso-n-ethylureainduced sex-linked recessive lethal mutation frequency by butylated hydroxytoluene in Drosophila melanogaster. 13-18. Salam, M.A. 1984. A storage effect of n-nitroso-n-ethylurea on the induction of dominant sex-linked recessive lethal mutations in Drosophila melanogaster. 19-25. Habib, M.A.B., Islam, M.A., Mohsinuzzaman, M. & Rahmn, M.S. 1984. Effect of some physico-chemical factors of water on the abundance and fluctuation of zooplankton of two selected ponds. 27-34. Wahab, M.A. & Faizuddin, M. 1984. Mammals of Cox's Bazar Forest Division with their status and distribution. 35-41. Kabir, K.H., Mia, M.D. & Ahmed, S.U. 1984. Potential use of some indigenous plant materials as repellents against rice weevil, Sitophilous oryzae L. on stored wheat. 41-44. Islam, M.S. & Hossain, M.A. 1984. On the fecundity of chela, Oxygaster bacaila (Hamilton) (Cypriniformes: Cyprinidae) from the river Padma. 45-48. Muttalib, S.A. & Khalequzzaman, M. 1984. Extent of damage and yield loss of wheat due to infestation of stemborer, Sesamia inferens (Walker). 49-54. Islam, M.S., Salam, M.A., Haque, R. & Zahid, M.H. 1984. The effect of natural selection on two genotypes in intraspecific competition in Drosophila melanogaster. 55-60. Rahman, S. M., Haque, T. & Salam, M.A. 1984. Evolution of superior multivoltine races of silkworm, Bombyx mori L. 61-66. Rahman, M.S. & Saha, A.K. 1984. Water and lipid content in fifth instar larva of silkworm, Bombyx mori L. 67-70. Haque, R., Salam, M.A. & Rahman, M.S. 1984. The modern concept of a gene. 71-76 (Review Article).

Kabir, K.H. & Mia, M.D. 1984. Field observation od pod borer attack on 25 varieties/lines of chickpea. 77-78 (Scientific Note). Ali, M.S. & Jahangir, A.N.M. 1984. A faunestic survey of the syrphid (Diptera: Syrphidae) flies from Rajshahi. 79-80 (Scientific Note). Habib, M.A.B. 1984. Observations on the growth of insect larvae with artificial feed in aquarium. 81-82 (Scientific Note). Faizuddin, M. Observation on the population of common langoor, Presbytis entellus (Dufresne) at Keshabpur (Jessore). 83-84 (Scientific Note). Bhuiyan, A.S. & Haque, M.S. 1984. External morphological changes of the alimentary canal of fresh water gobi fry, Glossobius giuris (Hmilton-Buchanan) (Gobiidae: Perciformes). 85-86 (Scientific Note). Hossain, M.A. 1984. Prawn smoking in Khulna. 87-88 (Scientific Note). Islam, M.S. & Hosain, M.A. 1984. Lethality in homozygous curly mutant of Drosophila melanogaster. 89-90 (Scientific Note). Rahman, S.M. & Khanam, L.A.M. 1984. Studies on the oviposition and viability of silkworm, Bombyx mori L. eggs. 91-92 (Scientific Note). Volume 4 (1985) Editor Board: Prof. Mustafizur Rahman (Chairman), Prof. M. Altaf Hossain-2 (Executive Editor), Prof. M. Altaf Hossain-1, Dr. Sayedur Rahman, Dr. Md. Ataur Rahman Khan, Dr. K.A.M. Shahadat Hossain Mondal, Dr. M. Khalequzzaman. Baksha, M.W. & Choudhury, J.H. 1985. Entomo-fauna in the forests of Bangladesh. II. Papilionidae: Lepidoptera. 4: 1-7. Khan, A.R. & Mazid, A. 1985. The oviposition and fertility of the confused flour beetle, Tribolium confusum Duval. (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae) on barley and rice flours. 8-10. Hossain, M.A., Islam, M.S. & Rahman, A.Z.M.S. 1985. The fate of white-eye locus of Drosophila melanogaster in frequency-dependent selection. 11-16. Ahmed, A. & Quayum, M.A. 1985. Effect of food on the development of Epilachna quatuodecimpunctata (Mulsant) (Coccinellidae: Coleoptera). 17-20. Rahman, M.S. & Saha, A.K. 1985. Detection of amino acids in the silkgland of the silkworm, Bombyx mori L. (Lepidoptera: Bombycidae). 21-25. Hossain, M.A. & Chowdhury, D.P.N. 1985. Benefit of paddy-cum-prawn culture in Khulna. 26-30. Das, B.C. & Chakrabarti, S. 1985. The effect of seasonal trends in temperature on the intrinsic rate of increase of Macrosiphoniella sanborni (Gillette). 31-36. Salam, M.A., Haque, R. & Banu, B. 1985. Frequency of dominant lethals induced by ethyl methanesulfonate in sperm of Drosoplila melanogaster. 37-41. Ali, M.M., Islam, M.A. & Habib, M.A.B. 1985. Monthly abundance of zooplankton and correlation of various dominant species and nauplius of zooplankton with some water characters in a pond. 42-48.

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Khalequzzaman, M. & Hasan, M. 1985. Studies on the effect of juvenile hormone analogue in eri-silkworm, Samia cynthia ricini (Boisduval). 49-53. Bhouyain, A.M. & Das, D.K. 1985. Primary production of a fishpond. 55-58. Khalequzzaman, M. & Haque, M.M. 1985. Food preference of the lesser bandicoot rat, Bandicota bengalensis Gray. 59-66. Chakravorti, S., Das, B.C., Mukhopadhyay, B. & Roychoudhury, N. 1985. Hatching behaviour of the larva of Corcyracephalonica (Stainton) (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae). 67-72. Kabir, A., Kabir, S.M.H. & Begum, A. 1985. Pattern of oviposition and orientation of the larvae of two species of pulse beetles. 73-75 (Scientific Note). Haque, R., Salam, M.A. & Begum, K. 1985. Influence of parental aging on preimaginal development in Musca domestica. 76-78 (Scientific Note). Rahman, S.M. & Khanam, L.A.M. 1985. Feeding effects of different maturity of leaves on some economic characters of silkworm, Bombyx mori L. 79-82 (Scientific Note). Ali, A. & Khan, A.R. 1985. Effect of Lathyrus satuvus flour on food preference of Tribolium confusum larvae (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae). 83-84 (Scientific Note). Volume 5 & 6 (1987) Editorial Board: Prof. Mustafizur Rahman (Chairman), M. Sohrab Ali (Executive Editor), Prof. M. A. Quayum, Dr. Md. Abdus Salam Bhuiyan, Dr. M. Khalequzzaman, Dr. M. A. Salam. Chakravorti, S., Das, B.C., Mukhopadhyay, B. & Roychoudhury, N. 1987. Emergence behaviour of the rice moth Corcyracephalonica (Stainton) (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae). 1-5. Rahman, M.A. 1987. Production of high yielding crossbreeding varieties of mulberry silkworm. 7-14. Khaleque, M.A. 1987. On the use of radiographic method to study feed intake by rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri Richardson): A preliminary study. 15-19. Mondal, K.A.M.S.H. 1987. Effect of synthetic methylquinone, aggregation pheromone and pirimiphos-methyl on fertility of Tribolium castaneum Herbst. 21-26. Rahman, A.S.M.S. & Quayum, M.A. 1987. Effect of food and temperature on the longevity and fecundity of Menochilus sexmaculatus (F.) (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae). 27-31. Molla, A. H., Rahman, M.B. & Qaisuddin, M. 1987. Biochemical and nutritional studies on the Bangladeshi fresh water eel, Anguilla bengalensis (Bao Baim). 33-39. Barua, G. & Islam, M.A. 1987. On the breeding biology of Rana tigrina (Daudin). I. Sex differentiation, sex ratio and breeding behaviour. 41-46. Baqui, M.A. 1987. Identification of Nilaparvata lugens (Stal.) population in Newcastle upon Tyne, England. 47-52. Hossain, M.A. & Parween, S. 1987. A comparative study on different drying methods of Macrobrachium dayanum (Henderson 1893). 53-58.

Haque, M. & Khan, A.R. 1987. Biological aspects of Pericallia ricini F. (Lepidoptera: Arctiidae) on castor, Ricinus communis L. 59-62 (Scientific Note). Faizuddin, M. & Wahab, M.A. 1987. Avi-fauna of the Forest Research Institute campus, Chittagong, Bangladesh. 6368 (Scientific Note). Bhuiyan, A.S. & Bhuiyan, A.S. 1987. Fecundity of the snakeheaded fish, Channa striatus (Bloch) (Channidae: Channiformes). 69-70 (Scientific Note). Rahman, A.S.M.S. 1987. Comparative efficacy of two insect predators Coccinella repanda Thunb and Propylea quattuordecim punctata Lin. (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae). 71-73 (Scientific Note). Volume 7 (1988) Editorial Board: Prof. Mustafizur Rahman (Chairman), Prof. M. Altaf Hossain-1 (Executive Editor), Md. Sohrab Ali, Dr. Md. Ataur Rahman Khan, Dr. M. Khalequzzaman, Md. Abdul Mannan, Dr. Rashidul Haque. Khan, A.R. & Hasan, M. 1988. Growth of the red flour beetle, Tribolium castaneum (Herbst) (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae) on Lathyrus sativus flour. 7: 1-6. Hasan, M. & Khan, A.R. 1988. Effect of various agar levels in wholemeal flour on the growth and development of Tribolium anaphe Hinton (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae). 7-12. Braman, A.C. & Nahar, A. 1988. The culture of bacteria pathogenic to the silkworm, Bombyx mori L. 13-16. Jalil, A.F.M.A. & Sultana, N. 1988. Biological studies of Apanteles obliquae Walk. (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) and its role in controlling Diacrisia obliqua Walk. (Lepidoptera: Arctiidae) in nature. 16-21. Rahman, A.S.M.S. 1988. Effect of food and temperature on the longevity of Micraspis cerocea (F) (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae). 23-26. Bhuiyan, I.M. & Quiniones, A.C. 1988. Biology of the corn weevil, Sitophilus zeamais Motch. 27-31. Bhuiyan, A.S. & Islam, N. 1988. Seasonal variation in the percentage composition of the food of Xenentodon cancila. 33-36. Islam, M.R. & Quayum, M.A. 1988. Biology of cotton spiny bollworm, Earias vittella (F.) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae). 37-40. Khalequzzaman, M. 1988. Larval growth and its effect on quantitative characters in Samia cynthis ricini (Boisd.) (Lepidoptera: Saturniidae). 41-48. Quader, M.A., Haque, T. & Ahmed, S.U. 1988. Moulting effect on fat and water contents in silkworm Bombyx mori L. race nistid white. 49-51 (Scientific Note). Islam, M.S. & Islam, A.B.M.W. 1988. Mercuric chlorideinduced morphogenetic changes in Musca domestica L. I. Studies on morphology and growth of developmental stages. 53-56 (Scientific Note). Rahman, M.S., Saha, A.K. & Hossain, I. 1988. Haematological studies on pigeon, Columba livia L. (Cloumbidae: Columbiformes) and fowl, Gallus domesticus (L.) (Gallacidae: Galliformes). 57-59 (Scientific Note).

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Khalequzzaman, M. 1988. The relation between measurements of the successive larval instar of eri-silkworm, Samia cynthia ricini (Boisduval) (Lepidoptera: Saturniidae). 61-63 (Scientific Note). Bhuiyan, M.I.M. & Alam, S. 1988. Varietal preference test on stored rice against rice weevil, Sitophilus oryzae (L.). 65-68 (Scientific Note). Volume 8 (1989) Editorial Board: Prof. M. Altaf Hossain-1 (Chairman), Dr. M. Sayedur Rahman (Exceutive Editor), Md. Sohrab Ali, Dr. K.A.M. Shahadat Hossain Mondal, Dr. Md. Abdus Salam, M. Safinur Rahman, Dr. Md. Abdul Mannan. Islam, M.N. 1989. Effect of antennectomy on the mating behaviour of the pulse beetle, Callosobruchus chinensis (L.) (Coleoptera: Bruchidae). 1-5. Ali, M. 1989. Effect of some insecticides on the citrus leaf miner, Phyllocnistis citrella (Stnt.) (Lepidoptera: Phyllocnistidae) under field condition. 7-12. Bhattacharyya, S. 1989. A study of bird-arthropod nesting association in West Bengal (India). 13-18. Jahan, M.S., Rahman, M.S. & Biswas, S. 1989. Toxic effect of some indigenous plants product on the larval mortality of Tribolium confusum Duv. (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae). 19-26. Hasan, M. & Khan, A.R. 1989. Temperature shock induced rduction inoviposition and fertility of Tribolium confusum Duval (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae). 27-30. Mondal, K.A.M.S.H., Hossain, G.M.M. & Ali, M.S. 1989. Effect of some indigenous plant materials on larval development of Tribolium confusum Duval (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae). 31-34. Quader, M.A., Sarker, A.A. & Haque, T. 1989. Estimation of sericin and fibroin contents in cocoons of different silkworm, Bombyx mori L. races. 35-42. Khalequzzaman, M. & Hasan, M. 1989. Comparative studies of five multivoltine races of the siklworm, Bombyx mori L. (Lepidoptera: Bombycidae). 43-49. Rahman, M.S. & Rahman, S.M. 1989. Correlations and path analysis of some characters in eri-silkworm, Samia cynthia ricini (Boisd.). 51-57. Salam, M.A., Haque, R. & Yesmin, S. 1989. The mutagenic action of caffeine in Drosophila melanogaster. 59-63. Rahman, A.S.M.S. 1989. Life history and feeding behaviour of the predator of aphid, Coccinella septempunctata L. (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae). 65-69. Bhuiyan, A.S. 1989. Effect of living space on the growth of Cirrhina reba (Hamilton). 71-75. Bhouyain, A.M. & Sen, H. 1989. Primary productivity of Foys Lake, Chittagong, Bangladesh. 77-84. Ahmad, M. & Ahmad, M. 1989. A bibliography of Diacrisia obliqua Walker (Lepidoptera: Arctiidae)- Supplements3. 87-91. Hossain, M.A., Dutta, S. & Parween, S. 1989. Changes in pleuron size in different developmental stages in freshwater prawns. 93-96 (Scientific Note).

Volume 9 (1990) Editorial Board: Prof. M. Altaf Hossain-1 (Chairman), Dr. Abdus Salam Bhuiyan (Executive Editor), Dr. M. Sayedur Rahman, Dr. M. Khalequzzaman, A.S.M. Shafiqur Rahman, Dr. S. Mahfuzar Rahman. Hossain, M.A., Parween, S., Taleb, A. & Rahman, M.H. 1990. Food and feeding habit of Notopterus notopterus (Pallas). 1-6. Rahman, A.S.M.S. 1990. Comparative feeding behaviour of Micraspis discolar and Micraspis cerocea (F) (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae) on aphids. 7-10. Islam, N & Bhuiyan, A.S. 1990. Effects of some supplementary feeds on the growth of the hatchlings of Cirrhina mrigala. 11-16. Afroze, S. & Hossain, M.A. 1990. The reproductive cycle of the fresh water fish Amblypharyngodon mola (Ham.) (Cypriniformes: Crprinidae). 17-21. Quader, M.A. 1990. Effect of different concentrations of iodized salt on economic characters of silkworm, Bombyx mori L. 23-28. Rahman, M.S. & Rahman, S.M. 1990. Inheritance of larval weight in a eight-parent diallel cross of the eri silkworm, Philosamia ricini (Boisd.). 29-39. Islam, M.N. 1990. Responsiveness of males to female pheromones of the pulse beetle, Callosobruchus chinensis (L.) (Coleoptera: Bruchidae) at different light intensities. 41-46. Khan, A.R. & Faruki, S.I. 1990. Growth and development of Bombyx mori L. on feed supplemented with para-amino benzoic acid. 47-53. Salam, M.A., Hasan, M. & Jahan, S.R. 1990. Recessive lethal mutations induced by Actinomycin-D and N-Nitroso-NEthylura in Drosophila melanogaster. 55-62. Ali, I.A., Hossain, M.A. & Salam, M.A. 1990. Autosomal recessive lethal muttions following treatment with Methyl Methanesulfonate and Actinomycin-D in Drosophila melanogaster. 63-68. Islam, M.S. & Hossain, M.A. 1990. The fecundity and sexratio of the common punti, Puntius stigma (Cuvier & Valenciennes) (Cypriniformes: Cyprinidae) from the river Padma near Rajshahi. 69-74. Bhuiyan, A.S. & Islam, M.N. 1990. Food of the fry of Cirrhina mrigala (Hamilton) (Cyprinidae: Cypriniformes). 75-78 (Scientific Note). Mondal, K.A.M.S.H. & Islam, M.S. 1990. Efficacy of some indigenous package materials against Tribolium confusum Duval. (Coleoptera: Tenebriobidae). 79-80 (Scientific Note). Ali, M.I. & Karim, M.A. 1990. Host preference of the spotted bollworm (SBW), Earias vitella (F.): Its potential use in integrated pest management of the SBW in cotton. 81-83 (Scientific Note).

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Bhuiyah, M.I.M. 1990. Evaluation of lagundi, Vitex negundo L. leaf powder as corn seed protectant against the corn weevil, Sitophilus zeamais Motsch. 85-89 (Scientific Note). Mannan, A., Khan, A.R. & Ali, S. 1990. New record of the snail, Macrochlamys sequax (Benson) (Mollusca: Pulmonata: Zonitidae) as a pest of vegetables from Rajshahi. 91-92 (Scientific Note). Islam, M.S. & Islam, A.B.M.W. 1990. Mercuric chlorideinduced morphogenetic changes in Musca domestica L. II. Studies on preimaginal development and sex-ratio. 93-96 (Scientific Note). Volume 10 & 11 (1992) Editorial Board: Prof. M. Altaf Hossain-1 (Chairman), Prof. M. Khalequzzaman (Executive Editor), Prof. M. Altaf Hossain-2, Prof. Abdus Salam Bhuiyan, Prof. M. A. Salam, A.S.M. Shafiqur Rahman, Dr. S. Mahfuzar Rahman. Baqui, M.A. 1992. Effect of plant age on damage of rice varieties by brown planthopper, Nilaparvata lugens (Stal.) (Homoptera: Delphacidae). 1-5. Rahman, A.S.M.S. 1992. Incidence of Micraspis discolor (Fab.) (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae) in response to aphid population and temperature. 7-11. Rahman, M.S. & Rahman, S.M. 1992. Genotype-environment interaction shown by some quantitative characters in eri silkworm, Samia cynthia ricini (Boisd.). 13-22. Hasan, M.M. & Khan, M.A.R. 1992. Influence of various yeast levels in wholemeal flour on the growth of Tribolium anaphe Hinton (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae). 23-28. Ahmed, S. & Awal, S. 1992. Integrated production of Artemia with salt from the solar salt works of Bangladesh. 29-35. Parveen, N. & Mondal, K.A.M.S.H. 1992. Behavioural responses of Tribolium castaneum (Herbst) to turmeric (Curcuma longa L.) powder. 37-41. Khanom, M., Rahman, S.M. & Khalequzzaman, M. 1992. An analysis of genotype-larval rearing density interaction on some characters of the immature stages in silkworm, Bombyx mori L. (Lepidoptera: Bombycidae). 43-52. Ali, I.A., Hossain, M.A. & Salam, M.A. 1992. Effects of caffeine on the frequency of Methyl Methanesulfonate induced sex-linked recessive lethal mutations in Drosophila melanogaster. 53-58. Raushanullah, G.M. & Bhouyian, A.M. 1992. Morphology and durations of various life stages of female Planococcus lilacinus (Cockerell) (Homoptera: Pseudococcidae). 59-69. Bhuiyan, A.S., Islam, M.N. & Sultana, N. 1992. Food and feeding habit of Aspidoparia morar (Hamilton) from the river Padma. 71-76. Ali, M.S. & Baksha, M.W. 1992. Morphology and histology of the alimentary canal of epilachna beetle. I. Foregut. 77-84.

Mollah, A.H. & Rahman, M.B. 1992. Separation, identifi-cation and estimation of fatty acids in fish oil from Anguilla bengalensis (Bao Baim) by argentation thin-layer chromatography using fluoro spectrophotometer. 85-91. Mahmud, Y., Haroon, A.K.Y. & Mazid, M.A. 1992. Pond monoculture of Macrobrachium rosenbergii (De Man). I. Effect of high stocking density with frequent culling on growth and yield. 93-98. Kamal, N.Q. & Dyck, V.A. 1992. Distribution pattern and population dynamics of rice leaf folder, Cnaphalocrocis medinalis Guenee. 99-102. Afroze, S., Hossain, M.A. & Parween, S. 1992. Notes on the size-frequency distribution and length-weight relationship of fresh water fish Amblypharyngodon mola (Hamilton) (Cypriniformes: Cyprinidae). 103-104 (Scientific Note). Khan, M.A.R. 1992. New record of the cockroach, Neostylopyga rhombifolia (Stal.) (Dictyoptera: Blattidae) from Bangladesh. 105-106 (Scientific Note). Das, B.C. & Biswas, P.C. 1992. Fecundity of Macrosiphoniella sanborni (Gillette) (Homoptera: Aphididae). 107-108 (Scientific Note). Islam, M.S. & Hossain, M.A. 1992. Length-weight relationship and condition factor of common punti, Puntius stigma (Cuvier & Valenciennes) (Cyprinidae: Cypriniformes). 109-110 (Scientific Note). Rahman, M.H., Hossain, M.A. & Parween, S. 1992. Notes on the sex ratio of Lepidocephalus guntea (Hamiltion) (Cypriniformes: Cobitidae). 111-112 (Scientific Note). Hoque, M.A. & Hossain, M.A. 1992. Length-weight relationship and condition factor of the cat fish Mustus vittatus (Bloch) (Cypriniformes: Bagridae). 113-114 (Scientific Note). Volume 12 (1993) Editorial Board: Prof. M. Altaf Hossain-1 (Chairman), Prof. Md. Sohrab Ali (Executive Editor), Peof. M. Sayedur Rahman, Prof. N. I. Md. Abdus Salam Bhuiyan, Prof. M. A. Salam, Dr. Md. Sarwar Jahan. Nabi, M.R. 1993. Daily feeding periodicities of Macrognathus aculeatus (Bloch) in a Chalan Beel water. 1-8. Hoque, M.A. & Hossain, M.A. 1993. Sexual maturity and fecundity of the freshwater cat fish Mystus vittatus (Bloch) (Cypriniformes: Bagridae). 9-13. Mian, M.Y., Haque, M.E., Brooks, J.E. & Savarie, P.J. 1993. Laboratory evaluation of bromethalin as a rodenticide against Bandicota bengalensis Gray. 15-19. Reza, A.M.S., Rahman, M.S. & Rahman, S.M. 1993. Studies on the variation of some larval traits in different breeds of silkworm, Bombyx mori L. 21-24. Rashid, H., Khan, A.R. & Rahman, S.M. 1993. Growth and development of Tribolium anaphe Hinton (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae) on flours of various rice cultivars (Oryza sativa L.). 25-30.

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Parween, S., Begum, N., Rahman, M.H. & Hossain, M.A. 1993. On the breeding periodicity of Esomus danricus (Hamilton). 31-34. Ali, I.A., Hossain, M.A. & Salam, M.A. 1993. Modification of Ethyl Methanesulfonate induced autosomal recessive lethal mutation frequency by Actinomycin-D in Drosophila melanogaster. 35-38. Sarker, S.C., Salam, M.A., Biswas, P.C. & Das, B.C. 1993. The role of field temperature and relative humidity in affecting the fecundity and longevity of the mustard aphid, Lipaphis erysimi (Kaltenbach) (Homoptera: Aphididae) at Rajshahi. 30-44. Molla, A.H. & Rahman, M.B. 1993. Determination of Nterminal and C-terminal ends of proteins of Anguilla bengalensis (Bao Baim) by 2,4-dinitrofluorobenzene and carboxypeptidase digestion methods. 45-50. Banu, N., Khan, S., Yasmin, K. & Banerjee, A.K. 1993. Food of Hypopthalmicthys molitrix (Valenceinnes) of Dilatpur Lake, Muradnagar, Comilla, Bangladesh. 51-57. Bhuiyan, A.S., Islam, M.N. Sultana, N. 1993. The fecundity and sex-ratio of Aspidoparia morar (Hamilton) (Cyprinidae: Cypriniformes) from the river Padma. 59-63. Jahan, M.S. 1993. Some terrestrial and fresh water gastropods of Bangladesh with their ecological notes. 65-71. Faruki, M.S.I. & Khan, A.R. 1993. Potency of UV irradiation on Cadra cautella (Walker) (Lepidoptera: Phycitidae) larvae treated with Bacillus thuringiensis Var. kurstaki. 73-79. Khan, Y.S.A., Zamal, H. & Bhuiyan, M.A.A. 1993. Study on the bacteria of public health significance in relation to processing of white shrimp (Penaeus indicus). 81-85. Zamal, H., Bhuiyan, M.A.A. & Khan, Y.S.A. 1993. Bacteriological analysis of of white shrimp (Penaeus indicus) at different stages of processing. 87-95. Islam, M.A. & Ali, M.I. 1993. Effect of deltamerthrin spray on the reduction of arthropod natural enemies and its consequences on the population of hoppers in rice field. 97-99. Osman, M.Z. & Selman, B.J. 1993. Suitability of different aphid species to the predator Chrysoperla carnea Stephens (Neuroptera: Chrysopidae). 101-105. Islam, M.S. 1993. A note on the breeding of the saw-shark, Pristis cuspidatus (Latham, 1979) (Rajiformes: Pristidae) caught in the river Meghna near Chandpur. 107-108 (Scientific Note). Biswas, P., Karim, K.N.S., Saha, M.K. & Das, B.C. 1993. The effect of temperature, relative humidity and dewpoint on the longevity of Macrosiphoniella sanborni (Gillette) (Homoptera: Aphididae) infesting chrysanthemum plant at Rajshahi. 109-110 (Scientific Note). Khair, S.A. & Parween, S. 1993. Notes on the relationship of chelate-weight with total-lengthand total-weight of Macrobrachium rosenbergii (De Man). 111-115 (Scientific Note).

Hoque, M.T. & Haque, R. 1993. Comparative analysis of DNA content between one bivoltine and one multivoltine races of silkworm, Bombyx mori L. 117120 (Scientific Note). Haque, R., Saha, A.K. & Nargis, S. 1993. Biochemical changes in protein composition due to parental aging in Drosophila melanogaster. 121-125 (Scientific Note). Islam, M.A. & Ali, M.I. 1993. Relative performance of two arthropod predators in rice ecosystem. 127-128 (Scientific Note). Volume 13 (1994) Editorial Board: Prof. M. Altaf Hossain-1 (Chairman), Prof. M. Sohrab Ali (Executive Editor), Prof. M. Altaf Hossain-2, Prof. M. Khalequzzaman, Md. Safinur Rahman, Dr. Bidhan Chandra Das. Kabir, K.H., Rout, F.M.A., Islam, M.N. & Malaker, P.K. 1994. Efficacy of different insecticides in controllong brinjal shoot and fruir borer, Leucinodes orbonalis Guen. 1-8. Haque, M.M., Das, B.C. & Khalequzzaman, M. 1994. Seasonal abundance of Calacarus quisqualis Chakrabarti and Mondal (Acarine: Eriophyoidea) infesting Madhabilata (Quisqualis indica L.) at Rajshahi. 9-14. Mannan, M.A. & Bhuiyah, M.I.M. 1994. Studies on the oviposition preference of pulse beetle, Callosobruchus maculatus Fabricius on true and artificial pulse seeds. 15-24. Bhuiyan, A.S., Islam, M.N. & Islam, M.S. 1994. Seasonal pattern of food and feeding habit of Rhinomugil corsula (Ham.) from the river Padma. 25-29. Hoque, M.T., Islam, M.S. & Khan, A.R. 1994. Effect of Bacillus thuringiensis var. kurstaki on the production of fibroin and sericin in treated Bombyx mori L. 31-34. Islam, S. & Haque, R. 1994. Developmental variation of fibroin protein gene expression in different siklworm races of Bombyx mori L. 35-38. Islam, M.M. & Panbanpaew, S. 1994. Effects of broodstock sources and sizes on ovarian maturity and spawning of Penaeus monodon Fabricius. 39-47. Nahar, J. & Khalequzzaman, M. 1994. Studies on the F1 hybrids of the silkworm, Bombyx mori L. I. Combining ability of some characters among multivoltine and bivoltine varieties. 49-54. Jahan, M.S., Biswas, T.K., Rahman, S.M. & Rahman, S.N. 1994. The efficacy of some indigenous products on the growth of silkworm, Bombyx mori L. through the control of bed diseases. 55-60. Jahan, M.S., Rahman, S.M. & Khan, A.R. 1994. Longevity of the uzi fly, Exorista sorbillans Wiedmann (Diptera: Tachinidae) on glucose, sucrose and honey solutions. 61-64 (Scientific Note). Ashraf, S.M.A., Biswas, P.C. & Das, B.C. 1994. Effect of temperature and humidity on the larval development of Coccinella transversalis (Fabricius) (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae). 65-68 (Scientific Note).

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Alam, M.R., Mortuza, M.G, Islam, M.S. & Hossain, M.A. 1994. Notes on the size frequency distribution and length-weight relationship of the freshwater fish Ailia coila (Hamilton-Buchanan) (Siluriformes: Schilbeidae). 69-70 (Scientific Note). Saha, A.K., Rahman, M.S. & Mandal, T. 1994. A preliminary note on haematological studies on peresons engaged in different occupation. 71-74 (Scientific Note). Saha, A.K., Rahman, M.S., Saha, B.N. & Uddin, M. 1994. Effect of proline and leucine on the growth and development of silkworm, Bombyx mori L. 75-78 (Scientific Note). Volume 14 & 15 (1996) Editorial Board: Dr. M. Sayedur Rahman (Chairman), Dr. M. Khalequzzaman (Executive Editor), Dr. Md. Abdus Salam, Dr. Md. Sarwar Jahan, Dr. S. Mahfuzar Rahman, Ananda Kumar Saha. Haque, M.M., Das, B.C. & Khalequzzaman, M. 1996. Seasonal abundance of Diptilomiopus guajavae Mohanasundaram (Acari: Eriophyoidea) infesting guava at Rajshahi. 1-6. Khalequzzaman, M. & Islam, M.Z. 1996. Evidence of synergism between urea and cypermethrin in housefly, Musca domestica L. 7-14. Rahman, S.M. & Jahan, M.S. 1996. Hybrid vigour for cocoon and shell weight in single cross hybrids of multivoltine silkworm, Bombyx mori L. 15-18. Shamim, S.A. & Khan, A.R. 1996. Morphology and histology of the alimentary canal in the tropical warehouse moth, Cadra cautella (Walker) larvae (Lepidoptera: Phycitidae). 19-27. Bhuiyan, A.S. & Afrose, R. 1996. The fecundity and sexratio of Oreochromis nilotica (L.) (Perciformes: Cichlidae). 29-32. Azam, K., Mackie, I.M., Smith, J. & Rahman, M.S. 1996. Effect of slaughter method on the quality of rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri) during frozen storage. 33-40. Islam, M.S. & Shofiquzzoha, A.F.M. 1996. Preliminary understanding of different hormonal regimes on induced breeding of black carp (Mylopharyngodon piceus). 41-46. Jahan, M.S. & Rahman, M.R. 1996. Breeding biology of fresh water snail Lymnaea (Raadix) acuminata Lamarck (Gastropoda: Lymnaeudae). 47-54. Hossain, M.I., Ameen, M. & Mridha, M.A.H. 1996. Effect of sub-lethal dose of neem seed extarcts on the larvae of Culex quinquefasciatus Say (Diptera: Culicidae) of Dhaka City. 55-62. Nabi, M., Huda, R.J., Khatun, M. & Matin, M.A. 1996. Karyomorphology study of a cyprinid fish Cirrhinus mrigala (Ham. 1822). 63-69. Islam, M.M., Rahman, S.L. & Latif, M.A. 1996. On the damage of different shell fish and fin fish fauna in collecting Penaeus monodon post-larvae in Meghna estuaries of Bhola. 71-75.

Islam, M.S. 1996. Effects of various treatments of a maternally-produced gregarizing factor on phase transformation in the desert locust Schistocerca gregaria (Forskal.). II. Effects on hatching coloration. 77-85. Islam, M.S. & Salam, M.A. 1996. Effect of a pheromone analogue on male mating behaviour in Musca domestica L. (Diptera: Muscidae). 87-90 (Scientific Note). Rouf, F.M.A., Kabir, K.H. & Islam, M.S. 1996. Development of economic threshold level (ETL) of mustard aphid on mustard. 91-93 (Scientific Note). Volume 16 (1997) Editorial Board: Dr. Abdus Salam Bhuiyan (Chairman), Dr. M. Khalequzzaman (Executive Editor), M. Safinur Rahman, Dr. A.S.M. Shafiqur Rahman, Dr. M. Saiful Islam, Dr. M. Nurul Islam. Bhuiyan, A.S., Begum, M. & Nessa, Q. 1997. Observation on the food and feeding habit of Clupisoma atherinoides (Bloch) (Siluriformes: Schilbidae). 1-5. Islam, M.S., Rahman, M.S. & Mazid, M.A. 1997. Effect of fertilizers on the growth and survival of black carp (Mylopharyngodon spiceus) hatchlings in nursery ponds. 7-10. Parween, S. 1997. Effect of triflumuron on the adult midgut of Tribolium castaneum Herbst (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae). 11-18. Islam, M.S. & Ferdous, Z. 1997. Effect of larval rearing density on the hatchability of reproductive attributes in Culex quinquefasciatus Say (Diptera: Culicidae). 19-23. Haque, M.M. 1997. Toxological effect of some insecticides on guava mite, Diptilomiopus guajavae Mohanasundaram infesting guava plant. 25-27. Haque, M.M., Das, B.C. & Khalequzzaman, M. 1997. Population dynamics of Cosella purpureusi Haque & Das (Acari: Eriophyoidea) infesting bean plant at Rajshahi. 29-33. Ahsan, M.K. & Rahman, S.M. 1997. Correlation and path coefficient analysis in indigenous varieties of silkworm, Bombyx mori L. 35-38. Saha, A.K. & Khan, A.K. 1997. Lipid and water contents of Bombyx mori L. fed on mulberry leaves treated with ananine and glutamine. 39-42. Ali, I.A. & Mustari, S. 1997. Mutagenic effects of Ethyl Methanesulfonate and Actinomycin-D on Drosophila melanogaster. 43-49. Laz, R. & Salam, M.A. 1997. Induction of dominant lethal mutations by Ethyl Methanesulfonate and caffeine in the silkworm, Bombyx mori L. III. Effects on the larval and pupal mortality, sex-ratio, adult recovery and effective rate of rearing. 51-58. Haque, M.T. 1997. Field performance of developed bivoltine breeds of siklworm, Bombyx mori L. in favourable rearing seasons of Bangladesh. 59-64.

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Islam, M.N., Parveen, S.A. & Khalequzzaman, M. 1997. Efficacy of seed extracts of dhutura, Datura metel L. against Tribolium castaneum (Hbst.) (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae). 65-68. Ali, I.A. 1997. Sensitivity of the successive stages of spermatogenesis to the mutagenic action of Ethyl Methanesulfonate and Caffeine in Drosophila melanogaster. 69-72. Khalequzzaman, M. & Islam, R. Synergism of cypermethrin by neem (Azadirachta indica A. Juss) leaf extract against housefly Musca domestica. 73-78. Ali, I.A. 1997. Effects of caffeine on Methyl Methanesulfonate-induced autosomal recessive lethal mutations in Drosoplila melanogaster. 79-84. Bhuiyan, N.I.M.A.S., Nahar, Q & Islam, M.N. 1997. Physico-chemical condition in relation to morphological condition of a fish pond in Rajshahi. 85-88. Khanum, H., Islam, N. & Dhar, T. 1997. Prevalence of Ascaris lumbricoides and Trichuris trichura among the children of four slum areas of Dhaka City. 89-94. Ehshan, M.A., Hossain, M.S., Razzaque, A., Mollah, M.F.A. & Mazid, M.A. 1997. Limnology of a floodplain: halti Beel. 95-98. Ahmed, K.N. & Khan, A.R. 1997. Biological notes on Diplazon laetatorius (F.) (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae) parasitizing aphidophagous syrphidae. 85-86 (Scientific Note). Fatema, N., Mortuza, M.G., Parween, S. & Hossain, M.A. 1997. On the breeding periodicity of Oxygaster bacaila (Hamilton) (Cypriniformes: Cyprinidae). 87-88 (Scientific Note). Volume 17 (1998) Editorial Board: Prof. Dr. M. Altaf Hossain (Chairman), Prof. Dr. M. Abdus Salam (Executive Editor), Prof. Dr. Md. Sarwar Jahan, Dr. Md. Saiful Islam Faruki, Golam Mortuza, Dr. A.M. Saleh Reza. Mollah, A.H., Rahman, M.S. & Alam, M.T. 1998. Study on proximate chemical analysis of Bangladeshi fresh water fish, Rita rita (Ham.) and seasonal variation of lipid, protein and related substances. 1-6. Shahjahan, R.M., Begum, A., Hasnuzzaman, M. & Yesmin, F. 1998. Electrophoretic banding patterns on larval serum proteins (LPS) in melonfly Bactrocera cucurbitae (Coq). 7-10. Sarker, M.M. & Jahan, M.S. 1998. Embryonic development of freshwater snail Lymnaea stagnalis (Linnaeus) (Order: Basommatophora, Family: Lymnaeidae). 11-17. Rahman, M.R., Parvez, M.A., Sarker, M.M. & Jahan, M.S. 1998. Histopathology of infected organs of Bellamya bengalensis (Lamarck) by larval helminth. 19-27. Bhuiyan, A.S. & Nessa, Q. 1998. A quantitative study of zooplankton in relation to the physico-chemical conditions of a fershwater fish pond of Rajshahi. 29-37. Faruki, S.I. 1998. Nutritive effects of thianomin enrichd meuberry leaves on the siklworm, Bombyx mori L. 39-44.

Khalequzzaman, M. & Hossain, M.A. 1998. The burrow system of the lesser bandicoot rat, Bandicota bengalensis (Gray) in the rice fields. 45-50. Islam, M.A., Chowdhury, A.H. & Zaman, M. 1998. Seasonal occurrence of zooplankton in four managed fish ponds in Rajshahi. 51-60. Sultana, S., Parween, S., Hossain, M.A. & Mortuza, M.G. 1998. Some aspects of reproductive biology of Pangasius pangasius (Hamilton) (Schilbeidae: Siluriformes). 61-64. Reza, A.M.S., Hasan, M., Islam, M.S. & Salam, M.A. 1998. N-Nitroso-N-Ethylurea induced changes in the reproductive potential of Bombyx mori L. (Lepidoptera: Bombycidae). 65-69 (Scientific Note). Rahman, A.S.M.S., Debi, K. P. & Azad, A.K. 1998. Evaluation of synergestic mixtures of piperonyl butoxide (PBO) and pirimiphos-methyl or cypermethrin against the rice weevil, Sitophilus oryzae (Coleoptera: Curculionidae). 71-73 (Scientific Note). Rahman, M.R., Parween, S. & Ara, H. 1998. A brief report on two helminth endoparasites from Mastacembelus armatus (Lacepede). 75-77 (Scientific Note). Volume 18 (1999) Editorial Board: Prof. Dr. M. Altaf Hossain (Chairman), Prof. Dr. M. Abdus Salam (Executive Editor), Prof. Dr. Md. Sarwar Jahan, Dr. Md. Saiful Islam Faruki, Golam Mortuza, Dr. A.M. Saleh Reza. Ahsan, M.K., Rahman, S.M. & Ali, I.A. 1999. Inheritance of some quantitative traits in fifteen indigenous varieties of silkworm, Bombyx mori L. 79-83. Islam, M.N., Mondal, M.R.I., Nahar, Q. & Bhuiyan, A.S. 1999. Seasonal impact on food and feeding habit of freshwater fish, Colisa fasciata (Bloch). 85-89. Hoque, K.M.F. & Islam, M.S. 1999. Effects of tetracycline and UV-radiation treatments on the expression of incompatibility in the red flour beetle, Tribolium castaneum (Herbst) (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae). 91-102. Alam, M.M. & Bhuiyan, A.S. 1999. Determination of optimum dose for induced spawning of Labeo rohita (Hamilton, 1822). 103-108. Reza, A.M.S. 1999. Performance & variability studies of some economic traits in the mulberry silkworm, Bombyx mori L. 109-116. Chowdhury, A.H. & Zaman, M. 1999. Zooplankton of the river Padma near Rajshahi in relation to physicochemical conditions. 117-123. Khan, A.R. & Hossain, M. 1999. Effect of nishinda (Vitex negundo L.) leaf extracts on the mosquito, Culex quinquefasciatus Say (Diptera: Culicidae). 125-130. Islam, M.S. & Dixon, P.I. 1999. Population sturcture analysis of the flat-tail mullet, Liza argentea (Quoy & Gaimard) (Pisces: Mugilidae) using morphometric criteria. 131-139.

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Jahan, M.S., Bulbul, R.A., Pramanik, M.N. & Sarker, M.M. 1999. Distribution and abundance of earthworms in Bogra district. 141-149. Begum, R.A., Baqui, M.A. & Ahmad, S. 1999. Some aspects of life cycle of green mirid bug Cyrtorhinus lividipennis (Reuter) (Hemiptera: Miridae). 151-157. Parween, S. & Hossain, M.A. 1999. Some aspects of biology of Palaemon styliferus (H..M. Edwards) of Dhal Island. 159-164 (Scientific Note). Reza, A.M.S. & Faruki, M.S.I. 1999. Effect of hydrogen peroxide on the fecundity and hatchability of mulberry silkworm, Bombyx mori L. 165-168 (Scientific Note). Hossain, M.A., Parween, S. & Mortuza, M.G. 1999. Estimation of edible contents of some freshwater fish species. 169-171 (Scientific Note). Volume 19 (2000) Editorial Board: Prof. Dr. M. Sayedur Rahman (Chairman), Prof. Dr. M. Abdus Salam (Executive Editor), Prof. Dr. Abdus Salam Bhuiyan, Prof. Dr. Sowdagar Mahfuzar Rahman, Dr. Aminuzzaman Md. Saleh Reza, Dr. Rezina Laz. Hossain, M.A. & Khalequzzaman, M. 2000. Rice and wheat texture preference by the lesser bandicoot rat, Bandicota bengalensis (Gray) in captivity. 1-5. Khanom, M. & Khalequzzaman, M. 2000. Effect of neem (Azadirachta indica A. Juss) seed extracts on larvae and adults of Tribolium castaneum (Herbst). 2-16. Mohsin, A.B.M. 2000. Present status on post stocking management and maintenance of improved traditional carp culture at Rajshahi and Natore areas. 17-20. Ahsan, M.K., Rahman, S.M. & Ali, I.A. 2000. Variability of some quantitative traits in the hybrids of silkworm Bombyx mori L. 21-24. Islam, M.N., Khan, T.A. & Bhuiyan, A.S. 2000. Ecology and seasonal abundance of some zooplankton pf a pond in Rajshahi. 25-32. Reza, A.M.S. 2000. Performance of some breeds and their hybrid combinations of mulberry silkworm, Bombyx mori L. 33-35. Rahman, M.H., Karim, M.R. & Hassan, P. 2000. Some physico-chemical attributes in the silkworm waste pupae. 37-41. Islam, M.S. & Kabir, M.A. 2000. Integration of cytoplasmic incompatibility with UV radiation and its consequence on the supression of Tribolium castaneum (Herbst) population. 43-49. Devnath, D., Rahman, S.M., Reza, A.M.S. & Ali, I.A. 2000. Effect of Deca-Durabolin on fecundity, growth and cocoon characters of silkworm, Bombyx mori L. 51-54. Sarker, M.M., Jahan, M.S. & Rahman, M.R. 2000. Reproductive biology of a freshwater pulmonate, Lymnaea stagnalis Linnaeus 1758. 55-59.

Islam, M.S. & Khan, H.S. 2000. Changes in reproductive attributes associated with larval rearing density in the housefly, Musca domestica L. 61-66. Parween, S. & Rahman, M.R. 2000. Distribution of helminth parasites in different organs and their monthly rate of infection in three freshwater fishes of Rajshahi. 67-72. Neela, F.A. & Alam, S. 2000. A survey on tinea diseases in Rajshahi, Bangladesh. 73-77. Khanum, H., Haq, R. & Zannat, R. 2000. Prevalence of Giardia lambia infection in asymptomatic rural children in Mirzapur, Bangladesh. 79-82 (Scientific Note). Khanum, H., Chawdhury, S. & Paul, S. 2000. Hookworms infections in as influenced by hygienic and socioeconomic conditions in some rural areas of Bangladesh. 83-86 (Scientific Note). Alam, M.S., Alam, M.S. & Alam, M.R. 2000. Abundance of fungal flora in relation to moisture content and storage period in different types of poultry feed. 87-91 (Scientific Note). Jahan, M.S. & Raut, S.K. 2000. Occurrence of egg-clutches of Achatina fulica Bowdich in the agrihoticultural garders of Bangladesh. 93-95 (Scientific Note). Ali, M.S., Ahsam, M.K. & Hossain, M.A. 2000. An observation on the fish and fisheries of the sacred water of Bagha Dighi. 97-100 (Scientific Note). Hossain, M.A., Rahman, M.S., Khan, Y.S.A., Sarkar, M.N. & Sanaullah, M. 2000. On the aquatic snakes of Dhal Island areas. 101-104 (Scientific Note). Parween, S., Ahsan, M.K. & Mortuza, M.G. 2000. Modifications of mouthparts and gill rakers of Notopterus chitala (Hamilton) in relation to its food and feeding habit. 105-108 (Scientific Note). Saha, B.K., Hossain, M.A. & Jahan, M.S. 2000. Production of shell less flesh of the freshwater edible snail, Pila globosa (Swainson, 1822) (Gastropoda: Prosobranchia). 109-111 (Scientific Note). Mortuza, M.G. & Mokarrama, N.T. 2000.Notes on the length-weight relationship and condition factor of mud loach Botia lohachata (Chaudhuri) (Cypriniformes: Cobitidae). 113-114 (Scientific Note). Volume 20 (2001) Editorial Board: Prof. Dr. M. Altaf Hossain (Chairman), Prof. Dr. M. Mahtab Ali (Executive Editor), Prof. Dr. M. A. Salam, Prof. Dr. A.S.M. Shafiqur Rahman, Dr. Mahbub Hasan, Ananda Kumar Saha, M. Nazrul Islam. Khalequzzaman, M. & Saha, D.K. 2001. Effect of the low doses of malathion on the development of resistance by housefly, Musca domestica L. 1-8. Mohsin, A.B.M., Islam, M.N. & Hossain, M.A. 2001. Comparative study on different types of stocking combination of improved traditional carp culture at Natore and Rajshahi districts. 9-16.

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Islam, M.S., Rahman, M.A. & Laz, R. 2001. Manipulation of reproductive potential in the pulse beetles Callosobruchus spp. (Coleoptera: Bruchidae) by gamma irradiation. 17-24. Rahman, M.H. 2001. Resuscitation of viable but nonculturable cells (VBNC) of Aeromonas hydrophila and its virulence to fish. 25-29. Haque, M.M. 2001. Habit preference of bean mite, Cosella pupureusi Haque & Das (Acari: Eriophyoidea) and its susceptibility to some acaricides. 31-34. Jahan, M.S., Rahman, M.R., Sarker, M.M. & Mohanta, K.R. 2001. Ecology of Gyraulus convexiusculus (Hutton, 1849) (Gastropoda: Planorbidae). 35-40. Ali, M. & Alam, S. 2001. Nest and nest building of the leafcutter bee, Megalosmia laboriosa Michener (Hymenoptera: Megachilidae: Megachilinae). 41-44. Bhuiyan, A.S., Sharmeen, S. & Nesa, B. 2001. The food and feeding habit of Puntius ticto (Hamilton). 45-48. Saha, A.K., Sabuj, S.A. & Gazi, M.M.R. 2001. Nutritive effects of ascorbic acid supplement on some economic characters of the silkworm, Bombyx mori L. 49-52. Rahman, M.R. & Parween, S. 2001. Parasitic infestation in relation to length of Heteropneustes fossilis, Channa punctatus and Colisa fasciatus. 53-56. Ashfaq, M., Chemma, G.M., Nasreen, A. & Saleem, M.A. 2001. Seed treatment with imidacloprid to control early season sucking insect pests of CIM-445 cotton. 57-60. Islam, M.R. & Mortuza, M.G. 2001. Flora and faunal diversity of the Beel Mantala of Ullapara, Serajganj. 61-65. Rahman, S.M. & Jahan, M.S. 2001. Gene action on cocoon size in silkworm, Bombyx mori L. (Lepidoptera: Bombycidae). 67-70. Khalequzzaman, M., Sultana, S. & Nahar, J. 2001. Efficacy of methacrifos against some strains of the red flour beetle, Tribolium castaneum (Herbst). 71-74. Fakruzzaman, M., Chowdhury, A.H., Naz, S. & Zaman, M. 2001. Zooplankton of some fish ponds in Barind Tract in relation to its physico-chemical variables. 75-80. Ahsan, M.K., Rahman, S.M., Haque, M.T. & Ali, I.A. 2001. Interrelationship between some egg and larval characters in different breeds of silkworm, Bombyx mori L. 81-84. Haque, M.M., Naher, N. & Das, B.C. 2001. Variation in the amount of lipid content in different varieties of lichi leaves due to infestation of mite, Aceria lichi Channabasavanna (Acari: Eriophyoidea). 85-86 (Scientific Note). Hussain, M.A. & Hossain, M.A. 2001. Notes on the reproductive cycle of Mastacembelus pancalus (Hamilton). 87-88 (Scientific Note). Hossain, M.A. & Khalequzzaman, M. 2001. Food consumption by the lesser bandicoot and house rat in laboratory. 89-91 (Scientific Note).

Islam, M.N., Flowra, F.A., Khatun, S. & Hossain, M.A. 2001. Reproduction and reproductive periodicity of Setipinna phasa (Hamilton) (Clupeiformes: Engraulidae). 92-94 (Scientific Note). Hossain, M.A., Khan, M.A.R., Mannan, M.A. & Hossain, M.A. 2001. A note on the fish biodiversity of Altadighi, a manmade redsoil freshwater reservoir in Naogaon. 9798 (Scientific Note). Ali, A.A. & Parween, S. 2001. Size-frequency distribution and length-weight relationship of Macrobrachium lamarrei (H.M. Edwards 1837). 99-101 (Scientific Note). Volume 21 (2002) Editorial Board: Prof. Dr. M. Altaf Hossain (Chairman), Prof. Dr. Mahtab Ali (Executive Editor), Prof. Dr. M. Khalequzzaman, Prof. Dr. Md. Sarwar Jahan, Prof. Dr. Seline Parween, Prof. Dr. Mahbub Hasan, Dr. Md. Habibur Rahman, Dr. Mohd. Mainul Haque. Devy, A.R. & Khan, A.B. 2002. Lead nitrate induced hepato renal toxicity in the adult albino rats. 1-3. Hossain, A. & Khalequzzaman, M. 2002. Burrowing pattern and damage caused by the lesser bandicoot rat, Bandicota bengalensis (Gray) in wheat fields. 5-7. Saleem, M.A., Ashfaq, M., Hussain, R. & Shakoori, A.R. 2002. Some macromolecular abnormalities developed by interaction of malathion + cypermethrin in Tribolium castaneum (Herbst) larvae. 9-11. Haq, M., Rabbi, M.F. & Karim, A.N.M.R. 2002. Effect of nitrogenous fertilizer on the incidence of rice insect pests and their natural enemies. 13-15. Khanum, H., Sultana, R., Alam, M.S. & Zaman, R.F. 2002. Endoparasitic helminth infection in Hemidactylus flavivirdis (Ruppel, 1835). Executive Editor 17-19. Alam, M.A., Dewan, S., Hossain, M.I. & Hussain, M.G. 2002. Food and feeding habit of Tor putitora (Hamiltion). 21-22. Bhuiyah, M.I.M., Karim, A.N.M.R., Islam, B.N. & Alam, Z. 2002. Control of the pulse beetle in stored chickpea and lentil by treating sacks with acetone extract of some selected botanicals. 23-26. Bashar, K., Shahjahan, R.M., Baqui, M.A. & Hasanuzzaman, M. 2002. Electrophoretic banding pattern of esterase isoenzynes in adult brown planthopper, Nilaparvata lugens (Stal.) (Hom.: Delphacidae). 27-29. Asmat, G.S.M. 2002. Two new species of trichodinid ciliates (Ciliophora: Trichodinidae) from Indian fishes. 31-34. Huq, K.A., Hossain, M.I. & Huda, M.N. 2002. Abundance and feeding ecology of freshwater apple Pila globosa (Swinson) in beel ecosystem of Gopalgonj. 35-36. Faruki, S.I., Parween, S. & Begum, M. 2002. Potentiality of Baycidal on the growth and development of malathionsusceptible and multi-resistant strains of Tribolium castaneum (Herbst) treated at different larval ages. 37-39.

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Alam, M.T., Rahmatullah, S.M., Alam, M.S. & Rahman, M.F. 2002. Food and feeding habit of Gudusia chapra (Hamilton). 41-44. Khalequzzaman, M. & Nahar, J. 2002. Effect of different types of mulberry leaf maturity on the growth and economic traits in Bombyx mori L. 45-48. Asmat, G.M.S. 2002. Occurrence and morphology of some Tripartiella spp. (Ciliophora: Trichodinidae) from freshwater and estuarine fishes in India. Univ. J. Zool. Rajshahi Univ. 21: 49-55. Haque, M.M. and Kawai, A. 2002. Distribution pattern of tomato russet mite, Aculops lycopersici (Massee) (Acari: Eriophyoidea) on tomato leaf. 57-58. Saha, A.K. & Haque, M.F. 2002. Effect of soil quality on the viability of GFP marked Rhizobium. 59-61. Islam, M.N. 2002. Cannibalism of freshwater gobi, Glossogobius giuris (Hamilton) in relation to its size, sex and season from the river Padma. 63-64. Latifa, G.A., Rahman, M.M. & Parvin, S. 2002. Fecundity and maturation of gonad of snakehead fish Channa striatus (Bloch, 1793) (Channiformes: Channidae). 65-67. Chowdhury, A. & Sufi, G.B. 2002. Blood sugar: A sensitive stress indicator in cultured air breathing Clarias batrachus (Linnaeus, 1758) and Channa striatus (Bloch, 1794). 69-71. Islam, M.N., Chawdhury, M.F.R. and Mohsin, A.B.M. 2002. Role of hatchery in the fish culture development of Rajshahi district in Bangladesh. Univ. J. Zool. Rajshahi Univ. 21: 73-76. Elora, B., Islam, K. & Ferdousi, Z. 2002. Some biological investigations and damage of vegetable crops by Epilachna pusillanima Muls. (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae). 77-78. Hossain, M.A., Khan, A.R. & Mannan, M.A. 2002. Present status of pond fishery in Dhamairhat Upazila, Naogaon. 79-80. Rahman, H. 2002. Counting of colony forming unit of Flavobacterium psychrophilum, the causative agent of coldwater disease in fish. 81-83. Ghosh, L. & Ali, M.R. 2002. Post-infectional biochemical changes in mulberry leaves affected by Ercospora moricola Cooke and its effect on cocoon characters in the silkworm, Bombyx mori L. 85-87. Rahman, A.S.M.S. & Haque, F. 2002. Combined action of diazinon and piperonyl butoxide against americam cockroach, Periplaneta americana (L.). 89 (Scientific Note). Hossain M.A., Islam, M.N., Ahsan, M.K. & Sultana, N. 2002. Reproductive periodicity of Gonialosa manminna (Ham.) (Clupeiformes: Clupeidae). 91-92 (Scientific Note). Hossain, M.A., Ali, M.S. & Sanaullah, M. 2002. Fishing by using botanical in the intertidal mud flat of the Kukrimukri Island, Bangladesh. 93 (Scientific Note).

Alam, M.S., Khanum, H. & Nessa, Z. 2002. Rat pinworm Syphacia muris Yamaguti, 1941 (Nematoda: Oxyuroidea) from laboratory rat in Bangladesh. 95-96 (Scientific Note). Haque, M.M., Takeda, M. & Sawai, Y. 2002. Major amino acid contents of mite (Acaphylla theavagrans Kadono) infested tea leaves. 97-98 (Scientific Note). Rahman, M.H., Parween, S., Mortuza, M.G. & Ahsan, M.K. 2002. Reproductive periodicity and spawning potentiality of Rhinomugil corsula (Ham.) (Mugiliformes: Mugilidae). 99-100. Hossain, M. & Khan, A.R. 2002. Effect of neem leaf (Azadirachta indica A. Juss) extracts on the mosquito Culex quinquefasciatus Say. 101-102 (Scientific Note). Volume 22 (2003) Editorial Board: Prof. Dr. M. Altaf Hossain (Chairman), Prof. Dr. Mahtab Ali (Executive Editor), Prof. Md. Sohrab Ali, Prof. Bidhan Chandra Das, Prof. Ananda Kumar Saha, Dr. Md. Saiful Islam Faruki. Chowdhury, S.H. & Mohiuddin, M. 2003. Butterflies of the eastern border of Bangladesh a checklist. 1-9. Jewel, M.A.S. & Affan, M.A. 2003. Epizootic ulcerative syndrome (EUS) in fishes of small-scale farmers ponds in Bogra district of Bangladesh. 11-18. Haque, M.M. & Kawai, A. 2003. Dispersion of Aculops lycopersici (Tryon) (Acari: Eriophyoidea) on tomato leaves and stems. 19-22. Azam, K., Bashar, M.Z., Asaduzzaman, M., Hossain, M.M. & Ali, M.Y. 2003. Biochemical quality assessment of fourteen selected dried fish. 23-26. Ghosh, L., Neela, F.A., Alam, M.S. & Pasha, M.K. 2003. In vitro and in vivo evaluation of certain chemicals against Beauveria bassiana pathogen of white muscardine disease of silkworm, Bombyx mori L. 27-32. Saha, A.K., Zaman, R. & Khatun, R. 2003. Influence of family size on the relationship of blood pressure with arms, neck and waist circumferences in the female students of Rajshahi University, Bangladesh. 33-39. Hossain, M.A., Mannan, M.A. & Hossain, M.A. 2003. Primary productivity estimation in relation to trophic status in Altadighi in Naogaon district, Bangladedsh. 41-45. Khalequzzaman, M. & Nahar, J. 2003. Toxicity of azadirachtin to larvae and adults of Tribolium castaneum (Herbst). 47-53. Ali, M.S., Amin, M.R., Khaleque, M.A., Amin, M.R., Alam, M.T. & Babul, M.B.H. 2003. Comparative study on the water quality and growth of GIFT (genetically improved farmed tilapia strain (Oreochromis niloticus L.) in recirculatory and static systems. 55-62. Iqbal, Z., Khan, A.R. & Hossain, M. 2003. Growth and development of the lesser mealworm, Alphitobius diaperinus (Panzer) (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae) on pulse flours. 63-70.

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Rabbi, M.F., Haque, N.M.M., Karim, A.N.M.R., Haq, M. & Rahman, M.A. 2003. Evaluation of indigenous botanicals against rice hispa. 71-80. Laz, R. 2003. Effects of vitamins on some economic traits of silkworm, Bombyx mori L. 81-86. Hasnat, H., Mondal, K.A.M.S.H. & Parween, S. 2003. Effect of dimilin and deltamethrin on development of Tribolium castaneum (Herbst) (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae). 87-91. Khan, A.R. & Saha, B.N. 2003. Effect of cyprimethrin on the growth and development of the jute hairy caterpillar, Spilarctia obliqua (Walker). 93-97. Sikdar, B., Shafiullah, M., Zaman, R., Kabir, M.F. & Uddin, M.A. 2003. Effect of temperature and relative humidity on the rate of infestation of bitter gourd by fruit fly, Bactrocera cucurbitae (Coquillett) (Diptera: Tephritidae). 99-103. Ali, M.F., Alam, M., Salam, M.A., Rahman, M.M. & Rahmatullah, S.M. 2003. Abundance of benthic fauna of a post harvest rice field in Bangladesh Agricultural University campus, Mymensingh. 105-110. Ghosh, L. & Ali, M.R. 2003. Metabolic changes in mulberry (Morus sp.) leaves due to leaf blight disease and its impact on silkworm rearing. 111-116. Sharmin, S., Khatun, H. & Uddin, M.H. 2003. Endohelminth infections in Xenentodon cancila (Hamilton-Buchanan, 1822) (Belonidae) from Chandpur, Bangladesh. 117-123. Mia, M.Y., Rheman, S. & Alam, M.J. 2003. Comparative study of two feeds of mud crad, Scylla serrata. 125-130. Islam, M.N., Hossain, M.A. & Mannan, M.A. 2003. Tetrapodan diversity of Baluhar Baor area with their abundance. 131-136. Islam, M.N., Khatun, S. & Flowra, F.A. 2003. Food and feeding habit of Setipinna phasa (Hamilton) in relation to its spawning. 137-139 (Scientific Note). Asmat, G.S.M., Banu, Q, Islam, M.A., Ahsan, M.F. & Chakma, S. 2003. Amphibian fauna from Chittagong and Chittagong Hill-tracts, Bangladesh. 141-143 (Scientific Note). Volume 23 (2004) Editorial Board: Prof. Dr. M. Altaf Hossain (Chairman), Prof. Md. Safinur Rahman (Executive Editor), Prof. Dr. Sawdagar Mahfuzar Rahman (Asso.Ed.), Prof. Dr. M.A. Salam, Prof. Dr. M. Nazrul Islam, Dr. Mohd. Mainul Haque, Dr. Aminuzzaman Md. Saleh Reza. Islam, M.N., Port, G.R. & McLachlan, A.J. 2004. Influence of food and temperature on growth performance and maturation of Lymnaea peregra (Muller) (Gastropoda: Pulmonata: Lymnaeidae) under laboratory conditions. 1-6. Saleem, M.A., Wilkins, R.M., Mantle, D., Nasreen, A. & Shakoori, A.R. 2004. In vitro effect of beta-cyfluthrin on proteases in insecticide-resistant and susceptible strains of Tribolium castaneum (Herbst) beetles. 7-12.

Rahman, S.M., Haque, M.N., Siddique, M.N., Ara, H. & Ahsan, M.N. 2004. Proximate composition of six shrimp species in Bangladesh. 13-16. Shah, M.M.R. & Mia, M.Y. 2004. Comparative study on rice-fish and Taro (Panikachu)-fish culture under integrated farming system in Bangladesh. 17-21. Parween, S., Faruki, S.I. & Akther, R. 2004. Growth and development of Alphitobius diaperinus (Panzer) (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae) developing from pupae irradiated with ultra-violet rays. 23-26. Haque, N.M.M., Haq, M., Karim, A.N.M.R. & Alam, M.Z. 2004. Nature and extent of damage by rice weevil, Sitophilus oryzae (L.) on different cereals. 27-30. Jewel, M.A.S. 2004. Improvement of water quality and reduction of noxious algae in an eutrophic lake in Bangladesh through renovation. 31-35. Mahfuz, I. & Ahsan, K. 2004. Stability of effective rate of rearing in silkworm, Bombyx mori L. due to effect of larval density in the rearing bed. 37-41. Nahar, N., Islam, W., Khalequzzaman, M. & Haque, M.M. 2004. Abundance of two-spotted spider mite, Tetranychus urticae Koch (Acari: Tetranychidae) on bean. 43-48. Khalequzzaman, M., Mahfuz, I. & Khanam, L.A.M. 2004. Efficacy of yellow oleander (Thevetia neriifolia Juss) seed extract on the growth and development of Tribolium castaneum (Herbst). 49-52. Alom, M.N. & Zaman, M. 2004. Zooplankton of a large impoundment-Bagha dighi in Rajshahi, Bangladesh. 53-60. Alam, M.S., Hossain, M.A. & Islam, S. 2004. Effect of gamma radiation on the developmental stages of Necrobia rufipes (DeGeer) infesting stored dried fishes. 61-64. Islam, H., Farhana, K. & Islam, N. 2004. Screening of spices for biological activity against Tribolium castaneum (Herbst) adults. 65-68. Rahman, S.M., Ali, I.A. & Rashid, H.A. 2004. Inheritance of fecundity and fertility in silkworm, Bombyx mori L. from all possible crosses between a set of parental lines. 69-72. Haque, M.M. 2004. Control of Calacarus quisqualis Chakrabarti & Mondal (Acari: Eriophyoidea) with selective insecticides. 73-74 (Scientific Note). Islam, M.N., Hossain, M.A. & Mannan, M.A. 2004. Comparative studies between meterological and physico-chemical conditions of fish producing Boar (Oxbow Lake) Baluhar. 75-77 (Scientific Note). Rahman, A.S.M.S. & Akter, M.Y. 2004. Toxicity of chlorpyrifos and cypermethrin and their synergistic effect with PBO against the lesser mealworm Alphitobius diaperinus (Panzar). 79-81 (Scientific Note).

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Volume 24 (2005) Editorial Board: Prof. Dr. M. Altaf Hossain (Chairman), Prof. Md. Safinur Rahman (Executive Editor), Prof. Dr. Sawdagar Mahfuzar Rahman (Associate Editor), Prof. Dr. M.A. Salam, Prof. Dr. M. Nazrul Islam, Dr. Mohd. Mainul Haque, Dr. Aminu-zzaman Md. Saleh Reza. Sultana, S. & Parween, S. 2005. Methods of isolating natural spawn of the river Padma and the mortality rate at laboratory. 1-4. Faruki, S.I. 2005. Toxicity of malathion against two strains of the red flour beetle, Tribolium castaneum (Herbst) (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae). 5-9. Lateef, K.A., Hasan, M.R., Alam, M.S, Alam, M.T. & Babul, M.B.H. 2005. Effcets of combination of low cost oil seed cakes as dietary protein source for Labeo rohita (Hamilton) fingerling. 11-16. Ara, M.I., Haque, M.A., Bari, M.N., Ahmed, N. & Islam, N. 2005. Development of rice meal moth, Corcyra cephalonica (Stainton) on different food media. 17-21. Islam, N. 2005. Biological screening of Amoora rohituka for bioactive principles. 23-25. Rahman, M.A. & Noor, Z. 2005. Frequency distribution of some common genetic traits and their inheritance at family levels in Rajshahi district. 27-30. Khanam, L.A.M., Khan, A.R., Khalequzzaman, M. & Rahman, S.M. 2005. Repellent effectsbof Makal, Trichosanthes palmate seed and laef extracts against Tribolium castaneum (Herbst) and Tribolium confusum Duval. 31-34. Rahman, M.S. & Singha, G. 2005. Abundance, fecundity and morphometrics of freshwater crab, Potamon sp. of the Padma river. 35-38. Saha, A.K., Akhter, M.A., Haque, M.F., Salam, M.A., Rahman, M.A. Laz, R. 2005. A comparative account of the seasonal variation of circulating blood cells of toad, Bufo melanostictus and wall lizard, Hemidactylus flaviviridis. 39-42. Mahfuz, I. & Ahsan, K. 2005. Genotype X larval density interaction in the rearing bed expressed by larval and pupal weight in silkworm, Bombyx mori L. 43-47. Parween, S. & Reza, A.M.S. 2005. Effect of triflumuron on development of the female reproductive organs of Tribolium castaneum (Herbst). 49-53. Reza, A.M.S. & Rahman, S.M. 2005. Genetic parameters of some yield and yield contributing traits in silkworm, Bombyx mori L. 55-58. Naher, N. 2005. Chemical control of the two-spotted spider mite, Tetranychus urticae Koch (Acari: Tetranychidae). 59-62. Sultana, S. & Islam, H. 2005. Goatary and utilization of Black Bengal Goat carasses. 63-64 (Scientific Note).

Rahman, M.S., Hasan, A. & Rashid, H.A. 2005. Harmful effects of stem borer, Indarbela quadrinotata Walker in mulberry tree, Morus alba L. 65-67 (Scientific Note). Patoary, M.R. & Khan, M.A.R. 2005. Effect of different wholemeal flour-yeast combinations on the larval headcapsule width of the lesser mealworm, Alphitobius diaperinus (Panzer). 69-72 (Scientific Note). Volume 25 (2006) Editorial Board: Prof. Dr. M. Altaf Hossain (Chairman), Prof. Md. Safinur Rahman (Executive Editor), Prof. Dr. M. Saiful Islam (Associate Editor), Prof. Dr. M. Mahbub Hasan, Prof. Dr. Ananda Kumar Saha, Dr. Md. Golam Mortuza. Ahsan, M.F. & Khan, M.A.R. Eco-ethology of the common langur Semnopithecus entellus (Dufresne) in Bangladesh. 3-10. Banu, P.A., Ali, I.A. & Salam, M.A. Effects of gamma radiation on the reproductive organs in the red flour beetle Tribolium castaneum (Herbst). 11-14. Hossain, S., Haque, M.M. & Naher, N. Control of two spotted spider mite Tetranychus urticae Koch (Acari: Tetranychidae) by some selected chemicals. 15-18. Naher, N., Islam, T., Haque, M.M. & Parween, S. Effects of native plants and IGRs on the development of Tetranychus urticae Koch (Acari: Tetranychidae). 18-22. Khanum, H., Khan, H.R. & Farhana, R. Infestation of ectoparasites in Gudusia chapra (Hamilton). 23-25. Khanam, L.A. M., Talukder, D. & Hye, M.A. Toxic and repellent action of sugarcane bagasse-based lignin against some stored grain insect pests. 27-30. Zaman, T., Jewel, M.A.S. & Bhuiyan, A.S. Present status of pond fishery resources and livelihood of the fish farmers at Mohanpur Upazila in Rajshahi District. 31-35. Khalequzzaman, M., Mahdi, S.H.A. & Rahman, M.M. Effect of the traditional parched rice husk incubation techniques on the hatchability of duck eggs. 37-40. Chowdhury, A.H. & Mamun, A.A. Physio-chemical conditions and plankton population of two fishponds in Khulna. 41-44. Khalequzzaman, M. & Khanom, M. Effects of cyper-methrin alone and in combination with leaf and seed extracts of neem against adult Tribolium castaneum (Herbst). 45-49. Das, D.R., Parween, S. & Faruki, S.I. Efficacy of commercial neem-based insecticide, Nimbicidine against eggs of the red flour beetle Tribolium castaneum (Herbst). 51-55. Laz, R., Gani, A. & Reza, A.M.S. Effects of methionine and tryptophan on some economic characters in the mulberry silkworm Bombyx mori L. 57-62.

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Rahman, A.S.M.S. & Akter, M.Y. Toxicity of diazinon and cypermethrin against the American cockroach, Periplaneta americana (L.). 63-64 (Scientific Note). Musa, A.S.M. & Bhuiyan, A.S. Determination of sexual dimorphism in Mystus bleekeri (Day). 65-66 (Scientific Note). Mortuza, M.G. & Hossain, M.A. The fisheries resources management of the greater Rajshahi District, Bangladesh. 67-68 (Scientific Note). Joadder, M.A.R. Food and feeding habits of Gagata youssoufi (Rahman) from the river Padma in Rajshahi. 69-71 (Scientific Note). Khalequzzaman, M. Editorial Boards, Contents and Appendices. 73-86. Mannan, M.A., Khalequzzaman, M. & Islam M.S. Flies as the indicator for formalin untreated raw food materials: A contrary approach in sanitary entomology. 87 (Commentary). Appendix Volume 7 (1988) Khalequzzaman, M. Prof. Mustafizur Rahman: Dedication and obituary. i-ii.

Volume 17 & 18 (1998-99) Islam. M.S., Salam, M.A., Rahman, S.M., Mannan, M.A., Ali, M.S. & Hasan, M.M. In retrospect: Professor M. Altaf Hossain: A man with vision, and mentor of the trail blazers (Appendix-I: This biography was published on the occasion of Prof. Hossain's retirement on 31 December, 1996) i-v. Selman B.J. Newcastle-Rajshahi University Academic Link Programme (Appendix-ii: Welcome message received on the eve of celebrating the Silver Jubilee of the Department of Zoology, Rajshahi University) vii-viii. Volume 22 (2003) -----. List of Reviewers for this issue (from abroad; from home) i-iii; iv. PS: Each volume contains info on Instructions for authors and subscription, Cover design and photo credits; Printer and publisher lines, Acknowledgements of financial assistance, and Publication date line.