Threaded fasteners

Used for holding two or more machine parts together or for adjusting one part with relation to another Screw threads are formed by cutting a helical groove on a cylindrical surface

Forms of screw threads

Triangular or V-threads Square threads

Square Thread forms

Acme thread is most common Widely used in machine tools

Triangular or V-threads

Thread Proportions

Tensile Stress Area ( At )

Cross sectional area of the rod having a diameter equal to the mean of the pitch diameter and minor (or root) diameter

Metric threads are specified by writing the diameter and the pitch in millimeters in that order

Ex: M 12 1.75 is a thread having a nominal major diameter of 12 mm and a pitch of 1.75 mm

Mechanics of Power Screws

Power screw is a device used in machinery to change angular motion into linear motion and, usually to transmit power

Ex: Lead screws of lathes, screws for vises, presses and jacks

In a screw jack, the torque T required to raise a load and to lower it are of prime importance Another parameter is the efficiency

Depends on the thread geometry and the coefficient of friction

Self-locking when a finite torque is required for lowering Overhauling occurs when the lowering torque becomes zero

Force Analysis for a square threaded power screw

Imagine the thread to be unrolled

For lifting the load

FH = P N sin N cos = 0 FV = F + N sin N cos = 0

For lowering the load

FH = P N sin + N cos = 0 FV = F N sin N cos = 0

Force Diagram : (a) Lifting the load (b) Lowering the load

Force Analysis (contd)

For raising the load, the force required is F ( sin + cos ) P= cos sin For lowering the load,

F ( cos sin P= cos + sin

The corresponding torques required are given by,

Pd m T= 2

, where

dm

is the mean diameter

For an acme threaded power screw with collar of mean diameter, dc, the torque equation is suitably modified

Force Analysis (contd)

For an Acme thread of included angle , it can be shown that the torque required to raise the load is,
cos tan + T = F rm cos tan dc + c 2

For lowering the load,

cos tan + T = F rm cos + tan

dc + c 2

c is the collar friction coefficient

Force Analysis (contd)

If there is no friction ( = c= 0 ), the torque required to raise the load is,

Fl T0 = 2

The efficiency is then defined as,

T0 = T

Stress Analysis

Stresses in the thread are estimated by considering the thread to be a short cantilever beam projecting from the root cylinder Bending stress, Shear stress,
b

My Fh 2 b 2 = I ( 2 rm n ) b3 12
Some designers use ri instead of rm

F s= 2 nrm b

Bearing pressure between the surfaces of screw and nut threads, p = F ( 2 nrm h ) Stresses in the root cylinder

Torsional shear stress,

= 2T ( ri )
2

Direct tensile (or compressive) stress,

= F root area = F ( ri ) or

F stress area

Threaded Fasteners

Fasteners are named according to how they are intended to be used

If the primary purpose is assembly into a tapped hole, it is a screw

Tightened by exerting torque on the head

If the product is intended to be used with a nut, it is a bolt

Tightened by exerting torque on the nut

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Small press operated by power screws