Ramesh.

ECE/MEA Engg College

Oscillators
Hartley, Colpitts, UJT relaxation.

S.R.K 9/13/2007 Authored by: Ramesh.K This documents contains a brief note about the principle of sinusoidal oscillator and some general oscillator circuits

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Ramesh.K

ECE/MEA Engg College

Contents
1. OSCILLATORS ....................................................................................................... 2 2. A GENERAL FORM OF LC OSCILLATORS ........................................................................... 3 3. COLPITTS OSCILLATOR ............................................................................................... 4 4. HARTLEY OSCILLATOR........................................................................................... 5 5. UJT -BASICS ............................................................................................................ 7 6. UJT RELAXATION OSCILLATOR ..................................................................................... 9 REFERENCES .................................................................................................................. 10

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Ramesh.K

ECE/MEA Engg College

. 1 . OSC LLATORS
An Electronic device, that generate oscillations (Signals), is called an oscillato r. Simply says an oscillator receives DC energy and converts it into AC energy of desired frequency. The frequency of oscillations depends up on the constants of the device . Oscillators are extensively used in electronic equipm ents. Oscillators can produce sinusoidal or non sinusoidal Osci llators . An electronic device that generates, sinusoidal oscillations of desired frequency is known as a sinusoidal oscillator. Basic Principles Of Sinusoidal Oscillator. The basic structure of a sinusoidal oscillator consists of an amplifier and a frequency selective network connected in a posi tive feedback loop as shown in fig. signals. Sinusoid al

Xo=AXi

Frequency selective network

A feedback amplifier is one that produce a feed back voltage Vf which is in phase with the input signal. A phase shift of 180 is produced by the amplifier and a further phase shift of 180 o is introduced by the feedback network. Thus the signal is shifted by 360o and fed to the input. That is feedback voltage is in phase with the input signal. But, oscillator is a circuit which produces oscillations without any external signal source .A signal V in is first supplied to the network and removed .Then a feedback signal Vf is still applied to the input signal. The oscillator will respond to this signal and V f will be amplified and send to the o/p. the feed back n/w will send a portion of the o/p again back to the i/p. Hence the amplifier receives another i/p cyc le and another o/p cycle is produced. This process continues and amplifier will produce oscillations without any ext input .That is
o

produce oscillation s. Where A is the loop gain. In the above circuit Xi= -Xf +Xs , when Xs=0, Barkhause n Crite rion : Xi=-Xf=-A

, at this condition the circuit will

The frequency for which a sinusoidal oscillator wil operate is the frequency for which the total phase shift introduced,as a signal proceeds from the input terminals through the amplifier and feedback network, and back to the input, - is precisely zero ( or of course an integral multiple of 2 ). That is the frequency of a sinusoi dal oscillator is determined by the condition that the loop gain phase shift is zero. Another condition is that the magnitude of the feed back signals (o/p of the mixing circuit i.e. Xf=-Xf . Oscillations will not be sustained if, at the oscillator frequency, the magnitude of the product of the transfer gain of the amplifier of the feedback network is less than unity.

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Xi

Xo

or

A and the feedback factor

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