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This document include a detail about the stock exchange its functions and operations, including the major stock exchange of the world and Pakistan
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Syed Muhammad Abbas Jafri Reg# 103915 What is stock exchange and how it works
Abstract
Stock exchange is an entity that provides services for stock brokers and traders to trade stocks and other securities. It provides companies with the facility to raise capital for expansion through selling shares to the investing public. Markets are electronically networked, which gives them advantages of increased speed and reduced cost of transactions. Supply and demand in stock markets is driven by various things that, as in all free markets, affect the price of stocks. To buy stocks, always need to do business with a brokerage firm
Outline
Every company needs the funds. Companies only have two ways to find funds. It can either borrow money (known as debt financing) or sell stock (known as equity financing). In order to raise funds through equity financing, a company must need to be listed in the Stock Exchange. Every company listed in the stock exchange gets the certain benefits. We will explain in the project how a company can be listed in the stock exchange in order to raise money and enjoy benefits. Interest of common investor is to get profit share as per their stake in a particular company. When you want to buy groceries, you go to the grocery store. Similarly when you want to buy stocks, you need to do business with a brokerage firm. Stock investor must have to do proper financial analysis on the basis of previous financial, current quarter results of that company. We will explain in the project how a person can do trading in a stock exchange and what analysis should be done by trader before doing the investment? We will take Karachi Stock Exchange as an example
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Redistribution of wealth
Stocks exchanges do not exist to redistribute wealth. However, both casual and professional stock investors, through dividends and stock price increases that may result in capital gains, will share in the wealth of profitable businesses
Corporate governance
By having a wide and varied scope of owners, companies generally tend to improve on theirmanagement standards and efficiency in order to satisfy the demands of these shareholdersand the more stringent rules for public corporations imposed by public stock exchanges andthe government. Consequently, it is alleged that public companies (companies that areowned by shareholders who are members of the general public and trade shares on publicexchanges) tend to have better management records than privately-held companies (thosecompanies where shares are not publicly traded, often owned by the company
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Regulation of companies
The stock exchange exercises a wholesome influence on the management of companies. Acompany that wants to be listed on stock exchange must bind itself to the rules andregulations prescribed by the stock exchange.
Employment Opportunities
Stock exchange provides employment opportunities to the jobbers and other members whoperform their activities in the stock exchange. So it is an important source of employmentnot only for investors but also for the members and their employees.
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Past The Karachi Stock Exchange (KSE) is Pakistans first and one of the oldest stock exchanges in emerging markets. KSE was established in 18 September 1947 just two months after Pakistan became an independent state. KSE was incorporated on 10th March 1949. It is considered as a premier stock exchange in Pakistan. It was started with a paid-up capital of PKR 37 million. Trading was done through open-out-cry system. The other exchanges in Pakistan, the Lahore Stock Exchange (LSE) and the Islamabad Stock Exchange (ISE), were established in 1974 and 1997 respectively Present The Karachi Stock Exchange is owned by 200 members and brokers. There are more than 1800 terminals available at the broker counters. There are 651 companies are listed in the KSE. Trading is being done through electronic trading system. Market capitalization is 26.48 billion US$. The listed capital is 9.65 billion US$. KSE 100 index showed a result of 40.19% in 2007. At the moment they have the following customers. 1. Issuers Listed Companies
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Investors
Future Karachi Stock Exchange will be de mutualized (Publically listed company with strategic investors). Investors participation will be on broader base. Float of existing listed companies will be increased in order to make it as a regional hub for the source of capital. They are planning for the cross border listing of companies and trading of indices. KSE is planning for the following new products. 1. 2. 3. 4. Index Trading Options Swaps New Indices (e.g., Sector Index)
Stock Indexes
In todays sophisticated markets, major indexes are used to gauge the performance of variousindustries. They are now being followed more closely by investors to help make decisions onwhether to buy or sell securities. When talking about movements in the market, we need to compare them with economic indicators such as industrial production, consumer spending, changes in the money supply, and the level of corporate profits. Rates of return in various sectors of the market can be a valuable benchmark for judging the performance of actual stock portfolios.
In order to diversify money rationally among stocks, indexes are used to study the pricerelationship of individual stocks compared to movements in the market as a whole. Thisprocess is known as asset allocation and helps investors lower the overall risk in theirportfolios. The best summary measure of market behavior is indexes. We will discuss theprinciples underlying them and the uses for which each is best suited. There are two important issues to keep in mind when using an index:
1. Knowing the stocks that are included in each one. 2. Determining the relative importance or weight of each reported stock in its index.
b) Weighting. Sampling: - An index can be based on a sampling of stocks or on all of the stocks. For example, the Dow Jones Industrial Average (DJIA) represents only 30 stocks, which constitutes sampling of those stocks in
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In other words, if we try to measure the performance of a particular portfolio against such anindex, the degree of conformity will obviously be distorted. This statement is also trueregarding some mutual funds that are focused on specializing in only one industry forexample, the Fidelity Biotechnology Fund should not be expected to represent stocks ingeneral, nor should we expect it to reflect the performance of the broader-based DJIA.Investors can also fall into the trap of thinking their portfolios are under-performing or over performingthe market by comparing their holdings of individual stocks to the wrong index. Unfortunately, the market receives much media attention when it is going through periods of extreme volatility. Busy investors who do not have time to sit and watch their stockseach day will receive a synopsis on the evening news. A negative report on the performance of the DJIA, NASDAQ, or KSE will imply that their stocks may be following these indexes in the same direction. However, this situation might not necessarily be true, and this example shows theimportance of tracking the performance of each individual holding. Weighting: - The price of each stock represented in an index must be combined in order to determine the value of the entire index. For that purpose, the index must be computed eachtime in order to determine the relative importance of each reported stock. Thus, higher-pricedstocks of larger companies will carry a much greater weighting than lower-priced stocks of smallercompanies. The two most common ways of weighting stocks are in accordance with market value or byassigning equal weights to equal relative price changes. The former method is appropriate forindicating changes in the aggregate market value of stocks represented by an index, while thelatter is more appropriate for indicating movements in the prices of typical or average stocks. For example, changes in general market value are more important for studies of relationships between stock prices and other factors in the national economy. You must realize that valueweighted indexes attach relatively great importance to largecompanies and that the stocks of those companies might behave differently from the stocks ofsmaller companies. The main difference is shown through greater volatility in the fortunes andstock prices of small companies, and the greater tendency for the price of stocks of largecompanies to be moved by the general tides in the economy as a whole.
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Major Indexes
Indexes that are most widely followed and used today include the following:
DJIA Comprised of 30 larger companies stocks that represent all major areas of the economy. The average is price-weighted and is managed by editors of the Wall Street Journal, who occasionally drop or add stocks to keep the index current. The average is calculated after the close of the market each trading day and is adjusted for stock splits, substitutions, and spin-offs. This index is still the most popular benchmark and has proven reliable in reflecting general market conditions as a whole.
NASDAQ Composite Index (NASDAQ) Measures the performance of stocks traded on the OTC market and is weighted for market value. Newer or smaller companies, or those larger companies that do not want to be listed on a larger exchange, are represented in this index. In recent years, this index has been weighted more heavily toward technology companies.
Standard & Poors 500 (S&P 500) Index Comprised of 500 of the largest corporations traded on the New York Stock Exchange (NYSE). These stocks are tracked together, and a summary measure is reported on a daily basis. This index is a popular benchmark for gauging the performance of individual stocks.
Russell Indexes
Measures the performances of stocks based on market capitalization (for example, Russell 3000 includes stocks that represent 98 percent of the total equity in market capitalization). Russell 1000 includes stocks of companies that have larger capitalization, and Russell 2000 comprises companies that have smaller capitalization.
Wilshire 5000 Index Includes any stock traded in the United States for whichinformation is readily available. There is a separate index for the 750 largest stocks, one for the next 1,750 companies, and one for the remaining smaller
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Industry Indexes This industry index is designed to measure the performance of stocks related to a specific industry (for example, automobile, airline, financial, health care, technology; and so on)
Europe, Australia, and Far East (EAFE) Index It measures the total return of a sample of common stocks of companies in 20 European and Pacific Basin countries. This index helps gauge the performance of foreign markets as a whole.
KSE 100 Index The most popular index tracking the overall prices on the market is the KSE-100 index. Karachi Stock Exchange 100 Index (KSE-100 Index) is a stock index acting as benchmark to compare prices on the Karachi Stock Exchange (KSE) over a period of time. This index is a market capitalization weighted index of 100 stocks consisting of top market capitalization companies from each of the 34 sectors. The remaining 66 firms are selected on the basis of market capitalization without considering sector. The securities traded in the market include ordinary shares, preference shares, redeemable certificates and term-finance certificates (corporate bonds). The ordinary share is the most traded security. Since 2003, futures trading in some active stocks also started. The exchange Stock Market in Pakistan: An Overview4plans to start options in the near future and according to their estimate by 2012, 50% of the trading will be in the derivatives. KSE-30 Index The Karachi Stock Exchange has launched the KSE-30 Index with base value of 10,000points, formally implemented from Friday, September 1, 2006. The main feature of this index that makes it different from other indices are KSE-30 index is based only on the free-float of shares, rather than on the basis of paid-up capital. The other index in Karachi Stock Exchange represents total return of the market. That is, when a company announces a dividend, the other indices at KSE are not reduced/adjusted for that amount of dividend (whether cash or bonus).Whereas, KSE-30 Index is adjusted for dividends and right shares. At the end of 13 July, 2007, KSE-30 Index has reached its highest ever level of 17,162.45.
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Listing Requirements
Listing requirements are the set of conditions imposed by a given stock exchange upon companies that want to be listedon that exchange. Such conditions sometimes includeminimum number of shares outstanding, minimum marketcapitalization, and minimum annual income.
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London Stock Exchange The main market of the London Stock Exchange has requirements for a minimum market capitalization 700,000), three years of audited financial statements, minimum public float (25 per cent)and sufficient working capital for at least 12 months fromthe date of listing.
NASDAQ Stock Exchange To be listed on the NASDAQa company must have issued at least 1.25 million sharesof stock worth at least $70 million and must have earnedmore than $11 million over the last three years. New York Stock Exchange To be listed on the NewYork Stock Exchange (NYSE) a company must haveissued at least a million shares of stock worth $100million and must have earned more than $10 million overthe last three years.
Karachi Stock Exchange Minimum paid up capital of Rs. 200 million for a companyseeking listing. In order to succeed public offer of equity, it has to be subscribe byat least 500 applications.Provisions of Listing Regulation 6-A relating to minimumfresh public offering through prospectus as well as the minimumpublic offering requirements by way of offer for sale as laid down under the Companies (Issue of Capital) Rule, 1996.The offering document has to be cleared by KSE before it issubmitted to the Securities & Exchange Commission of Pakistan (SECP) for approval. The company seeking listing is required to fulfill therelevant requirement of the Exchange under the ListingRegulations and the disclosures as required under the SecondSchedule of the Companies Ordinance 1984 & Companies (Issue of Capital) Rules. Please check www.kse.com.pk for the details. Simple Admission and Listing Fee Initial Listing Fee:1/10 of 1% of the paid-up capital (subject to a maximum of Rs. 1.5 million. Annual Listing Fee (companies having paid-up capital of): Upto Rs.50 million and above.Rs.15, 000 Up toRs.200 mill.................Rs.30, 000 Above Rs.200mill............Rs.60, 000
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Placing the order There are three parties involved in the dealing of shares: The Stock Broker The Client The Jobber
The stock broker simply acts as agent and contacts the particular jobber in the stockexchange on behalf of the client. He does not disclose to the jobber whether he is a buyer orseller of shares. He therefore, asks him to quote two prices: The upper prices at which he is ready to sell the shares. The lower prices at which he is ready to buy the shares.
For Example, Mr. Ali wants to sell one thousand shares of a Company. He contacts a brokerdealing on the stock exchange. The broker asks a jobber to give quotations. He does notdisclose the jobber whether he wants buy or sell the shares of a company. The jobber givestwo prices, one at which he is willing to sell and the other at which he is ready to buy. Forinstance, the two quoted prices are Rs.21.90 and Rs.22.00 in a thousand. This means brokeris willing to purchase at Rs.21.90 and sell at Rs.22.00 per share. If the broker is notsatisfied, he can go to another jobber or ask the first one to make it closer (i.e. to reduce themargin between buying and selling). If the broker is satisfied with the new quotation, hethen contacts with his client informs him the bid of the share. If the client agrees to the bidprice, then bargain is struck Preparing the contract note: The stock broker prepares a contact note, one copy of which is given to the client; secondone to the jobber and the third remains with the broker. The contact note generally containsthe following information: Name and the address of the stockbroker. The name and address of the jobber. The type and price of the share. The commission of the broker.
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Settlement: In case of ready delivery contract, the buyer pays the money and the seller deliversthe securities one same day. In the case of forward delivery contracts settlements are done in a week or once in amonth. On the settlement day, the difference in the purchase and the sell price may be paid withoutany delivery of securities. The parties may also postpone the deal to the next settlement datethrough mutual consent. This is known as carryover or budla.
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The investment map that we will develop is based on the fundamental economics of supply and demand. Prices allocate scarce supplies of everything from apples to U.S. Treasury bonds. Higher prices mean lower returns, or yields, on all our purchases whether they are houses, apples, or bonds. The yields of all Treasury securities from short-term bills to long-term bonds are reflected on the graph called the yield curve. Investors know that the shape of this curve forecasts the direction of both the economy and the stock market in most industrialized nations. A normal, upward-sloping curve suggests a strong economy and stock market, while a negative, downward- sloping curve indicates a coming recession and a bear market. The shape of the yield curve, or yield curve analysis, and its ability to forecast the stock market is one of the trade secrets that professional money managers discuss around the water cooler.
Sell stocks when: The federal funds rate is rising. And the 10-year, three-month spread is negative. And bond quality spreads are expanding. Or the yield on the 10-year note is greater than 10 percent.
Use of the Dow Charles Dow revolutionized investing in 1896 when he created the DowJones Industrial Average. His benchmark allowed investors to track thewhole market easily rather than having to look at each stock separately.We use his index to isolate 30 of the largest stocks in U.S. businessand then we see how many of them advance each day. On those rare dayswhen all 30 of these very different stocks from diverse industries decline,we know that crowd psychology is at work. We know that people are sopessimistic that they are selling stocks from a broad range of industries,including some that often move in opposition to each other. It is time forus to buy the S&P 500 index when pessimism is so widespread.There was just one instance of all 30 Dow stocks declining at once between2000 and 2004; on July 19, 2002, all 30 declined and the Dow closedat 847. Not even after the terrorist attacks did we see such pessimism. Themarket closed for almost a week in September 2001, and when it reopenedseveral telecom stocks in the Dow moved up in price. (Peopletrapped in the burning World Trade Center towers used their cell phonesto call for help and
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Changing Standards of Beauty We looked at how our popular culture reflects and forecasts our economy.Standards of female beauty seem to change with the economy because weget bored with current models and move on to new stimulation.The Playboy bust line theory began as a joke but stood up to scrutinyas a coincident indicator of the broadbased Russell 2000 index of stocks.The medias ideal of beauty certainly does change over time; models facesbecome softer and more babyish as our pockets become fuller. In fact, thefashion modeling industry says that it needs new faces every six monthsto provide excitement. Everyone knows that the publics taste in entertainmentchanges; and some of us use that information to confirm ouryield curve and technical analysis.
Demographics May Coincide The economy may coincide with peaks in the rates of birth, death, marriage,divorce, and crime. Perhaps expanding economies fill us with confidenceand enable us to have large families, live longer, stay married, andobey our own laws. Recessions seem to push us toward having fewer children,earlier death, divorce, and crime. In addition to shaping our lives,these landmarks are visible to us all in our assessment of the economic cycle.You do not have to be a mathematician to know where we are in thebusiness and stock market cycle; headlines in the local newspaper canprovide coincidental indicators.
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War Stimulates the Economy We usually think of war as starting with a joint declaration from Congress,but Congress has not declared war since Pearl Harbor. In the absenceof a formal declaration of war, our indicator to buy stocks is thedate on which troops are called up. Gross domestic product, employment,inflation, and the stock market all tend to expand during wartime, so investorswant to be fully invested when we actually deploy our troops; theday that we activate our troops is the best time to buy stocks. In fact, thisis one time that we could disregard yield curve analysis and invest whenthe curve is inverted.
References
B. O'Neill Wyss. Fundamentals of the Stock Market, New York: McGraw-Hill, 2000, Informative Deborah, Weir. Timing The Market, New jersey, Wiley Trading: 2005, Informative Kashif Adeel. KSE Listing Regulations. Finance Doctors. Finance Doctors Publications, http://www.financedoctors.net/Notes/181.pdf. 29/10/2011 Brain, Marshall, and Dave Roos. "How Stocks and the Stock Market Work" 06 July 2011. HowStuffWorks.com. http://money.howstuffworks.com/personal-finance/financial-planning/stocks.htm.30 October 2011 The Listing Regulations of the Karachi Stock Exchange (Guarantee) Limited. Karachi Stock Exchange. September 14, 2011. Karachi Stock Exchange. http://www.kse.com.pk/scripts/communicator.php?f=listedrules.zip&l=tXt: 30 October 2011
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