Smart Cities and Cyber-Physical Energy Systems

Peter Palensky AIT Energy Department

AIT Austrian Institute of Technology

20.12.2011

AIT Energy Department

Research Areas
Electric Energy Infrastructure

Research Fields
- Smart Grids

Research Services
- Electricity Network System Analysis

- Grid-connected inverters
- Development Support Grid Components

- Photovoltaics

- Photovoltaics

Energy for the Built Environment

- Energy in Cities
- Energy in Buildings - Renewable

- Thermal processes in power plants & industry

- Energy in Cities
- Energy in Buildings

- Heat Pumps
- Solar Thermal Technology

Heating & Cooling

- Training & Education

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Agenda for today

3 important Trends (w.r.t. [sustainable] energy) Predictive Building Controls Building-to-Grid / Smart Cities Cyber-Physical Energy Systems

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Important Trend: Urbanization The urban & rural population 1950 - 2030
2005: 3,2 billion people live in cities (49 % of humankind). 2010: Urban population exceeds rural population 2030: 60% (4.9 billion) of the worlds population is projected to be urban

Source: 2005 Revision of the UN World Urbanization Prospects report

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Important Trend: Renewable Electricity Generation

Future Developments in Europe Centralized DeserTec Off Shore Wind Decentralized Wind Solar Bio-Mass CHP

CHP: Combined Heat and Power

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Important Trend: (Electric) Urban Mobility

Mobility Modal Split Public Transport Non-motorized Transport E-Mobility
Affects grid

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Smart Cities
The BIG Topic in the EU World Expo 2010 Shanghai: Better City, better Life

BUT:

what is smart X?

X + Information Technology = explicitly connect processes

Smart Cities and CO2 Savings Urbanization Renewable Energy Electric Mobility

Holistic Approach needed!

ICT can help Energy Analytics -> only what you measure Energy Management -> automation Energy Information -> put the human back into the loop
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CO Emission Savings
by Policy Measure in the IEA 450 Scenario (2 degrees Celsius plus)

Source: IEA World Energy Outlook 2009, P. 211

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End Use of Energy: Buildings

Buildings: 40% (!) of Energy Consumption Efficiency measures Building Shell Insulation Phase change material Equipment Efficient pumps Efficient HVAC Energy Management measures Demand Response Grid-friendly buildings Predictive controls
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HVAC: Heating, Ventilation and Air Conditioning

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ENERGYbase (my office): Efficiency at its best

Ground water for Heating and Cooling Plants for Air Humidification Solar energy Electricity generation (~400 m) Heating and cooling assistance (~300 m) Air dehumidification, daylighting What about controls?

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Model based predictive control

Advanced method of process control since 1980 (e.g: chemical plants, oil
refineries, etc.) Relies on mathematical plant models Control law is the solution of an (online) optimization problem Finite moving horizon optimization problem

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Mathematical modelling example

Heat exchanger model of n-th order 3D problem -> lumped elements with N 1D nodes

Mass transport

Heat transfer

Solar Side

Storage Side

Losses

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(avg. Solar minus avg Storage temperature)

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Solar thermal system - Mathematical model

State space representation of a 1st order solar thermal system

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U: heat transfer coefficient A, M: Area and mass; h/c: hot/cold side c: specific heat Gtot: total specific solar energy gain

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Solar thermal system

Model based predictive controller design 1/2 Linear controller design for a certain operating point

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Solar thermal system

Model based predictive controller design 2/2 Discrete state space representation of the solar thermal system

Definition of the discrete optimal control problem run in feedback to obtain predictive control

x: states u: control inputs d: disturbances : discrete system matrix : discrete input matrix : discrete disturbance input matrix

control effort of pumps -> Energy!

C: discrete output matrix D: discrete direct feed-through matrix J: cost function y*: setpoint y: system output : weights

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Temperature control with linear MPC in comparision to standard PI approach

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Temperature control with linear MPC in comparision to standard PI approach

Energy consumption of the pumps during control

Time instant where the solar radiation changes PI suffers from the Wind-Up effect higher energy consumption Anti Wind-Up active though

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Predictive controls and grid-friendly buildings

Buildings as intelligent loads Contribute to ancillary services Smart Grid expresses demand for load shift Building Agent = MPC Projects with Austrian Utility Company Building-to-grid Existing and new buildings Combine several technologies (HVAC, CHP, heat pumps, etc)

Building

Agent

Smart Grid and Communication Network

Building Model

IT Network only view

System Operators Markets

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Possible smart grid measures in thermal networks

Load shifting and additional consumers Controllable loads: building mass (e.g. night set back), storage for domestic hot water, swimming pools ...
power Tmax temperature

controlling heating power for 1. minimizing peak loads Tmin 2. keeping comfort level 3. adapting to fluctuating Tnight energy resources Time in h

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peak load time

peak load time

Intelligent household appliances with connection to DH Introduction / expansion of district cooling systems (De)central heat storages (long- and short term), utilizing the capacity of the thermal network (controlling the supply temperature) Overcome transport capacity limits
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The new challenge: Cyber Physical Energy Systems

Cyber Physical System = Physics + ICT (+?) Cyber Physical Energy System Combines four fundamentally different domains Physics: continuous (buildings, electric infrastructure, etc.) ICT: discrete (controllers, communication, software, etc.) Roles: game theory (markets, agents, etc.) Unknown/stochastic: Statistics (weather, aggregated behavior, etc.) Scale: Cities, Countries, etc.? Many asynchronous events Linked Dynamics Markets -> Users -> Demand -> Prices -> Markets -> etc. No specialized tool/method established Need for fundamental research

Complexity

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Simple Use Case: electric and thermal (virtual) storage

Components: Heating / cooling via Electricity District heating/cooling Storage via thermal inertia Combined Heat and Power (CHP), thermal and electric grid Market for regulation energy Users with their needs Simulation domains Physics: hydraulics, thermodynamics Statistics: probabilites for users, weather Discrete: controllers, communication Roles: regulation power market, agents for users, users

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Other Use Cases

Grid Emergency Feeder X or Transformer Y gone What can DR, smart loads & Co do? Impact of storage technology What technology is needed? Which density, mode of operation, cost, etc.? Electric Mobility Storage (dis)appears somewhere Load (dis)appears somewhere Automated scenario search Which topology would be best? Which technology would help? Extreme case check Extreme weather Natural disaster Impact of Policy Chaotic System: turn screw X IT Attack Robustness of grids Isolation of problems

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Outlook
Work on flexible, scalable, hybrid models Consistent theory and methodology do describe hybrid systems Models with multiple levels of detail Develop (?) simulation platform Flexible System boundaries E.g.: Market as time series or complex model Do research on Smart Cities and their Complex Energy Systems Planning Phase: static models -> dynamic models Operations: monitoring, analytics, MPC Development: components and systems Evolutionary: improve state of the art Revolutionary: do something new & radically better 20.12.2011

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AIT Austrian Institute of Technology

your ingenious partner

Peter Palensky peter.palensky@ait.ac.at