H2 Math (Topical Set1)

2009 Mr Teo | www.teachmejcmath-sg.webs.
com

Topic: APGP
Question
a) A geometric series has first term 48 and common ratio
5
3
. The sum of the first n terms of the
series is denoted by S
n
and the sum to infinity is denoted by S. calculate the least value of n
for which the difference between the sum to infinity and the sum of the first n terms is less
than 5.
b) The sum to n terms of a series is given by n n S
n
3
2
= . Find an expression for the nth term.
Show that the series is in arithmetic progression.
Hence, find the sum of the first 150 even numbered terms (i.e. second, fourth, sixth term etc).

Guide to solving part (a):
Since the question states that the series is geometric, students must recall the following formulas:
r
r a
S
n
n
=
1
) 1 (
, where S
n
denotes the sum of the first n terms, and
r
a
S
1
.
Guide to solving part (b):
To prove an AP, students must recall that
1
n n
T T = constant (i.e. independent of n).
The following formulas are useful in solving AP problems:
d n a T
n
) 1 ( + = and [ ] d n a
n
S
n
) 1 ( 2
2
+ =

2009 Mr Teo | www.teachmejcmath-sg.webs.com

Topic: Binomial Expansion and Partial Fractions
Question 1
a) Write down and simplify the expression of (1 + x)
2
1
in ascending powers
of x up to and including the term in x
3
.
b) Hence, or otherwise, show that
|
|
\
|
+
+
+
2
2
4
3
2
1 1 1
a
b
a b a b a
if a and b are
positive and
a
b
is small enough such that powers of
a
b
higher than the third can
be neglected.
Use your result to deduce an approximate value for
2
1
+
6
1

Question 2
Express
) 4 1 )( 2 1 (
2
) (
2
x x
x f
+ +
= in partial fractions.

Guide to Q1(a):
Use the binomial series expansion to solve. Refer to MF15 for the exact expansion.
Guide to Q1(b):
For every Hence question, students are supposed to use the previous set of working or answers to
solve. Here, the result of 1(a) will be useful to determine the expansion of
b a b a
+
+
1 1
.
Compare and make the necessary substitution. Also, use the hint that
a
b
is small, appropriately.
To solve for
2
1
+
6
1
, students are advised to determine the correct values of a and b by
simultaneous equation.
Guide to Q2:
Consider the factors at the denominator. Are they linear, quadratic and/or repeat factors? Check
MF15 if necessary.


Topic: Complex Numbers
Question 1
a) Find the modulus and argument of the complex number
i
i
1
2 3
.
b) The complex number q is given by q =
i
i
e
e
1
, where 0 < < 2. In either order,
i) find the real part of q.
ii) show that the imaginary part of q is |
\
|

2
1
tan
2
1
.
c) The complex numbers z and w are such that |z| = 2, arg(z) =
3
2
, |w| = 5, arg(w) =
4
3
. Find the exact values of
i) the real and imaginary part of z.
ii) the modulus and argument of
2
z
w
.
Question 2
a) Two complex numbers p and q are given respectively by p = 3 2i and q = 1 + 3i.
Show on separate diagrams
i) |q| < |z| < |p|
ii) arg(z) = arg(pq).
b) Solve the equation 0 1 3
3 6
= + z z , giving your answers in the form
i
re .

Guide to Q1:
(a) Use conjugate to express the complex number in a + ib form.
(b) Express q in terms of polar (or trigonometric) form. Apply trigonometric formulae to
determine real and imaginary part.
(c) Use |zw| = |z||w|,
| |
| |
w
z
w
z
= , arg(zw) = arg(z) + arg(w) and arg(
w
z
) = arg(z) - arg(w)
appropriately.
Guide to Q2:
(a) Identify the correct loci i.e. circle, half-line or perpendicular bisector.
(b) Make z
3
the subject. Hence, determine the modulus and argument to solve for all possible
values of z.


Topic: Differential Equation
Question 1
Salt is dissolved in a tank filled with 120 litres of water. Salt water containing 20 g of salt per
litre is poured into the tank at a constant rate of 3 litres per minute and the mixture flows out
at a constant rate of 3 litres per minute. The contents of the tank are kept well mixed at all
times. Let the amount of salt in the tank (in grams) be denoted by S and the time (in minutes)
be denoted by t.
i) Show that ( ) S
dt
dS
= 2400
40
1

ii) Given that 400 g of salt was dissolved in the tank initially, find the amount of salt
in the tank after 1 hour, giving your answer to the nearest gram.
Question 2
By means of a substitution,
2
y u = , solve the differential equation
dx
dy
y 2 - x = xy
2

Guide to Q1:
dt
dS
can be obtained by determining the difference between the rate of content coming in and the
rate of content going out. This applies to most of the rate of change problems.
Guide to Q2:
The original DE is not variable separable (VS). The use of substitution will change the DE to a
VS form. Implicit differentiation is required.


Topic: Differentiation Techniques
Question 1
Differentiate with respect to x:

a) x
1
sin

b)
2 2
ln x k + , where k is a constant
c)
2
5 ln
x
e
x

d) |
\
|
+
2
1
1
1
tan
x

e)
x ln
2

Question 2
i) For the curve y x y x + =
2
) ( , show that
1 2 2
1 2 2
+

=
y x
y x
dx
dy

ii) Find the gradient of the curve at the points where it cuts the x-axis.

Guide to Q1:
Recall all differentiation techniques. Apply product or quotient rule where necessary.
Guide to Q2:
Apply implicit differentiation.


Topic: Applications of Differentiation
Question 1
The vertical cross-section of a water trough is in the shape of an equilateral triangle with one
vertex pointing down. The trough is 15m long. When the water in the trough is 1m deep, its depth
is increasing at a rate of
1
5
ms
-1
. At what rate is water flowing into the trough at that instant?
Question 2
The parametric equations of a curve are ) ln(sin = x , 3ln(cos ) y = ,
2
0

< < .
Without the use of graphic calculator, find the equation of the tangent to the curve at the point
where
6
= .
Question 3
A beam is to be cut from a cylindrical log so that its cross-section is a rectangle. The log has
diameter d and the beam is to have breadth x and depth y . Given that the stiffness of such a
beam is proportional to
3
xy , find, in terms of d , the values of x and y for the stiffest beam that
can be cut from the log.

Question 4
The diagram shows a rectangular block ABCDEFGH with AB = BC, AG = 3 2 and
AE = 2( x 3 ) where x < 3 .

i) Show that AB = ) 3 2 ( 2 x x .
Hence write down the volume of the block in terms of x.

ii) Show that the volume of the block is a maximum when it is a
cube.

Guide to Q1:
Draw a simple sketch of the diagram to visualize the problem. Find the volume of the diagram
and determine its rate of change. Chain rule is necessary to solve the problem.

C
G
D
A B
F
H
E


Guide to Q2:
Determine
dx
dy
using chain rule. Use
6
= to define the gradient and determine the equation of the

tangent using y = mx + c.

Guide to Q3:
Draw a simple sketch of the diagram to visualize the problem. Express x and/or y in terms of d.
This question is a maximum/minimum problem, hence the use
dx
dy
and
2
2
dx
y d
in relation to the
problem is necessary.

Guide to Q4:
(i) Use Pythagoras Theorem to solve for AB.
(ii) In order to show that the volume is a maximum, students must determine
dx
dV
and
2
2
dx
V d
.


Topic: Functions
Question
a) The functions f and g are defined by
f(x) = lnx, x
+
and g(x) = 1
2
x , x
+

i) Define
1
g in similar form.
ii) On the same axes, sketch the graph of g and
1
g , indicating clearly the
relationship between them.
iii) Explain briefly why f g
1
does not exist. If the domain of f is restricted to the
subset A of R defined by A = { } k x x > : , find the least value of k for which
f g
1
exists. With A as the domain of f, define f g
1
.
b) Find the maximal domain for which f is a function where f(x) = ) 2 - (
2
x x + .
Hence, state the range of f for which x , where is positive.
Find
1 -
f and state its domain and range.

Guide to part (a):
i) To find inverse function, students must let y be the function and rearrange to make x the
subject.
ii) The graph of g and g
-1
can be found using GC.
iii) For composite function (e.g. fg) to exists, R
g
D
f
.
Also, R
g
can be adjusted to satisfy R
g
D
f
which correspondingly changes the domain of g.

Guide to part (b):
For f(x) to be a function, it must be defined for all real values of x. The following theorems are
useful in solving inverse function problems:
1
=
f
f
R D and
1
=
f
f
D R


Topic: Graphing Techniques
Question 1
The curve C has equation
1
5
2
+
+
=
x
x
y
where is a non-zero constant.

i) Obtain the equations of asymptotes of C.
ii) Show that C has exactly two points at which 0 =
dx
dy

iii) Draw a sketch of C to illustrate the case > 0, and a separate sketch to illustrate
the case < 0.
iv) Find the set of values of for which the line y = 4x and C have at least one point
in common. Adapted from FM P1 Nov 99
Question 2
The graph y = f(x) is shown below:

On separate diagrams, sketch the following graphs, showing clearly all relevant
coordinates:
a) f (1 2 ) y x = +
b)
2
f ( ) y x =
c)
1
f ( )
y
x
=
d)
( )
f 1 y x = +

2
0
x
y
(1, -1)
(3, 1)
2.5


Guide to Q1:
i) Apply long division.
ii) Find
dx
dy
. Use discriminant i.e. b
2
-4ac to determine prove.
iii) Use GC to obtain an approximate sketch of
1
5
2
+
+
=
x
x
y
. Students may assume any values

that satisfy > 0 and < 0 to use in GC.
iv) Use discriminant to obtain the values of .
Guide to Q2:
Apply the correct transformation(s). Students are advised to refer to lecture notes.


Topic: Inequalities
Question 1
Solve the following inequality 1
) 3 )( 1 (
4
1
2
<
+
+
<
x x
x
.
Hence, or otherwise, solve 0
) 3 )( 1 - (
4
ln
2
<
+
+
x x
x

Question 2
i) By completing the square or otherwise, show that 3 + x 2 + x
2
is always positive
for all real values of x.
ii) Without using GC, solve the inequality
x
3
< x - 2.

Guide to Q1:
Since exact answer is not required, students can use GC to obtain the answer.

Guide to Q2:
i) Use complete the square as recommended in the question.
ii) Solve the inequality algebraically.


Topic: Integration
Question 1
a) Find
( )( )
dx
x e x
+ tan cos
1
2

b) Show that ( ) 2
8
1
2 cos
4 /
0
=
dx x x . Hence, evaluate dx x x
4 /
0
2
cos
.
c) By means of substitution
u
x
1
2
= , evaluate the integral dx
x x

1
2 / 1
2 2
1 5
1
.
Question 2
A curve has equation y = ( )
2 / 1
2
4

x for -1 x 1. The region R is enclosed by C, the x-axis
and the lines x = -1 and x = 1.
a) Find the exact area of R.
b) Show that the volume generated when R is rotated through two right angles about
the y-axis is ) 3 2 4 ( .

Guide to Q1:
a) Consider integration by using standard form.
b) Apply integration by parts. Use trigonometric formula to determine the second integral.
c) Apply substitution correctly.

Guide to Q2:
a) Use GC to provide a sketch and locate the correct region R.
b) Apply dx y
2
or dy x
2
to determine volume of revolution.


Topic: Maclaurins Series
Question 1
Given that y =
x 2 cos 1
2
+
, show that 0 2 sin ) 2 cos 1 ( = + x y
dx
dy
x .
Hence, by further differentiation of the result and using Maclaurins theorem, expand y in
ascending powers of x, up to the term in x.
Hence, by putting x = /6, find an approximate value of
3
2
, to three decimal places.
Question 2
Using standard series expansion or otherwise, find the series expansion of e
x
sinx, up to
and including the term in x
5
.
Hence, find the series expansion of e
x
cosx.

Guide to Q1:
Differentiate y and replace expression in the result with y accordingly. Use the expansion to
determine an approximation to
3
2
by replacing all x with
6
.
Guide to Q2:
Refer to MF15 for series expansion of
x
e and sinx. Consider the derivative of the result to obtain
expansion of e
x
cosx.


Topic: Mathematical Induction
Question 1
The sequence of numbers u
1
, u
2
, u
3
, is given by u
1
= 1 and 3u
n+1
= 2u
n
1 for all
integral values of n. Prove by induction that 1
3
2
3 |
\
|
=
n
n
u .
Question 2
Prove by mathematical induction that
( ) ( )
1
1
2 2
1
2 ! 2 !
r n n
r
r
r n
+
=
=
+ +
for all positive integers n.

Guide to Q1 and Q2:
Follow the steps recommended in the lecture notes. Recall the properties of summation series
and factorial, use them where appropriate.


Topic: Summation and Method of Difference
Question 1
Show that ) 5 4 )( 1 (
6
1
) 1 2 (
1
+ + = +
=
n n n r r
n
r
.
Hence, evaluate
30
10
) 1 2 (
=
+
r
r r .
Question 2
Let ) ( ,
) 2 ( 3
) 1 ( 4
) (
1
N j
j
j
j
j
=
+

i) Show that, for j 1,
) 2 )( 1 (
4
) 1 ( ) (
2
+ +
=
j j
j
j j
j
.
ii) Hence find, in terms of n, the sum of the series
=
+ +
n
j
j
j j
j
1
2
) 2 )( 1 (
4
.

Guide to Q1:
Use ) 1 (
2
1
1
+ =
=
n n r
n
r
, ) 1 2 )( 1 (
6
1
1
2
+ + =
=
n n n r
n
r
and apply

= = =
=
1
1 1
) ( ) ( ) (
m
r
n
r
n
m r
r f r f r f
where necessary.

Guide to Q2:
Use
) 2 ( 3
) 1 ( 4
) (
1
+
=
+
j
j
j
j
to determine ) 1 ( j i.e. replace all j on RHS with (j-1). Determine the
cancellation pattern of the MOD.


Topic: Vectors
Question 1
Two straight lines l
1
and l
2
have equations given by
|
|
|
\
|
+
|
|
|
\
|
=
5
1
3
14
8
20
:
1
r l and
|
|
|
\
|
+
|
|
|
\
|
=
0
3
4
1
2
23
:
2
r l
a) Show that l
1
and l
2
intersect and find the coordinates of the point of intersection, C.
b) Given that A is the point on l
1
with parameter =2. Obtain the position vector of the
foot F of the perpendicular from A to l
2
.
c) Show that an equation for the common perpendicular, p, to l
1
and l
2
through C is
given by
|
|
|
\
|
+
|
|
|
\
|
=
1
4
3
1
11
11
: t r p
d) D is the point with parameter 3 on p. Obtain the length of projection of vector AD on
l
2
.
Question 2
Consider the two lines
= +
= +
0
0
:
1
z y
y x
l and
+ =
=
+ =
t z
y
t x
l
1
1
2 1
:
2

a) Find the equation of the plane
1
which contains l
1
and is parallel to l
2
.
b) Find the equation of the plane
2
which contains l
2
and is perpendicular to
1
.
c) Find the coordinates of the foot of perpendicular, Q, from the point P (1, 1, 1) to the
plane
1
. Hence determine the shortest distance between l
1
and l
2
.

Guide to Q1:
a) Solve for and by forming three set of equations. For both lines to intersect, values of
and must satisfy the three equations.
b) Use scalar dot product to obtain the answer.
c) Use vector cross product to determine the common perpendicular. A common
perpendicular is perpendicular to both lines.
d) Apply the length of projection formula.


Guide to Q2:
a) Use direction vectors of l
1
and l
2
to determine the equation of plane.
b) Use direction vectors of l
2
and normal vector of
1
to determine the equation of plane.
c) Determine the equation of the line that contains point P and is perpendicular to the plane
1
. Find the intersection between this line and the plane
1
.


Topic: Probability
Question
There are 36 people at a gathering of two families. There are 25 people with the name
Lee and 11 people with the name Chan. Of the 25 people named Lee, 4 are single men, 5
are single women and there are 8 married couples. Of the 11 people named Chan, 2 are
single men, 3 are single women and there are 3 married couples. Two people are chosen
at random from the gathering.
a) Show that the probability that they both have the name Lee is
21
10
.
b) Find the probability that they are married to each other.
c) Find the probability that they both have the name Lee, given that they are married to
each other.
d) Find the probability that they are a man and a woman with the same name.
e) Find the probability that they are married to each other, given that they are a man and
woman with the same name.
{Leave your answers as an exact fraction in its lowest terms or as a decimal correct to 3 places}
Adapted from TYS

Guide to (a), (b) & (d):
Use
R
n
C approach to determine the probability. Venn and tree diagrams are not appropriate for
these questions.
Guide to (c):
Apply conditional probability i.e.
) (
) (
) | (
B P
B A P
B A P

= .
Guide to (e):
Apply conditional probability i.e.
) (
) (
) | (
B P
B A P
B A P

= . You may use answers to part (b) and (d)
where necessary.


Topic: Binomial Distribution
Question 1
a) On your way to school, you have to pass through 12 sets of traffic lights that operate
independently. The chance that any set is green when you reach is 0.5. If you are stopped fewer
than 3 sets, you have time to take your breakfast at MacTucky. You will be late if you are
stopped by more than 8 sets of traffic lights. If you are late more than twice in a 5-day week, you
would have to see your discipline teacher for counseling.
What is the probability that
i) you have time for breakfast for two consecutive mornings,
ii) you have to be counseled by your discipline teacher.

b) In an experiment, 3 numbers are selected at random from the sequence 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, the
numbers being sampled without replacement. The greatest and least of the three numbers are
then rejected. X denotes the number retained.
i) Prove that P(X=3) = 0.3.
If the experiment is carried out n times, find
ii) The least value of n such that the probability that X = 3 occurs at least once
exceeds 0.99.

Guide to 1(a):
i) Use GC to determine the probability that you have time to have breakfast, which is
defined by a binomial distribution. Apply probability theorem where necessary.
ii) Identify the type of distribution i.e. Binomial. Determine n and p of the distribution.
Solve the probability using GC.

Guide to 1(b):
i) There are altogether 6 ways to obtain P(X=3).
ii) Use the definition of binomial distribution to work out n i.e. P(X=x) =
x n x
x
n
p p C

) 1 (


Topic: Poisson Distribution
Question 1
a) A car salesman receives $300 commission for each new cars and $140 for each
used cars he sells. He sells, on average, three new cars in two weeks and two used cars in two
weeks. The number of new cars he sells is independent of the number of old car he sells.
Show that the probability that he sells two new cars in a week is 0.251.
iii) Determine the probability that he sells at most five cars in a four-week period, leaving
your answers in 3 significant figures,
iv) Determine the probability, to 3 significant figures, that his commission for a four-
week period is $1460.
b) Your mathematics teacher decides to bring all mathematics students to the
Botanic Gardens to breathe in some fresh air and relax. There are 100 students and the
probability that a student is absent is 0.01.
ii) Find the probability that less than 3 students are absent,
iii) Using a suitable approximation, find the probability that less than 3 students are
absent.

Guide to 1(a):
(i) Students must determine the average number of cars sold in a four week period. Do note
that the sales of the new and old cars are independent of each other.
(ii) Work out the possibilities of obtaining $1460 commission in a four week period.

Guide to 1(b):
(i) Determine the appropriate distribution and find the probability using GC.
(ii) Check n, np and nq where necessary. Determine the most appropriate approximation
based on the values of n, np and nq.


Topic: Normal Distribution
Question 1
a) The manager of a company producing a large number of bags of flour with a nominal
weight of 2 kg has two possible production processes, A and B. In both cases, the weights of flour
are normally distributed about a mean weight of 2.05 kg.
In A, the standard deviation is 0.025 kg and the profit per bag of flour is 50 cents. In B, the
standard deviation is kg. Under process B, the probability that the bag of flour will weigh less
than 2 kg is 0.01 and that the profit per bag of flour is only 40 cents.
i) Find the value of correct to 3 significant figures.

For each bag of flour sold which weighs less than 2 kg, there is a probability of 0.01 that the
purchaser will initiate legal proceedings against the manager, which under the unfair trading laws,
will lead the company having to pay a fine of $50.
ii) Find, correct to four decimal places, the probability that in the process A, the weight of
the flour is less than 2 kg.
iii) Determine which process will, in the long run, produce the greater profit.

(Assume that all bags if flour produced are sold and that the weight of an empty bag is
negligible.)

b) There are 10 questions in a certain examination. Each question has 5 suggested answers,
and the candidate has to choose the right one in each question. Suppose that candidate X chooses
answers totally at random, so that he is equally likely to choose any one of the five answers in
each question.
i) Calculate the probability that he will score at least 3 correct answers out of 10.
In a similar examination there are 100 questions, each with 5 suggested answers. X again chooses
entirely at random.
By using a suitable approximation,
ii) estimate the probability of X scoring at least 30 questions out of 100.


Guide to Q1(a):
(i) Use invNorm to determine .
(ii) Solve the probability using normalcdf.
(iii) A tree diagram is necessary to determine the process with the better profit.

Guide to Q1(b):
(i) Identify the appropriate distribution to determine the probability.
(ii) Identify the appropriate conditions i.e. n, np and nq. Choose the correct approximation
based on these conditions. Use continuity correction where appropriate.


Topic: Sampling
Question 1
The exhaustion time of alkaline batteries manufactured by Durazer and Energie-cell have
the following population parameters:
Mean
(in hours)
Standard deviation
(in hours)
Durazer 19.87 0.24
Energie-cell 20.16 0.19
a)
i) 50 Durazer and 80 Energie-cell batteries are tested. Determine the distribution of
the sample mean exhaustion time for the two brands.
ii) Hence find the probability that the difference in the mean exhaustion time of the
two brands of batteries is less than 0.2 hours.
b) A survey was carried out to determine the popularity of both brands. The survey is
conducted by 10 surveyors, each assigned to interview 50 people. Each surveyor is to
interview 30 males and 20 females in three different age ranges as follows: below 25, 26
to 35, and above 36
i) State the sampling method used.
ii) Give one advantage and disadvantage of the method used.
MJC 2007 Prelim (Modified)

Guide to Q1:
(a) Apply Central Limit Theorem where possible. Use GC to obtain the probability.
(b) Refer to lecture notes on characteristics/advantages/disadvantages of each sampling
method.


Topic: Hypothesis Testing
Question 1
The reading age of children about to start secondary school is a measure of how good
they are at reading and understanding printed text. A childs reading age, measured in
years, is denoted by the random variable X. The distribution of X is assumed to be
N(,
2
) . The reading ages of a random sample of 80 children were measured, and the
data obtained is summarised by
x = 892.7,
2
x = 10 266.82.
(i) Calculate unbiased estimates of and
2
, giving your answers correct to 2
decimal places.
(ii) Previous research has suggested that the value of was 10.75. Determine whether
the evidence of this sample indicates that the value of is now different from
10.75. Use a 10% significance level for your test.
(iii) State, giving a brief reason, whether your conclusion in part (ii) would remain
valid if
(a) the distribution of X could not be assumed to be normal,
(b) the 80 children were all chosen from those starting at one particular
secondary school.

Guide to Q1:
i) Use the formulas in MF15.
ii) Apply the steps as described in the lecture notes. Use GC to determine the value of p.


Topic: Correlation and Linear Regression
Question
A study comparing the amount of advertising time on TV per week for a product and the
number of sales per week for the same product was conducted. The results over eight
weeks are given below:
Advertising
time, x in
mins
10 12 15 14 17 16 22 20
Sales, y in
thousands
2.3 2.8 k 3.1 3.2 2.9 5.0 4.0

i) Find the coordinates of the point through which the regression line y on x and that of
x on y both pass. Give your answer in terms of k.
ii) Given that the regression y on x is y = 0.197x + 0.184, find k. Hence, find the
product moment correlation coefficient r between advertising time and sales per
week.
iii) Plot a scatter plot of y against x and the regression line y on x on the same diagram.
iv) State with a reason, the effect on r if the advertising time was in hours instead of
minutes.
v) By using an appropriate least square regression line, determine the advertising time
if the sales for a particular week was 3400. Comment on the accuracy of the value
obtained. Adapted from NYJC Prelim 2007

Guide to parts:
i) Both regression lines pass through y and x .
ii) Use regression equation to determine k and obtain r using GC.
ii) Use GC to obtain the scatter plot.
v) Using either regression y on x or x on y to determine the answer.

H2 Math (Topical Set1)

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H2 Math (Topical Set1)

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