HTML

System Analysis and Design
Prof. V.Rajaraman
System Analysis and Design/Documents on Web
Learning Objectives
Learning Objectives The basic technology used to build the internet How the world wide web uses the internet How documents are specified using HTML The distinction between presentation and structure of documents How documents are specified in XML
V. Rajaraman/IISc. Bangalore
Indian Institute of Science Bangalore
//V1/Jan 05/1
Prof. V.Rajaraman
System Analysis and Design/Documents on Web
Motivation
Motivation
We examined in the last module how documents are formatted and printed using a computer. Documents in that context meant results computed by a computer. In a more general context one should look at also documents which are to be disseminated via the world wide web. Besides dissemination one should also consider possibility of reading values from documents stored in remote computers and processing them for various purposes. The need to exchange documents electronically and processing them have gained importance since the emergence of e-commerce. To understand the need to distribute documents electronically we should first understand how computers are connected together and communicate in an orderly fashion among themselves. Thus we will first examine very briefly the internet and the World Wide Web which uses the internet infrastructure.
//V1/Jan 05/1
The internet and The World Wide Web
V.Rajaraman
SAD/M11/LU1/V1/2004
Computer Networks
Now-a-days no computer has an isolated existence Computers in an organization are interconnected by local area networks (LAN) Home computers are connected to Public Switched Telephone Network (PSTN) which provide a connection to an Internet Service Provider (ISP) LANs of organizations connected to LANs of other organizations via PSTN using routers
V.Rajaraman
SAD/M11/LU1/V1/2004
Logical Network-internet
Internet is the network of networks and interconnects millions of computers all over the world Internet is used to exchange electronic mail, exchange files and log into remote computers Common set of rules used by computers connected to the internet to communicate - called Internet Protocol (IP)
V.Rajaraman
SAD/M11/LU1/V1/2004
Logical Network-internet
Each computer connected to the internet has a unique address called IP address IP address is 4 bytes long IP addresses are a scarce resource
V.Rajaraman
SAD/M11/LU1/V1/2004
Internet-continued
IP address converted to strings of characters which are easy to remember Group of characters combined as domains Hierarchy of addressing facilitates expansion
V.Rajaraman
SAD/M11/LU1/V1/2004
Internet (Contd)
Internet breaks up messages sent from source to destination into a number of packets Packet structure :
Control Bits for Checking Serial no Of the Packet Source Address Destination Address
Message
Header (20 bytes)
Payload
(upto 1kb)
V.Rajaraman
SAD/M11/LU1/V1/2004
Internet (Contd)
Packets need not be of fixed length. Maximum length of a packet is 1 KB Message packetised to allow different packets to go along different paths - called packet switching
V.Rajaraman
SAD/M11/LU1/V1/2004
Packet Switching Advantages And Disadvantages

Each packet can pick free (cheapest) path to take Finally packets reassembled using serial no. Packet switching less expensive and adaptive as faulty paths can be avoided Major disadvantage of packet switching is the difficulty in predicting time taken by different packets to travel from source to destination
V.Rajaraman
SAD/M11/LU1/V1/2004
Packet Switching Advantages And Disadvantages

Variable packet delivery time does not matter for e-mail and text files Speed unpredictability however reduces effectiveness of audio and video traffic Major advantage diverse machines and LANs may be interconnected if they use common protocol called TCP/IP
V.Rajaraman
SAD/M11/LU1/V1/2004
Intranet And Extranet

A network of computers within an organization using TCP/IP protocol an use all internet facilities such as e-mail, file transfer, remote login etc called an intranet or corporate intranet Two corporate intranets may be interconnected using a leased line from PSTN such a network is called an extranet Extranet between cooperating organizations can provide internet services such as e-mail,file transfer among them
V.Rajaraman
SAD/M11/LU1/V1/2004
10
World Wide Web Services

World Wide Web (WWW) is a world wide multimedia information service available on the internet www contains web pages created using a language called HTML (Hyper Text Markup Language) HTML has features to embed links within web pages to point to other pages we can thus navigate through links and search for required information
V.Rajaraman
SAD/M11/LU1/V1/2004
11
World Wide Web

Web page located using a scheme known as Uniform
Resource Locator(URL) Example of URL http://www.freesoft.org/connected/index.html
Required document formatted Using hypertext markup language
Protocol used
Domain name Of server Having web page
Folder with Required information
Web browsers is a program on ones PC used to search for

required information
V.Rajaraman
SAD/M11/LU1/V1/2004
12
Search Engines
Browsers use search engines - that is programs which will navigate web pages using links Navigation based on search terms given by user All organizations now maintain web pages t o establish their "web presence" Web presence important to publicize organization for primarily advertising their services
V.Rajaraman
SAD/M11/LU1/V1/2004
13
Documents and the World Wide Web
V.Rajaraman
SAD/M11/LU2/V1/2004
What Is A Document?
A document has three parts 1. Content: The string of characters normally coded in ASCII or UNICODE - A document now-a-days also includes, besides text, pictures, audio and video-all bit strings when digitized. - We will however be primarily concerned with textual data in this module.
V.Rajaraman
SAD/M11/LU2/V1/2004
What Is A Document? (contd.)
2. Presentation: How the data looks like to a human userpresentation may be on a video screen or on paper. 3. Structure: Helps interpretation of data by a computer Information such as type of data (Numeric, Alphanumeric) and its nature, for example an invoice, a purchase order, a recipe etc.
V.Rajaraman
SAD/M11/LU2/V1/2004
How Are Documents Processed By Computers

Text processors add special annotations primarily to help format the resulting print outs Examples are: Paragraphing, Font selection, Placing titles, pagination,Tabulation etc. Examples: WORD, TEX etc. These are primarily presentation aids which take raw content and transform them to neat looking documents when displayed on VDU screen or printed on paper. They have no idea of the type of document and what they mean.
V.Rajaraman
SAD/M11/LU2/V1/2004
Text Processing By Computers

Word processors primarily used for applications such as -Preparation of manuals -Preparation of catalogues -Routine office correspondence -Desk top publishing Report Generators (Discussed in Module10) are special variety which use a special language to generate and format reports. These are primarily for linear texts and not meant for linked text known as hypertext
V.Rajaraman
SAD/M11/LU2/V1/2004
Documents On World Wide Web

In the world wide web documents located in many computers are linked Each document called a web page. Each web page has a unique path to retrieve it. Documents to be used in web pages need special annotations or markups mainly for formatting and for linking them to other documents in the web
V.Rajaraman
SAD/M11/LU2/V1/2004

These annotations are called MARKUPS. As documents on the world wide web are linked to many documents they are called hypertext. The markup used to link documents called Hyperlink.
V.Rajaraman
SAD/M11/LU2/V1/2004

Web pages are retrieved from the host computers where they are located by a program called web browser running on a client. Clients use a communication protocol called Hyper Text Transfer Protocol (HTTP) to retrieve web pages HTTP recognizes a language called Hyper Text Markup Language (HTML)
V.Rajaraman
SAD/M11/LU2/V1/2004
Hyper Text Markup Language

An HTML Document has the following general layout <HTML Version =4.0> {Version optional} <HEAD> <!.The headings and their tags are placed here.> </HEAD> <BODY> <!.Elements such as text with formatting tags,links,tables,images etc go here> </BODY> </HTML> ( ! Is symbol used for comments)
V.Rajaraman SAD/M11/LU2/V1/2004 9
Example Of An Html Documents

<HTML> <HEAD> <TITLE> Description of a book on Information Technology </TITLE> </HEAD> <BODY> <H1> Introduction o Information technology </H1> <H2> A first level book in I.T </H2> <P> Publisher : <I> Prentice Hall of India </I></P> <P> Year of publication: <B> 2003 </B></P> </BODY> </HTML>
Display Of Html Document

When the document is viewed using a browser it will appear as shown below
Introduction to Information technology

A first level book in I.T
Publisher : Prentice Hall of India Year of publication: 2003
V.Rajaraman
SAD/M11/LU2/V1/2004
11
Explanation Of Tags In Html

<HTML> tells it is an HTML document End of HTML documents is indicated by </HTML> <HTML version = 4.0 > version optional <TITLE> used to identify the document in the browsers title bar and is stored as the bookmark of this document <H1>,<H2> indicate headings. <H1> to <H6> available H1 highest size bold face and H6 lowest <P> indicates paragraphing <I> Italics and <B> bold face font <Observe all tags in this example here has end tag indicated by </tag> Stand alone tags are also there in HTML.
Linking Documents
HTML can link to documents in other files.For Example to link an image we use : <IMG src = mypicture.gif> IMG indicates image and src the source (Observe the tag IMG is standalone and does not have end tag </IMG> HTML has feature to list items with serial number or bullets HTML can also display tables and forms HTML is as rich as some word processors.
Hyperlinking Html Documents

HTML allows a web page to refer to other web pages When a reference link in the page is clicked the browser switches to the referenced site. The specification is <A href = http:// www.iisc.ernet.in> </A> where A is called anchor tag. Linking can also be to other files Automatic conversion of word documents to HTML is possible using a tool
V.Rajaraman
SAD/M11/LU2/V1/2004
14
Shortcomings of Html
HTML is the earliest markup language which made it possible to retrieve documents stored in the world wide web HTML is primarily to facilitate presentation of contents of a web page. HTML does not have any means of specifying what the documents represents. Is it an invoice? A purchase order, book description etc. It also has no means of specifying the type of data to allow manipulation of data by browser. We thus need a markup language which is richer and is more descriptive of structure of a document and what it represents
EXtensible Markup Language

A document has CONTENT, it has a STRUCTURE and it needs to be PRESENTED for ease of reading Word processors and HTML emphasize presentation of content and have no means of specifying structure (or what the data actually represents) XML is a new markup language which is capable of specifying what a document really represents XML is a proper subset of an international standard known as STANDARD GENERALISED MARKUP LANGUAGE (SGML).It is open standard and not proprietary
Parts Of XML System

XML defines the structure of a document Unlike HTML it has tags which are user defined.This allows easy understanding of the nature of the document and assists in its processing. Formatting and presentation are not part of XML unlike HTML which has tags for bold face,italics etc.This is delegated to a companion language called XSL (Extensible Style Language). Linking documents to create hypertext is also not integrated in XML unlike HTML where tag <A> is a general purpose linking tag. Much more powerful linking is enabled by separating it to a companion language called XLL (Extensible Link Language).
Example Of XML Document

A purchase order is represented in XML as below < purchase_order > < order_no > B55567 </order_no> < date> < year > 2004 </year> < month > 10 </month> < day > 9 </day> </date> <purchaser> <name> ABC Traders </name> <address> <street> 201 MG Road </street> <city> Bangalore </city> <pin_code> 560001 </pin_code> </address> </purchaser>
Example Of XML Document (Contd)
<item> <item_name> C Programming </item_name> <item_code> ISBN 81-203-0859-X </item_code> <quantity> 50 </quantity> </item> <supplier> <name> P-H India </name> </supplier> </purchase_order>
V.Rajaraman
SAD/M11/LU2/V1/2004
19
Example Of XML Document

Observe that the tags used have a syntax similar to HTML. The tags are, however, meaningful to a human reader The XML definition clearly brings out the structure of an invoice. However to interpret such a document and process it by a computer a companion document called Document Type Definition (DTD) is needed. DTD has its own syntax . We give DTD for this XML document in the next transparency.
Document Type Definition (DTD)

DTD of XML document of 11.2.15 is given below DTD Statements <! ELEMENT purchase order (entry +) > <! ELEMENT order_no (#PC DATA) > <! ELEMENT date (year, month ,day) <! ELEMENT year (#PC DATA)> <! ELEMENT month(#PC DATA)> <! ELEMENT day (#PC DATA)> <! ELEMENT purchaser (name,address)> <! ELEMENT name (#PC DATA)> <! ELEMENT address (street,city,pin-code)> <! ELEMENT street (#PC DATA)> <! ELEMENT city (#PC DATA)> <! ELEMENT pin-code (#PC DATA)> <! ELEMENT item (item_name,item_code,quantity)> <! ELEMENT item_name (#PC DATA)> <! ELEMENT item_code (#PC DATA)> <! ELEMENT quantity (#PC DATA)> <! ELEMENT supplier (name)> <! ELEMENT name(#PC DATA)>
Explanation Of Document Type Definition

Each statement in DTD declares the elements of XML program <! ELEMENT purchase order (entry +) > states that purchase order is the top level element with one or more entry following it 2 statements are introduced at the start of XML definition which specifies the version of XML and the file name of DTD specification
V.Rajaraman
SAD/M11/LU2/V1/2004
22
Explanation Of Document Type Definition (contd.)

Assuming DTD is in a file purchase_order.dtd the declarations are <? XML Version =1.0> <! DOCTYPE purchase_order SYSTEM purchase order.dtd> The tags used in XML definition are then specified.
V.Rajaraman
SAD/M11/LU2/V1/2004
23
Explanation Of Document Type Definition

<! ELEMENT order_no (#PC DATA) specifies that the tag order_no is a string of characters. <! ELEMENT date (year,month,day) specifies that the tag date is a higher level tag which consists of three tags- year, month and day. The description of each of the next level tags follow, for example: <! ELEMENT year (#PC DATA) declares year as a string of characters. The rest of DTD is self explanatory
Some Application Of XML

XMLs main use is in creating documents for the World Wide Web which can be retrieved by browsers at client computers. User defined tags give several advantages including use in - Push Technology In this application time varying data specified by users e.g. Hourly stock prices of specified shares are automatically sent to the clients browser - Online banking A standard XML format known as financial exchange initiative is used to obtain information such as bank statements.
Some Application Of XML

Software and database updates XML adaptable to many natural languages such as Kannada as it uses Unicode standard. Use in Scientific Publications Markup languages based on XML have been developed for chemistry CML (Chemistry Markup Language) and MML (Mathematical Markup Language)
V.Rajaraman
SAD/M11/LU2/V1/2004
26
Prof. V.Rajaraman
System Analysis and Design/Documents On Web
Multiple Choice Questions
11.1
Internet is a. a local computer network b. a world wide network of computers c. an interconnected network of computers d. a world wide interconnected network of computers which use a common protocol to communicate with one another
11.2
The facilities available in the internet are (i) electronic mail (ii) remote login (iii)file transfer (iv)word processing a. i, ii b. i, ii, iii c. i, ii, iv d. ii, iii and iv
11.3
Internet requires a. an international agreement to connect computers b. a local area network c. a commonly agreed set of rules to communicate between computers d. a World Wide Web
11.4
Each computer connected to the internet must a. be an IBM PC b. have a unique IP address c. be internet compatible d. have a modem connection
11.5
IP address is currently a. 4 bytes long b. available in plenty
M11/V1/July 04/1
Prof. V.Rajaraman
c. 6 bytes long d. not assigned as it is all used up 11.6 IP addresses are converted to a. a binary string b. alphanumeric string c. a hierarchy of domain names d. a hexadecimal string 11.7 Internet addresses must always have at least (i) a country name or organization type (ii) internet service providers name (iii) name of organization (iv) name of individual (v) type of organization a. i, ii, iii b. ii, iii, iv c. i, iii d. ii, iii, iv, v 11.8 Internet uses a. Packet switching b. Circuit switching c. Telephone switching d. Telex switching 11.9 Internet data is broken up as a. fixed length packets b. variable length packets c. not packetized d. 64 bytes packets 11.10 Internet packet data structure consists of (i)source address
M11/V1/July 04/2
Prof. V.Rajaraman
(ii) destination address (iii)serial number of packets (iv)message bytes (v)Control bits for error checking (vi) Path identification bits a. i, ii, iii b. i, ii, iii, iv c. i, ii, iii, iv, v d. i, ii, iii, iv, v, vi 11.11 The packets of an internet message a. take a predetermined path b. take a path based on packet priority c. go along different paths based on path availability d. take the shortest path from source to destination 11.12 The time taken by internet packets a. can be predetermined before transmission b. may be different for different packets c. is irrelevant for audio packets 11.13 By an intranet we mean a. a LAN of an organization b. a Wide Area Network connecting all branches of an organization c. a corporate computer network d. a network connecting all computers of an organization and using the internet protocol 11.14 By an extranet we mean a. an extra fast computer network b. the intranets of two co-operating organizations interconnected via a secure leased line
M11/V1/July 04/3
Prof. V.Rajaraman
c. an extra network used by an organization for higher reliability d. an extra connection to internet provided to co-operating organizati 11.15 World Wide Web a. is another name for internet b. world wide connection for computers c. a collection of linked information residing on computers connected by the internet d. a collection of world wide information 11.16 Among services available on the World Wide Web are
(i)Encryption (ii)HTTP (iii)HTML (iv)Firewalls a. i and ii b. ii and iii c. iii and iv d. i and iv 11.17 A world wide web contains web pages a. residing in many computers b. created using HTML c. with links to other web pages d. residing in many computers linked together using HTML 11.18 A web page is located using a a. Universal Record Linking b. Uniform Resource Locator c. Universal Record Locator d. Uniformly Reachable Links
M11/V1/July 04/4
Prof. V.Rajaraman
11.19 A URL specifies the following: (i) protocol used (ii) domain name of server hosting web page (iii) name of folder with required information (iv) name of document formatted using HTML (v) the name of ISP a. i, ii, iii, iv b. ii, iii, iv, v c. i, iii, iv d. i, ii, iii, v 11.20 A search engine is a program to search a. for information b. web pages c. web pages for specified index terms d. web pages for information using specified search terms 11.21 HTML stands for a. Hyper Text Making Links b. Hyper Text Markup Language c. Higher Textual Marking of Links d. Hyper Text Mixer of Links 11.22 HTML is similar to a a. word processing language b. screen editor c. scripting language d. search engine 11.23 Desirable properties of a website are (i)a meaningful address (ii)Help and search facilities (iii) Links to related sites
M11/V1/July 04/5
Prof. V.Rajaraman
(iv)Features to allow users to give feedback (v)Hosting on a mainframe a. i, ii, iii b. i, ii, iii, iv c. i, ii, iii, iv, v d. i, ii, iii, v 11.24 HTML uses a. pre-specified tags b. user defined tags c. tags only for linking d. fixed tags defined by the language 11.25 HTML tags define a. The data types of elements of document b. Presentation of specified elements of a document c. The contents of the document d. The structure of the document 11.26 The tag used in HTML to link it with other URLs is: a. <A> b. <H> c. <U> d. <L> 11.27 The tags used for specifying fonts in HTML are (i) <B> (ii) <I> (iii) <U> (iv) <L>
M11/V1/July 04/6
Prof. V.Rajaraman
a. (i) and (ii) b. (i) and (iii) c. (ii) and (iv) d. (i),(ii) and (iii) 11.28 It is possible to display pictures (i.e, images) in HTML specification by using the tag.
a. <GR src = Picture file> b. <PIC src =Picture file> c. <IMG src =Picture file> d. <GIF src=Picture file 11.29 SGML stands for a. Standard Generalized Markup Language b. Structured General Markup Language c. Standard Graphics Mapping Language d. Standard General Markup Link 11.30 HTML and XML are markup languages
a. Specially development for the web b. Are based on SGML c. Are versions of SGML d. Independent of SGML 11.31 XML stands for
a. Extra Markup Language b. Excellent Markup Links c. Extended Markup Language d. Extended Marking Links 11.32 XML uses
a. user define tags b. pre-defined tags
M11/V1/July 04/7
Prof. V.Rajaraman
c. both predefined and user-defined tags d. Extended tags used in HTML and makes them powerful 11.33 In order to interpret XML documents one should
a. Use standardized tags b. Have a document type definition which defines the tags c. Define the tags separately d. Specify tag filename 11.34 The advantages of XML over HTML are (i) It allows processing of data stored in web-pages (ii) It uses meaningful tags which aids in understanding the nature of a document (iii)Is simpler than HTML (iv)It separates presentation and structure of document a. (i),(ii) and (iii) b. (i),(ii) and(iv) c. (ii),(iii) and (iv) d. (i),(iii) and (iv) 11.35 XSL definition is used along with XML definition to specify a. The data types of the contents of XML document b. The presentation of XML document c. The links with other documents d. The structure of XML document 11.36 XLL definition is used along with XML to specify
a. The data types of the contents of XML document b. The presentation of XML document c. The links with other documents d. The structure of XML document 11.37 DTD definition is used along with XML to specify a. The data types of the contents of XML document
M11/V1/July 04/8
Prof. V.Rajaraman
b. The presentation of XML document c. The links with other documents d. The structure of XML document
M11/V1/July 04/9
Prof. V.Rajaraman
Key to Objective Questions

11.1 11.7 d c 11.2 11.8 b a 11.3 11.9 11.15 c 11.21 b 11.27 11.33 b a c b 11.4 b 11.5 11.11 c 11.17 11.23 11.29 d a 11.6 c
11.10 c 11.16 b 11.22 a 11.28 c
11.12 c 11.18 b b 11.24 d a 11.30 b c
11.13 d 11.19 a 11.25 11.31 c 11.37 a b
11.14 b 11.20 d 11.26 11.32 a a
11.34 b
11.35 b 11.36
M11/V1/July 04/10
Prof. V.Rajaraman
SUMMARY of Module 12 1. Data may be input to a computer off-line or on-line. In on-line entry a user enters data interactively via a video terminal connected to the computer. In off-line data entry data filled in forms are entered by operators in a separate PC or a data entry machine. 2. 3. Off-line data entry is suitable if the number of records is very large. In off-line data entry, batches of data are formed and entered. They are checked by a validation program and the corrected records are stored in a file. 4. To reduce errors in input, it is essential to carefully design the forms used for entering data. 5. Important data elements are coded. Codes are necessary for unique identification, easily cross-referencing and efficient storage and retrieval. 6. There are many methods for coding. An ideal code must be concise, expandable, meaningful, comprehensive and precise. It is not possible to incorporate all these ideal features in a code. 7. Codes are classified as: (i) Serial number codes, (ii) Block codes, (iii) Group classification codes, and (iv) Significant codes. Group classification codes and Significant codes are most meaningful, expandable, precise and comprehensive. They are, however, not concise, Serial and Block number codes are more concise. They are also precise and expandable but are not meaningful and comprehensive. 8. Any error made in entering important data fields such as account codes and identification codes must be detected during data entry. 9. The most common errors made during data entry are: a single digit is incorrectly
Prof. V.Rajaraman
entered or any two digits in the code are interchanged. These errors are called respectively single transcription and transposition errors and account for 96% of all data entry errors. 10. Given a code, the digits in it starting from the last digit are multiplied by weights 2, 3, 4, etc., and the products are added. The sum is divided by 11. The remainder is subtracted from 11. This number (which is called a check digit) is appended as the last digit of the code. The code constructed in this way is called a midulus-11 check digit code. 11. After data entry the digits in the code starting from the last digit are multiplied by weights 1, 2, 3, 4, etc., and the products are added. The sum is divided by 11. If the remainder is not zero then there is an error in the code. 12. Modulus-11 check digit code guarantees detection of all single transcription and transposition errors. It also detects 95% of all other errors. 13. It is essential to design good data validation programs to prevent data entry errors from corrupting files of input data. Validation programs need information for detecting errors. This information is provided by controls exercised during data preparation. 14. Important control mechanisms are; giving unique sequence numbers to each data record, providing a batch control record containing a count of number of records and a total of one of the fields.. 15. The same data is entered by two different persons and compared to reduce transcription errors. 16. Besides this, individual data fields are checked using information on their range of
Prof. V.Rajaraman
allowed values, range of reasonable values, and relationships between different fields. Batch control provides information to detect incorrect values entered, missing records, and data in the wrong sequence. 17. With the advent of Personal Computers, remote terminals connected to a computer and local computer networks, considerable amount of data is entered in files interactively. 18. For interactive data input, special screens are designed on video terminals for easy data entry. Errors in data entry are instantly detected by a validation program during data entry and can be immediately corrected. 19. Common methods of interactive data input are by use of menus, templates and interactive commands for data entry. 20. A menu method is used to pick one out of many alternatives, a template method to enter new data, and a command method to add and delete data. 21. These methods are combined to provide a user the most appropriate technique for a particular type of interactive data entry.
Prof. V.Rajaraman
Worked Out Problems
Worked Examples
11.1 What do you understand by an IP address? How is an IP address represented numerically? An IP address is an unique address required by a computer interface to access the internet. Presently an IP address is a 4 byte address and is expressed in what is known as the dotted decimal format like 144.16.68.201. 11.2 What is a domain name? How are e-mail addresses assigned? Since IP addresses are represented numerically which is difficult to remember, these addresses are converted into a string of characters for ease of remembering. These addresses are grouped into domains. On the Internet, a domain consists of a set of network addresses. This domain is organized in levels. The top level identifies geographic location or purpose commonality (for example, .in for India, .com for commerce and .edu for education). The second level identifies a unique place within the top level domain and is, in fact, equivalent to a unique address on the Internet (or IP). Lower levels of domain may also be used. Domain addresses are assigned by an international authority known as Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers (ICANN). 11.3 What is packet switching? What are the advantages of packet switching? Why is packet switching used in internet communication? Packet switching is the technique in which data are transmitted through communication links as a set of packets. A message is broken into a number of packets. The packets are stored in routers along the path and forwarded to other routers when communication link is free. Here the message is broken into packets to reduce the transmission cost. The transmission is faster and fault-tolerant, in the sense that if a line is not working or free the stored packets can be sent along another line. 11.4 What is extranet? Give an example of an extranet An Extranet is private connection of intranets and leased lines from public telecommunication system to share part of businesss information or operations with suppliers, vendors, partners, customers, or other businesses. We can call it as a private internet Companies can use extranet to: (a) Exchange large volumes of data using Electronic data Interchange (EDI) (b) Share product catalogs exclusively with wholesalers or those in the trade (c) Collaborate with other companies on joint development efforts (d) Jointly develop and use training programs with other companies An example of extranet is one which connects an automobile manufacturer with supplies of ancillaries such as batteries, tyres, brakes etc. Another example is bank net connecting banks.
11.5
What is the World Wide Web? In what way is it different from internet? The World Wide Web is the global multimedia information service available on the internet. It consists of linked web pages. The internet helps in facilitating the functionality of www. Internet is a physical network of computers where www is a service provided using the internet.
M11/V1/July 04/1
Prof. V.Rajaraman
Worked Out Problems
11.6
What is the role of HTML in web page design? Give a HTML code to display Introduction to e-Commerce This is a new book HTML has features to embed with web pages pointing to other web pages. It has features for adding images, different colors etc. and also you can develop a very good and attractive web page to attract customers which is the basic need of eCommerce. The html code to display the information is given below: <html> <head> </head> <body> <h1>Introduction to e-Commerce</h1> <p> This is a <b> new book </b> </p> </body> <html> What is a URL? Explain the various parts of an URL? A URL stands for Uniform Resource Locator. A URL is the address of a (resource) accessible on the Internet. The type of resource depends on the Internet application protocol. In the URL http://www.entertainment.msn.com/movie.html the http stands for protocol to be used i.e., here hyper text transfer protocol. The www.msn.com preceded by:// is the address (called domain name) of computer, which is permanently connected to the internet. The entertainment is one directory. Under entertainment directory the file for information on movie is movie.html. The protocol can be http, ftp (file transfer protocol). The com stands for commercial organization. Similarly there are different domains like edu, net etc., which are universally agreed as of specific type. What is a hyperlink? How do you link an image file to a HTML document? An image or portion of text on a Web page that is linked to another Web page, either on the same site or in another Web site is an Hyperlink. Clicking on the link will take the user to another Web page, or to another place on the same page. The specification for linking an image file to a HTML document is <A href = image file name>< /A> where <A> is called the anchor tag. What is XML? In what way is it superior to HTML? XML or Extended Markup Language a subset of a SGML (Standard Generalized Markup Language), is a new markup language that is capable of specifying what a document really represents, unlike HTML which emphasizes on presentation of the content and no means of specifying structure. XML uses tags which are user defined, while HTML uses tags which are predefined by the language.Formatting and presentation are not part of XML unlike HTML which has tags for bold face, italics etc. This is delegated to a companion language called XSL (Extensible Style Language) Linking documents to create hypertext is also not integrated in XML unlike HTML where tag <A> is a general purpose linking tag. Much more powerful linking is enabled by separating it to a companion language called XLL (Extensible Link Language).
11.7
11.8
11.9
M11/V1/July 04/2
Prof. V.Rajaraman
Worked Out Problems
11.10 What language do you use to format XML documents? Formatting is not a part of XML. This is delegated to a companion language called XSL (Extensible style language)
M11/V1/July 04/3
Prof. V.Rajaraman
11.1
Internet is a. a local computer network b. a world wide network of computers c. an interconnected network of computers d. a world wide interconnected network of computers which use a common protocol to communicate with one another
11.2
The facilities available in the internet are (i) electronic mail (ii) remote login (iii)file transfer (iv)word processing a. i, ii b. i, ii, iii c. i, ii, iv d. ii, iii and iv
11.3
Internet requires a. an international agreement to connect computers b. a local area network c. a commonly agreed set of rules to communicate between computers d. a World Wide Web
11.4
Each computer connected to the internet must a. be an IBM PC b. have a unique IP address c. be internet compatible d. have a modem connection
11.5
IP address is currently a. 4 bytes long
M11/V1/July 04/1
Prof. V.Rajaraman
b. available in plenty c. 6 bytes long d. not assigned as it is all used up 11.6 IP addresses are converted to a. a binary string b. alphanumeric string c. a hierarchy of domain names d. a hexadecimal string 11.7 Internet addresses must always have at least (i) a country name or organization type (ii) internet service providers name (iii) name of organization (iv) name of individual (v) type of organization a. i, ii, iii b. ii, iii, iv c. i, iii d. ii, iii, iv, v 11.8 Internet uses a. Packet switching b. Circuit switching c. Telephone switching d. Telex switching 11.9 Internet data is broken up as a. fixed length packets b. variable length packets c. not packetized
M11/V1/July 04/2
Prof. V.Rajaraman
d. 64 bytes packets 11.10 Internet packet data structure consists of (i)source address (ii) destination address (iii)serial number of packets (iv)message bytes (v)Control bits for error checking (vi) Path identification bits a. i, ii, iii b. i, ii, iii, iv c. i, ii, iii, iv, v d. i, ii, iii, iv, v, vi 11.11 The packets of an internet message a. take a predetermined path b. take a path based on packet priority c. go along different paths based on path availability d. take the shortest path from source to destination 11.12 The time taken by internet packets a. can be predetermined before transmission b. may be different for different packets c. is irrelevant for audio packets 11.13 By an intranet we mean a. a LAN of an organization b. a Wide Area Network connecting all branches of an organization c. a corporate computer network d. a network connecting all computers of an organization and using the internet protocol
M11/V1/July 04/3
Prof. V.Rajaraman
11.14 By an extranet we mean a. an extra fast computer network b. the intranets of two co-operating organizations interconnected via a secure leased line c. an extra network used by an organization for higher reliability d. an extra connection to internet provided to co-operating organizati 11.15 World Wide Web a. is another name for internet b. world wide connection for computers c. a collection of linked information residing on computers connected by the internet d. a collection of world wide information 11.16 Among services available on the World Wide Web are
(i)Encryption (ii)HTTP (iii)HTML (iv)Firewalls a. i and ii b. ii and iii c. iii and iv d. i and iv 11.17 A world wide web contains web pages a. residing in many computers b. created using HTML c. with links to other web pages d. residing in many computers linked together using HTML 11.18 A web page is located using a
M11/V1/July 04/4
Prof. V.Rajaraman
a. Universal Record Linking b. Uniform Resource Locator c. Universal Record Locator d. Uniformly Reachable Links 11.19 A URL specifies the following: (i) protocol used (ii) domain name of server hosting web page (iii) name of folder with required information (iv) name of document formatted using HTML (v) the name of ISP a. i, ii, iii, iv b. ii, iii, iv, v c. i, iii, iv d. i, ii, iii, v 11.20 A search engine is a program to search a. for information b. web pages c. web pages for specified index terms d. web pages for information using specified search terms 11.21 HTML stands for a. Hyper Text Making Links b. Hyper Text Markup Language c. Higher Textual Marking of Links d. Hyper Text Mixer of Links 11.22 HTML is similar to a a. word processing language b. screen editor
M11/V1/July 04/5
Prof. V.Rajaraman
c. scripting language d. search engine 11.23 Desirable properties of a website are (i)a meaningful address (ii)Help and search facilities (iii) Links to related sites (iv)Features to allow users to give feedback (v)Hosting on a mainframe a. i, ii, iii b. i, ii, iii, iv c. i, ii, iii, iv, v d. i, ii, iii, v 11.24 HTML uses a. pre-specified tags b. user defined tags c. tags only for linking d. fixed tags defined by the language 11.25 HTML tags define a. The data types of elements of document b. Presentation of specified elements of a document c. The contents of the document d. The structure of the document 11.26 The tag used in HTML to link it with other URLs is: a. <A> b. <H> c. <U> d. <L>
M11/V1/July 04/6
Prof. V.Rajaraman
11.27 The tags used for specifying fonts in HTML are (i) <B> (ii) <I> (iii) <U> (iv) <L> a. (i) and (ii) b. (i) and (iii) c. (ii) and (iv) d. (i),(ii) and (iii) 11.28 It is possible to display pictures (i.e, images) in HTML specification by using the tag.
a. <GR src = Picture file> b. <PIC src =Picture file> c. <IMG src =Picture file> d. <GIF src=Picture file 11.29 SGML stands for a. Standard Generalized Markup Language b. Structured General Markup Language c. Standard Graphics Mapping Language d. Standard General Markup Link 11.30 HTML and XML are markup languages
a. Specially development for the web b. Are based on SGML c. Are versions of SGML
M11/V1/July 04/7
Prof. V.Rajaraman
d. Independent of SGML 11.31 XML stands for
a. Extra Markup Language b. Excellent Markup Links c. Extended Markup Language d. Extended Marking Links 11.32 XML uses
a. user define tags b. pre-defined tags c. both predefined and user-defined tags d. Extended tags used in HTML and makes them powerful 11.33 In order to interpret XML documents one should
a. Use standardized tags b. Have a document type definition which defines the tags c. Define the tags separately d. Specify tag filename 11.34 The advantages of XML over HTML are (i) It allows processing of data stored in web-pages (ii) It uses meaningful tags which aids in understanding the nature of a document (iii)Is simpler than HTML (iv)It separates presentation and structure of document a. (i),(ii) and (iii) b. (i),(ii) and(iv) c. (ii),(iii) and (iv) d. (i),(iii) and (iv) 11.35 XSL definition is used along with XML definition to specify
M11/V1/July 04/8
Prof. V.Rajaraman
a. The data types of the contents of XML document b. The presentation of XML document c. The links with other documents d. The structure of XML document 11.36 XLL definition is used along with XML to specify
a. The data types of the contents of XML document b. The presentation of XML document c. The links with other documents d. The structure of XML document 11.37 DTD definition is used along with XML to specify a. The data types of the contents of XML document b. The presentation of XML document c. The links with other documents d. The structure of XML document
M11/V1/July 04/9
Prof. V.Rajaraman
Key to Objective Questions

11.1 11.7 d c 11.2 11.8 11.14 b a b 11.3 11.9 11.15 c 11.21 11.27 11.33 b b a c b 11.4 b 11.5 11.11 c 11.17 a c 11.23 11.29 d a 11.6 c
11.10 c 11.16 b 11.22 11.28
11.12 c 11.18 b b 11.24 a d
11.13 d 11.19 a 11.25 11.31 c 11.37 a b
11.20 d 11.26 11.32 a a
11.30 b c
11.34 b
11.35 b 11.36
M11/V1/July 04/10
Prof. V.Rajaraman
Question Bank
Question Bank
11.1 11.2 11.3 11.4 11.5 What is the difference between on-line and off-line data entry? Why are input data records divided into batches for off-line data entry? What is the purpose of a data validation program? What are the main principles used in designing forms for data entry? A good and a bad design for entering date in a form is given in Section 11.1. What are the reasons for saying that one of them is good and the other bad? 11.6 Design a form to be used by a salesman to report to the office about the sales executed by him at different customer locations. 11.7 11.8 Why are data fields coded in an information system? Can the name of a person be used as a code, for say, his bank account? If not, why? 11.9 11.10 11.11 11.12 11.13 11.14 11.15 11.16 What are the requirements of a good coding scheme? Is a concise code comprehensive? If not, why? Is a meaningful code necessarily comprehensive? Is a comprehensive code necessarily meaningful? Is a precise code necessarily concise? What is the advantage of a serial number code? Why is it not normally used? What is the main advantage of block codes? Design a group classification code to code (i) motor vehicles,, (ii) music cassettes, and (iii) books 11.17 11.18 11.19 Is a group classification code meaningful? Give an example of a significant code. Are significant codes expandable? Add a Modulus-11 check digit to the codes (i) 48467, (ii) 96432, and (iii)
M11/V1/July 04/1
Prof. V.Rajaraman
Question Bank
87646257. 11.20 Modulus-37 check is suitable for alphanumeric codes. Add a modulus-37 character to the codes (i) 4AB9W, (ii) XBY483, and (iii) CAZ4642. 11.21 The following code was entered by an operator:449632. The last digit is a modulus-11 check digit. Is this code correct? 11.22 If a code uses hexadecimal digits, what should be N if the modulus-N check digit system is to be used with such codes? What are the allowable weights if single transcription and transposition errors are to be detected? 11.23 If modulus-11 check digit system is to generate detection of multiple identical digit transcription error (i.e., a code such as 45565 is wrongly entered as 48868), what should be the constraints on the weights? 11.24 A see-saw error is one in which one digit of the code is increased by x and another decreased by x. For example, 486732 becoming 456762. When can modulus N check detect such errors? 11.25 Why is it useful to assign sequence numbers for data records? What are the types of errors detected by sequence numbering? 11.26 What is the purpose of batch control record? What is the type of information contained in a batch control record? 11.27 A set of data records for student examination results has the following format: Roll no. Name Marks (out of 100) Paper 1 Paper 2 Paper 3 Paper 4
Design for these records a batch control record and a record control field and any other appropriate checks for the fields. 11.28 Give some example of fields for which a radix error check is appropriate.
M11/V1/July 04/2
Prof. V.Rajaraman
Question Bank
11.29 11.30
What is the difference between range check and a radix check? What are the appropriate range checks for the age of individuals in an employee file, a high school student file, and height of students in a student file.
11.31 11.32 11.33
Give some examples of fields where reasonableness check would be applicable. Give some examples of inter-field relationship checks. What is the main difference between menus, templates and command modes of interactive data entry? When is each of these modes appropriate?
11.34 11.35
Design a dialogue hierarchy for entering data on customers (of a manufacturer). Design a dialogue hierarchy and the screens for a system used to reserve seats in long distance buses.
M11/V1/July 04/3
Prof. V.Rajaraman
Pointers
References
1. Most traditional books on Systems Analysis and Design do not discuss HTML and XML and documents on the web. 2. HTML is discussed in Wall D.A., using world wide web, 2nd edition, Prentice Hall of India, New Delhi, 1996. 3. Detailed Presentation of XML may be found in the book by Sean McGrath, XML by Example, Prentice Hall, Inc., N.J., U.S.A., 1998. 4. D.Box, A.Skonnard and J, Essential XML, Pearson Education Asia, New Delhi 2000. 5. Using HTML.4, XML and JAVA 1.2, Eric Ladd et.al , Prentice Hall of India, New Delhi, 1999. 6. HTML 4.0 specifications may be found in http://www/w3.org/TR/html40
M11/V1/July 04/1

HTML

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Description:

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

HTML

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

System Analysis and Design

System Analysis and Design/Documents on Web

System Analysis and Design

System Analysis and Design/Documents on Web

The internet and The World Wide Web

Header (20 bytes)

Packet Switching Advantages And Disadvantages

Packet Switching Advantages And Disadvantages

Intranet And Extranet

World Wide Web Services

World Wide Web

Domain name Of server Having web page

Folder with Required information

Web browsers is a program on ones PC used to search for

Documents and the World Wide Web

What Is A Document? (contd.)

How Are Documents Processed By Computers

Text Processing By Computers

Documents On World Wide Web

Documents On World Wide Web

Documents On World Wide Web

Hyper Text Markup Language

Example Of An Html Documents

Display Of Html Document

Introduction to Information technology

Explanation Of Tags In Html

Hyperlinking Html Documents

EXtensible Markup Language

Parts Of XML System

Example Of XML Document

Example Of XML Document (Contd)

Example Of XML Document

Document Type Definition (DTD)

Explanation Of Document Type Definition

Explanation Of Document Type Definition (contd.)

Explanation Of Document Type Definition

Some Application Of XML

Some Application Of XML

System Analysis and Design

System Analysis and Design/Documents On Web

Multiple Choice Questions

IP address is currently a. 4 bytes long b. available in plenty

System Analysis and Design

System Analysis and Design/Documents On Web

Multiple Choice Questions

System Analysis and Design

System Analysis and Design/Documents On Web

Multiple Choice Questions

System Analysis and Design

System Analysis and Design/Documents On Web

Multiple Choice Questions

System Analysis and Design

System Analysis and Design/Documents On Web

Multiple Choice Questions

System Analysis and Design

System Analysis and Design/Documents On Web

Multiple Choice Questions

System Analysis and Design

System Analysis and Design/Documents On Web

Multiple Choice Questions

a. user define tags b. pre-defined tags

System Analysis and Design

System Analysis and Design/Documents On Web