FAQ'S of Software Testing: Q1. What Is Verification?

FAQ'S Of Software Testing
In this section we go through the list of FAQ'S.
Q1. What is verification?

A: Verification ensures the product is designed to deliver all functionality to
the customer; it typically involves reviews and meetings to evaluate
documents, plans, code, requirements and specifications; this can be done
with checklists, issues lists, walkthroughs and inspection meetings.
Q2. What is validation?
A: Validation ensures that functionality, as defined in requirements, is the
intended behavior of the product; validation typically involves actual testing
and takes place after verifications are completed.
Q3. What is a walkthrough?
A: A walkthrough is an informal meeting for evaluation or informational
purposes. A walkthrough is also a process at an abstract level. It's the
process of inspecting software code by following paths through the code (as
determined by input conditions and choices made along the way). The
purpose of code walkthroughs is to ensure the code fits the purpose.
Walkthroughs also offer opportunities to assess an individual's or team's
competency.
Q4. What is an inspection?
A: An inspection is a formal meeting, more formalized than a walkthrough
and typically consists of 3-10 people including a moderator, reader (the
author of whatever is being reviewed) and a recorder (to make notes in the
document). The subject of the inspection is typically a document, such as a
requirements document or a test plan. The purpose of an inspection is to find
problems and see what is missing, not to fix anything. The result of the
meeting should be documented in a written report. Attendees should prepare
for this type of meeting by reading through the document, before the
meeting starts; most problems are found during this preparation. Preparation
for inspections is difficult, but is one of the most cost-effective methods of
ensuring quality, since bug prevention is more cost effective than bug
detection.
Q5. What is quality?
A: Quality software is software that is reasonably bug-free, delivered on time
and within budget, meets requirements and expectations and is
maintainable. However, quality is a subjective term. Quality depends on who
the customer is and their overall influence in the scheme of things.
Customers of a software development project include end-users, customer
acceptance test engineers, testers, customer contract officers, customer
management, the development organization's management, test engineers,
testers, salespeople, software engineers, stockholders and accountants. Each
type of customer will have his or her own slant on quality. The accounting
department might define quality in terms of profits, while an end-user might
define quality as user friendly and bug free.
Q6. What is good code?
A: A good code is code that works, is free of bugs and is readable and
maintainable. Organizations usually have coding standards all developers
should adhere to, but every programmer and software engineer has different
ideas about what is best and what are too many or too few rules. We need to
keep in mind that excessive use of rules can stifle both productivity and
creativity. Peer reviews and code analysis tools can be used to check for
problems and enforce standards.
Q7. What is good design?
A: Design could mean to many things, but often refers to functional design or
internal design. Good functional design is indicated by software functionality
can be traced back to customer and end-user requirements. Good internal
design is indicated by software code whose overall structure is clear,
understandable, easily modifiable and maintainable; is robust with sufficient
error handling and status logging capability; and works correctly when
implemented.
Q8. What is software life cycle?
A: Software life cycle begins when a software product is first conceived and
ends when it is no longer in use. It includes phases like initial concept,
requirements analysis, functional design, internal design, documentation
planning, test planning, coding, document preparation, integration, testing,
maintenance, updates, re-testing and phase-out.
Q9. Why are there so many software bugs?
A: Generally speaking, there are bugs in software because of unclear
requirements, software complexity, programming errors, changes in
requirements, errors made in bug tracking, time pressure, poorly
documented code and/or bugs in tools used in software development.
1. There are unclear software requirements because there is
miscommunication as to what the software should or shouldn't do.
2. Software complexity. All of the followings contribute to the exponential
growth in software and system complexity: Windows interfaces, client-server
and distributed applications, data communications, enormous relational
databases and the sheer size of applications.
3. Programming errors occur because programmers and software engineers,
like everyone else, can make mistakes.
4. As to changing requirements, in some fast-changing business
environments, continuously modified requirements are a fact of life.
Sometimes customers do not understand the effects of changes, or
understand them but request them anyway. And the changes require
redesign of the software, rescheduling of resources and some of the work
already completed have to be redone or discarded and hardware
requirements can be effected, too.
5. Bug tracking can result in errors because the complexity of keeping track
of changes can result in errors, too.
6. Time pressures can cause problems, because scheduling of software
projects is not easy and it often requires a lot of guesswork and when
deadlines loom and the crunch comes, mistakes will be made.
7. Code documentation is tough to maintain and it is also tough to modify
code that is poorly documented. The result is bugs. Sometimes there is no
incentive for programmers and software engineers to document their code
and write clearly documented, understandable code. Sometimes developers
get kudos for quickly turning out code, or programmers and software
engineers feel they cannot have job security if everyone can understand the
code they write, or they believe if the code was hard to write, it should be
hard to read.
8. Software development tools , including visual tools, class libraries,
compilers, scripting tools, can introduce their own bugs. Other times the
tools are poorly documented, which can create additional bugs.
Q10. How do you introduce a new software QA process?
A: It depends on the size of the organization and the risks involved. For large
organizations with high-risk projects, a serious management buy-in is
required and a formalized QA process is necessary. For medium size
organizations with lower risk projects, management and organizational buy-
in and a slower, step-by-step process is required. Generally speaking, QA
processes should be balanced with productivity, in order to keep any
bureaucracy from getting out of hand. For smaller groups or projects, an ad-
hoc process is more appropriate. A lot depends on team leads and managers,
feedback to developers and good communication is essential among
customers, managers, developers, test engineers and testers. Regardless the
size of the company, the greatest value for effort is in managing requirement
processes, where the goal is requirements that are clear, complete and
testable.
Q11. Give me five common problems that occur during software
development.
A: Poorly written requirements, unrealistic schedules, inadequate testing,
adding new features after development is underway and poor
communication.
1. Requirements are poorly written when requirements are unclear,
incomplete, too general, or not testable; therefore there will be problems.
2. The schedule is unrealistic if too much work is crammed in too little time.
3. Software testing is inadequate if none knows whether or not the software
is any good until customers complain or the system crashes.
4. It's extremely common that new features are added after development is
underway.
5. Miscommunication either means the developers don't know what is
needed, or customers have unrealistic expectations and therefore problems
are guaranteed.
Q12. Do automated testing tools make testing easier?
A: Yes and no. For larger projects, or ongoing long-term projects, they can
be valuable. But for small projects, the time needed to learn and implement
them is usually not worthwhile. A common type of automated tool is the
record/playback type. For example, a test engineer clicks through all
combinations of menu choices, dialog box choices, buttons, etc. in a GUI and
has an automated testing tool record and log the results. The recording is
typically in the form of text, based on a scripting language that the testing
tool can interpret. If a change is made (e.g. new buttons are added, or some
underlying code in the application is changed), the application is then re-
tested by just playing back the recorded actions and compared to the logged
results in order to check effects of the change. One problem with such tools
is that if there are continual changes to the product being tested, the
recordings have to be changed so often that it becomes a very time-
consuming task to continuously update the scripts. Another problem with
such tools is the interpretation of the results (screens, data, logs, etc.) that
can be a time-consuming task.
Q13. Give me five solutions to problems that occur during software
development.
A: Solid requirements, realistic schedules, adequate testing, firm
requirements and good communication.
1. Ensure the requirements are solid, clear, complete, detailed, cohesive,
attainable and testable. All players should agree to requirements. Use
prototypes to help nail down requirements.
2. Have schedules that are realistic. Allow adequate time for planning,
design, testing, bug fixing, re-testing, changes and documentation. Personnel
should be able to complete the project without burning out.
3. Do testing that is adequate. Start testing early on, re-test after fixes or
changes, and plan for sufficient time for both testing and bug fixing.
4. Avoid new features. Stick to initial requirements as much as possible. Be
prepared to defend design against changes and additions, once development
has begun and be prepared to explain consequences. If changes are
necessary, ensure they're adequately reflected in related schedule changes.
Use prototypes early on so customers' expectations are clarified and
customers can see what to expect; this will minimize changes later on.
5. Communicate. Require walkthroughs and inspections when appropriate;
make extensive use of e-mail, networked bug-tracking tools, tools of change
management. Ensure documentation is available and up-to-date. Use
documentation that is electronic, not paper. Promote teamwork and
cooperation.
Q14. What makes a good test engineer?
A: A good test engineer should have
1. Has a "test to break" attitude,
2. Takes the point of view of the customer,
3. Has a strong desire for quality,
4. Has an attention to detail, He's also
5. Tactful and diplomatic and
6. Has good a communication skill, both oral and written. And he
7. Has previous software development experience, too.
Good test engineers have a "test to break" attitude. We, good test engineers,
take the point of view of the customer, have a strong desire for quality and
an attention to detail. Tact and diplomacy are useful in maintaining a
cooperative relationship with developers and an ability to communicate with
both technical and non-technical people. Previous software development
experience is also helpful as it provides a deeper understanding of the
software development process, gives the test engineer an appreciation for
the developers' point of view and reduces the learning curve in automated
test tool programming.
Q15. What makes a good QA engineer?
A: The same qualities a good test engineer has are useful for a QA engineer.
Additionally, Rob Davis understands the entire software development process
and how it fits into the business approach and the goals of the organization.
Rob Davis' communication skills and the ability to understand various sides of
issues are important. Good QA engineers understand the entire software
development process and how it fits into the business approach and the goals
of the organization. Communication skills and the ability to understand
various sides of issues are important.
Q16. What makes a good resume?
A: On the subject of resumes, there seems to be an unending discussion of
whether you should or shouldn't have a one-page resume. The followings are
some of the comments I have personally heard: "Well, Joe Blow (car
salesman) said I should have a one-page resume." "Well, I read a book and it
said you should have a one page resume." "I can't really go into what I really
did because if I did, it'd take more than one page on my resume." "Gosh, I
wish I could put my job at IBM on my resume but if I did it'd make my
resume more than one page, and I was told to never make the resume more
than one page long." "I'm confused, should my resume be more than one
page? I feel like it should, but I don't want to break the rules." Or, here's
another comment, "People just don't read resumes that are longer than one
page." I have heard some more, but we can start with these. So what's the
answer? There is no scientific answer about whether a one-page resume is
right or wrong. It all depends on who you are and how much experience you
have. The first thing to look at here is the purpose of a resume.
The purpose of a resume is to get you an interview. If the resume is getting

you interviews, then it is considered to be a good resume. If the resume isn't
getting you interviews, then you should change it. The biggest mistake you
can make on your resume is to make it hard to read. Why? Because, for one,
scanners don't like odd resumes. Small fonts can make your resume harder
to read. Some candidates use a 7-point font so they can get the resume onto
one page. Big mistake. Two, resume readers do not like eye strain either. If
the resume is mechanically challenging, they just throw it aside for one that
is easier on the eyes. Three, there are lots of resumes out there these days,
and that is also part of the problem. Four, in light of the current scanning
scenario, more than one page is not a deterrent because many will scan your
resume into their database. Once the resume is in there and searchable, you
have accomplished one of the goals of resume distribution. Five, resume
readers don't like to guess and most won't call you to clarify what is on your
resume.
Generally speaking, your resume should tell your story. If you're a college
graduate looking for your first job, a one-page resume is just fine. If you
have a longer story, the resume needs to be longer. Please put your
experience on the resume so resume readers can tell when and for whom
you did what. Short resumes -- for people long on experience -- are not
appropriate. The real audience for these short resumes is people with short
attention spans and low IQ. I assure you that when your resume gets into
the right hands, it will be read thoroughly.
Q17. What makes a good QA/Test Manager?
A: QA/Test Managers are familiar with the software development process;
able to maintain enthusiasm of their team and promote a positive
atmosphere; able to promote teamwork to increase productivity; able to
promote cooperation between Software and Test/QA Engineers, have the
people skills needed to promote improvements in QA processes, have the
ability to withstand pressures and say *no* to other managers when quality
is insufficient or QA processes are not being adhered to; able to
communicate with technical and non-technical people; as well as able to run
meetings and keep them focused.
Q18. What is the role of documentation in QA? A: Documentation plays
a critical role in QA. QA practices should be documented, so that they are
repeatable. Specifications, designs, business rules, inspection reports,
configurations, code changes, test plans, test cases, bug reports, user
manuals should all be documented. Ideally, there should be a system for
easily finding and obtaining of documents and determining what document
will have a particular piece of information. Use documentation change
management, if possible.
Q19. What about requirements?
A: Requirement specifications are important and one of the most reliable
methods of insuring problems in a complex software project is to have poorly
documented requirement specifications. Requirements are the details
describing an application's externally perceived functionality and properties.
Requirements should be clear, complete, reasonably detailed, cohesive,
attainable and testable. A non-testable requirement would be, for example,
"user-friendly", which is too subjective. A testable requirement would be
something such as, "the product shall allow the user to enter their
previously-assigned password to access the application". Care should be
taken to involve all of a project's significant customers in the requirements
process. Customers could be in-house or external and could include end-
users, customer acceptance test engineers, testers, customer contract
officers, customer management, future software maintenance engineers,
salespeople and anyone who could later derail the project. If his/her
expectations aren't met, they should be included as a customer, if possible.
In some organizations, requirements may end up in high-level project plans,
functional specification documents, design documents, or other documents at
various levels of detail. No matter what they are called, some type of
documentation with detailed requirements will be needed by test engineers in
order to properly plan and execute tests. Without such documentation there
will be no clear-cut way to determine if a software application is performing
correctly.
Q20. What is a test plan?
A: A software project test plan is a document that describes the objectives,
scope, approach and focus of a software testing effort. The process of
preparing a test plan is a useful way to think through the efforts needed to
validate the acceptability of a software product. The completed document will
help people outside the test group understand the why and how of product
validation. It should be thorough enough to be useful, but not so thorough
that none outside the test group will be able to read it.
Q21. What is a test case?
A: A test case is a document that describes an input, action, or event and its
expected result, in order to determine if a feature of an application is working
correctly. A test case should contain particulars such as a...
1. Test case identifier;
2. Test case name;
3. Objective;
4. Test conditions/setup;
5. Input data requirements/steps, and
6. Expected results.
Please note, the process of developing test cases can help find problems in
the requirements or design of an application, since it requires you to
completely think through the operation of the application. For this reason, it
is useful to prepare test cases early in the development cycle, if possible.
Q22. What should be done after a bug is found?
A: When a bug is found, it needs to be communicated and assigned to
developers that can fix it. After the problem is resolved, fixes should be re-
tested. Additionally, determinations should be made regarding requirements,
software, hardware, safety impact, etc., for regression testing to check the
fixes didn't create other problems elsewhere. If a problem-tracking system is
in place, it should encapsulate these determinations. A variety of commercial,
problem-tracking/management software tools are available. These tools, with
the detailed input of software test engineers, will give the team complete
information so developers can understand the bug, get an idea of its severity,
reproduce it and fix it.
Q23. What is configuration management?
A: Configuration management (CM) covers the tools and processes used to
control, coordinate and track code, requirements, documentation, problems,
change requests, designs, tools, compilers, libraries, patches, changes made
to them and who makes the changes.
Q24. What if the software is so buggy it can't be tested at all?
A: In this situation the best bet is to have test engineers go through the
process of reporting whatever bugs or problems initially show up, with the
focus being on critical bugs. Since this type of problem can severely affect
schedules and indicates deeper problems in the software development
process, such as insufficient unit testing, insufficient integration testing, poor
design, improper build or release procedures, managers should be notified
and provided with some documentation as evidence of the problem.
Q25. How do you know when to stop testing?
A: This can be difficult to determine. Many modern software applications are
so complex and run in such an interdependent environment, that complete
testing can never be done. Common factors in deciding when to stop are... 1.
Deadlines, e.g. release deadlines, testing deadlines;
2. Test cases completed with certain percentage passed;
3. Test budget has been depleted;
4. Coverage of code, functionality, or requirements reaches a specified point;
5. Bug rate falls below a certain level; or
6. Beta or alpha testing period ends.
Q26. What if there isn't enough time for thorough testing?
A: Since it's rarely possible to test every possible aspect of an application,
every possible combination of events, every dependency, or everything that
could go wrong, risk analysis is appropriate to most software development
projects. Use risk analysis to determine where testing should be focused.
This requires judgment skills, common sense and experience. The checklist
should include answers to the following questions:
1. Which functionality is most important to the project's intended purpose?
2. Which functionality is most visible to the user?
3. Which functionality has the largest safety impact?
4. Which functionality has the largest financial impact on users?
5. Which aspects of the application are most important to the customer?
6. Which aspects of the application can be tested early in the development
cycle?
7. Which parts of the code are most complex and thus most subject to
errors?
8. Which parts of the application were developed in rush or panic mode?
9. Which aspects of similar/related previous projects caused problems?
10. Which aspects of similar/related previous projects had large maintenance
expenses?
11. Which parts of the requirements and design are unclear or poorly thought
out?
12. What do the developers think are the highest-risk aspects of the
application?
13. What kinds of problems would cause the worst publicity?
14. What kinds of problems would cause the most customer service
complaints?
15. What kinds of tests could easily cover multiple functionalities?
16. Which tests will have the best high-risk-coverage to time-required ratio?
Q27. What if the project isn't big enough to justify extensive testing?
A: Consider the impact of project errors, not the size of the project. However,
if extensive testing is still not justified, risk analysis is again needed and the
considerations listed under "What if there isn't enough time for thorough
testing?" do apply. The test engineer then should do "ad hoc" testing, or
write up a limited test plan based on the risk analysis.
Q28. What can be done if requirements are changing continuously?
A: Work with management early on to understand how requirements might
change, so that alternate test plans and strategies can be worked out in
advance. It is helpful if the application's initial design allows for some
adaptability, so that later changes do not require redoing the application from
scratch. Additionally, try to...
1. Ensure the code is well commented and well documented; this makes
changes easier for the developers.
2. Use rapid prototyping whenever possible; this will help customers feel sure
of their requirements and minimize changes.
3. In the project's initial schedule, allow for some extra time to
commensurate with probable changes.
4. Move new requirements to a 'Phase 2' version of an application and use
the original requirements for the 'Phase 1' version.
5. Negotiate to allow only easily implemented new requirements into the
project; move more difficult, new requirements into future versions of the
application.
6. Ensure customers and management understand scheduling impacts,
inherent risks and costs of significant requirements changes. Then let
management or the customers decide if the changes are warranted; after all,
that's their job.
7. Balance the effort put into setting up automated testing with the expected
effort required to redo them to deal with changes.
8. Design some flexibility into automated test scripts;
9. Focus initial automated testing on application aspects that are most likely
to remain unchanged;
10. Devote appropriate effort to risk analysis of changes, in order to
minimize regression-testing needs;
11. Design some flexibility into test cases; this is not easily done; the best
bet is to minimize the detail in the test cases, or set up only higher-level
generic-type test plans;
12. Focus less on detailed test plans and test cases and more on ad-hoc
testing with an understanding of the added risk this entails.
Q29. What if the application has functionality that wasn't in the
requirements?
A: It may take serious effort to determine if an application has significant
unexpected or hidden functionality, which it would indicate deeper problems
in the software development process. If the functionality isn't necessary to
the purpose of the application, it should be removed, as it may have
unknown impacts or dependencies that were not taken into account by the
designer or the customer.
If not removed, design information will be needed to determine added testing
needs or regression testing needs. Management should be made aware of
any significant added risks as a result of the unexpected functionality. If the
functionality only affects areas, such as minor improvements in the user
interface, it may not be a significant risk.
Q30. How can software QA processes be implemented without
stifling productivity?
A: Implement QA processes slowly over time. Use consensus to reach
agreement on processes and adjust and experiment as an organization grows
and matures. Productivity will be improved instead of stifled. Problem
prevention will lessen the need for problem detection. Panics and burnout will
decrease and there will be improved focus and less wasted effort. At the
same time, attempts should be made to keep processes simple and efficient,
minimize paperwork, promote computer-based processes and automated
tracking and reporting, minimize time required in meetings and promote
training as part of the QA process. However, no one, especially talented
technical types, like bureaucracy and in the short run things may slow down
a bit. A typical scenario would be that more days of planning and
development will be needed, but less time will be required for late-night bug
fixing and calming of irate customers.
Q31. What if organization is growing so fast that fixed QA processes
are impossible?
A: This is a common problem in the software industry, especially in new
technology areas. There is no easy solution in this situation, other than...
1. Hire good people (i.e. hire Rob Davis)
2. Ruthlessly prioritize quality issues and maintain focus on the customer;
Everyone in the organization should be clear on what quality means to the
customer.
Q32. How is testing affected by object-oriented designs?
A: A well-engineered object-oriented design can make it easier to trace from
code to internal design to functional design to requirements. While there will
be little affect on black box testing (where an understanding of the internal
design of the application is unnecessary), white-box testing can be oriented
to the application's objects. If the application was well designed this can
simplify test design.
Q33. Why do you recommended that we test during the design
phase?
A: Because testing during the design phase can prevent defects later on. We
recommend verifying three things...
1. Verify the design is good, efficient, compact, testable and maintainable.
2. Verify the design meets the requirements and is complete (specifies all
relationships between modules, how to pass data, what happens in
exceptional circumstances, starting state of each module and how to
guarantee the state of each module).
3. Verify the design incorporates enough memory, I/O devices and quick
enough runtime for the final product.
Q34. What is software quality assurance?
A: Software Quality Assurance, when Rob Davis does it, is oriented to
*prevention*. It involves the entire software development process.
Prevention is monitoring and improving the process, making sure any
agreed-upon standards and procedures are followed and ensuring problems
are found and dealt with. Software Testing, when performed by Rob Davis, is
also oriented to *detection*. Testing involves the operation of a system or
application under controlled conditions and evaluating the results.
Organizations vary considerably in how they assign responsibility for QA and
testing. Sometimes they're the combined responsibility of one group or
individual. Also common are project teams, which include a mix of test
engineers, testers and developers who work closely together, with overall QA
processes monitored by project managers. It depends on what best fits your
organization's size and business structure. Rob Davis can provide QA and/or
Software QA. This document details some aspects of how he can provide
software testing/QA service. For more information, e-mail
rob@robdavispe.com
Q35. What is quality assurance?

A: Quality Assurance ensures all parties concerned with the project adhere to
the process and procedures, standards and templates and test readiness
reviews.
Rob Davis' QA service depends on the customers and projects. A lot will
depend on team leads or managers, feedback to developers and
communications among customers, managers, developers' test engineers
and testers.
Q36. Process and procedures - why follow them?
A: Detailed and well-written processes and procedures ensure the correct
steps are being executed to facilitate a successful completion of a task. They
also ensure a process is repeatable. Once Rob Davis has learned and
reviewed customer's business processes and procedures, he will follow them.
He will also recommend improvements and/or additions.
Q37. Standards and templates - what is supposed to be in a
document?
A: All documents should be written to a certain standard and template.
Standards and templates maintain document uniformity. It also helps in
learning where information is located, making it easier for a user to find what
they want. Lastly, with standards and templates, information will not be
accidentally omitted from a document. Once Rob Davis has learned and
reviewed your standards and templates, he will use them. He will also
recommend improvements and/or additions.
Q38. What are the different levels of testing?
A: Rob Davis has expertise in testing at all testing levels listed below. At each
test level, he documents the results. Each level of testing is either considered
black or white box testing.
Q39. What is black box testing?
A: Black box testing is functional testing, not based on any knowledge of
internal software design or code. Black box testing are based on
requirements and functionality.
Q40. What is white box testing?
A: White box testing is based on knowledge of the internal logic of an
application's code. Tests are based on coverage of code statements,
branches, paths and conditions.
Q41. What is unit testing?
A: Unit testing is the first level of dynamic testing and is first the
responsibility of developers and then that of the test engineers. Unit testing
is performed after the expected test results are met or differences are
explainable/acceptable.
Q42. What is parallel/audit testing?
A: Parallel/audit testing is testing where the user reconciles the output of the
new system to the output of the current system to verify the new system
performs the operations correctly.
Q43. What is functional testing?
A: Functional testing is black-box type of testing geared to functional
requirements of an application. Test engineers *should* perform functional
testing.
Q44. What is usability testing?
A: Usability testing is testing for 'user-friendliness'. Clearly this is subjective
and depends on the targeted end-user or customer. User interviews, surveys,
video recording of user sessions and other techniques can be used.
Programmers and developers are usually not appropriate as usability testers.
Q45. What is incremental integration testing?
A: Incremental integration testing is continuous testing of an application as
new functionality is recommended. This may require that various aspects of
an application's functionality are independent enough to work separately,
before all parts of the program are completed, or that test drivers are
developed as needed. This type of testing may be performed by
programmers, software engineers, or test engineers.
Q46. What is integration testing?
A: Upon completion of unit testing, integration testing begins. Integration
testing is black box testing. The purpose of integration testing is to ensure
distinct components of the application still work in accordance to customer
requirements. Test cases are developed with the express purpose of
exercising the interfaces between the components. This activity is carried out
by the test team.
Integration testing is considered complete, when actual results and expected
results are either in line or differences are explainable/acceptable based on
client input.
Q47. What is system testing?
A: System testing is black box testing, performed by the Test Team, and at
the start of the system testing the complete system is configured in a
controlled environment. The purpose of system testing is to validate an
application's accuracy and completeness in performing the functions as
designed. System testing simulates real life scenarios that occur in a
"simulated real life" test environment and test all functions of the system
that are required in real life. System testing is deemed complete when actual
results and expected results are either in line or differences are explainable
or acceptable, based on client input. Upon completion of integration testing,
system testing is started. Before system testing, all unit and integration test
results are reviewed by Software QA to ensure all problems have been
resolved. For a higher level of testing it is important to understand
unresolved problems that originate at unit and integration test levels.
Q48. What is end-to-end testing?
A: Similar to system testing, the *macro* end of the test scale is testing a
complete application in a situation that mimics real world use, such as
interacting with a database, using network communication, or interacting
with other hardware, application, or system.
Q49. What is regression testing?
A: The objective of regression testing is to ensure the software remains
intact. A baseline set of data and scripts is maintained and executed to verify
changes introduced during the release have not "undone" any previous code.
Expected results from the baseline are compared to results of the software
under test. All discrepancies are highlighted and accounted for, before testing
proceeds to the next level.
Q50. What is sanity testing?
A: Sanity testing is performed whenever cursory testing is sufficient to prove
the application is functioning according to specifications. This level of testing
is a subset of regression testing. It normally includes a set of core tests of
basic GUI functionality to demonstrate connectivity to the database,
application servers, printers, etc.
Q51. What is performance testing?
A: Although performance testing is described as a part of system testing, it
can be regarded as a distinct level of testing. Performance testing verifies
loads, volumes and response times, as defined by requirements.
Q52. What is load testing?
A: Load testing is testing an application under heavy loads, such as the
testing of a web site under a range of loads to determine at what point the
system response time will degrade or fail.
Q53. What is installation testing?
A: Installation testing is testing full, partial, upgrade, or install/uninstall
processes. The installation test for a release is conducted with the objective
of demonstrating production readiness. This test includes the inventory of
configuration items, performed by the application's System Administration,
the evaluation of data readiness, and dynamic tests focused on basic system
functionality. When necessary, a sanity test is performed, following
installation testing.
Q54. What is security/penetration testing?
A: Security/penetration testing is testing how well the system is protected
against unauthorized internal or external access, or willful damage. This type
of testing usually requires sophisticated testing techniques.
Q55. What is recovery/error testing?
A: Recovery/error testing is testing how well a system recovers from crashes,
hardware failures, or other catastrophic problems.
Q56. What is compatibility testing?
A: Compatibility testing is testing how well software performs in a particular
hardware, software, operating system, or network environment.
Q57. What is comparison testing?
A: Comparison testing is testing that compares software weaknesses and
strengths to those of competitors' products.
Q58. What is acceptance testing?
A: Acceptance testing is black box testing that gives the
client/customer/project manager the opportunity to verify the system
functionality and usability prior to the system being released to production.
The acceptance test is the responsibility of the client/customer or project
manager, however, it is conducted with the full support of the project team.
The test team also works with the client/customer/project manager to
develop the acceptance criteria.
Q59. What is alpha testing?
A: Alpha testing is testing of an application when development is nearing
completion. Minor design changes can still be made as a result of alpha
testing. Alpha testing is typically performed by a group that is independent of
the design team, but still within the company, e.g. in-house software test
engineers, or software QA engineers.
Q60. What is beta testing?
A: Beta testing is testing an application when development and testing are
essentially completed and final bugs and problems need to be found before
the final release. Beta testing is typically performed by end-users or others,
not programmers, software engineers, or test engineers.
Q61. What testing roles are standard on most testing projects?
A: Depending on the organization, the following roles are more or less
standard on most testing projects: Testers, Test Engineers, Test/QA Team
Lead, Test/QA Manager, System Administrator, Database Administrator,
Technical Analyst, Test Build Manager and Test Configuration Manager.
Depending on the project, one person may wear more than one hat. For
instance, Test Engineers may also wear the hat of Technical Analyst, Test
Build Manager and Test Configuration Manager. You CAN get a job in testing.
Click on a link!
Q62. What is a Test/QA Team Lead?
A: The Test/QA Team Lead coordinates the testing activity, communicates
testing status to management and manages the test team.
Q63. What is a Test Engineer?
A: Test Engineers are engineers who specialize in testing. We, test engineers,
create test cases, procedures, scripts and generate data. We execute test
procedures and scripts, analyze standards of measurements, evaluate results
of system/integration/regression testing. We also...
1. Speed up the work of the development staff;
2. Reduce your organization's risk of legal liability;
3. Give you the evidence that your software is correct and operates properly;
4. Improve problem tracking and reporting;

5. Maximize the value of your software;
6. Maximize the value of the devices that use it;
7. Assure the successful launch of your product by discovering bugs and
design flaws, before users get discouraged, before shareholders loose their
cool and before employees get bogged down;
8. Help the work of your development staff, so the development team can
devote its time to build up your product;
9. Promote continual improvement;
10. Provide documentation required by FDA, FAA, other regulatory agencies
and your customers;
11. Save money by discovering defects 'early' in the design process, before
failures occur in production, or in the field;
12. Save the reputation of your company by discovering bugs and design
flaws; before bugs and design flaws damage the reputation of your company.
Q64. What is a Test Build Manager?

A: Test Build Managers deliver current software versions to the test
environment, install the application's software and apply software patches, to
both the application and the operating system, set-up, maintain and back up
test environment hardware. Depending on the project, one person may wear
more than one hat. For instance, a Test Engineer may also wear the hat of a
Test Build Manager.
Q65. What is a System Administrator?
A: Test Build Managers, System Administrators, Database Administrators
deliver current software versions to the test environment, install the
application's software and apply software patches, to both the application
and the operating system, set-up, maintain and back up test environment
hardware. Depending on the project, one person may wear more than one
hat. For instance, a Test Engineer may also wear the hat of a System
Administrator.
Q66. What is a Database Administrator?
A: Test Build Managers, System Administrators and Database Administrators
deliver current software versions to the test environment, install the
application's software and apply software patches, to both the application
and the operating system, set-up, maintain and back up test environment
hardware. Depending on the project, one person may wear more than one
hat. For instance, a Test Engineer may also wear the hat of a Database
Administrator.
Q67. What is a Technical Analyst?
A: Technical Analysts perform test assessments and validate
system/functional test requirements. Depending on the project, one person
may wear more than one hat. For instance, Test Engineers may also wear the
hat of a Technical Analyst.
Q68. What is a Test Configuration Manager?
A: Test Configuration Managers maintain test environments, scripts, software
and test data. Depending on the project, one person may wear more than
one hat. For instance, Test Engineers may also wear the hat of a Test
Configuration Manager.
Q69. What is a test schedule?
A: The test schedule is a schedule that identifies all tasks required for a
successful testing effort, a schedule of all test activities and resource
requirements.
Q70. What is software testing methodology?
A: One software testing methodology is the use a three step process of...
1. Creating a test strategy;
2. Creating a test plan/design; and
3. Executing tests.
This methodology can be used and molded to your organization's needs. Rob
Davis believes that using this methodology is important in the development
and in ongoing maintenance of his customers' applications.
Q71. What is the general testing process?
A: The general testing process is the creation of a test strategy (which
sometimes includes the creation of test cases), creation of a test plan/design
(which usually includes test cases and test procedures) and the execution of
tests.
Q72. How do you create a test strategy?
A: The test strategy is a formal description of how a software product will be
tested. A test strategy is developed for all levels of testing, as required. The
test team analyzes the requirements, writes the test strategy and reviews
the plan with the project team. The test plan may include test cases,
conditions, the test environment, a list of related tasks, pass/fail criteria and
risk assessment.
Inputs for this process:
1. A description of the required hardware and software components,
including test tools. This information comes from the test environment,
including test tool data.
2. A description of roles and responsibilities of the r resources required for
the test and schedule constraints. This information comes from man-hours
and schedules.
3. Testing methodology. This is based on known standards.
4. Functional and technical requirements of the application. This information
comes from requirements, change request, technical and functional design
documents.
5. Requirements that the system can not provide, e.g. system limitations,
Outputs for this process:
6. An approved and signed off test strategy document, test plan, including
test cases.
7. Testing issues requiring resolution. Usually this requires additional
negotiation at the project management level.
Q73. How do you create a test plan/design?
A: Test scenarios and/or cases are prepared by reviewing functional
requirements of the release and preparing logical groups of functions that
can be further broken into test procedures. Test procedures define test
conditions, data to be used for testing and expected results, including
database updates, file outputs, report results. Generally speaking...
1. Test cases and scenarios are designed to represent both typical and
unusual situations that may occur in the application.
2. Test engineers define unit test requirements and unit test cases. Test
engineers also execute unit test cases.
3. It is the test team that, with assistance of developers and clients, develops
test cases and scenarios for integration and system testing.
4. Test scenarios are executed through the use of test procedures or scripts.
5. Test procedures or scripts define a series of steps necessary to perform
one or more test scenarios.
6. Test procedures or scripts include the specific data that will be used for
testing the process or transaction.
7. Test procedures or scripts may cover multiple test scenarios.
8. Test scripts are mapped back to the requirements and traceability matrices
are used to ensure each test is within scope.
9. Test data is captured and base lined, prior to testing. This data serves as
the foundation for unit and system testing and used to exercise system
functionality in a controlled environment.
10. Some output data is also base-lined for future comparison. Base-lined
data is used to support future application maintenance via regression testing.
11. A pretest meeting is held to assess the readiness of the application and
the environment and data to be tested. A test readiness document is created
to indicate the status of the entrance criteria of the release.
12. Approved Test Strategy Document.
14. Test tools, or automated test tools, if applicable.
15. Previously developed scripts, if applicable.
16. Test documentation problems uncovered as a result of testing.
17. A good understanding of software complexity and module path coverage,
derived from general and detailed design documents, e.g. software design
document, source code and software complexity data.
18. Approved documents of test scenarios, test cases, test conditions and
test data.
19.� Reports of software design issues, given to software developers for
correction.
Q74. How do you execute tests?
A: Execution of tests is completed by following the test documents in a
methodical manner. As each test procedure is performed, an entry is
recorded in a test execution log to note the execution of the procedure and
whether or not the test procedure uncovered any defects. Checkpoint
meetings are held throughout the execution phase. Checkpoint meetings are
held daily, if required, to address and discuss testing issues, status and
activities.
1. The output from theexecution of test procedures is known as test results.
Test results are evaluated by test engineers to determine whether the
expected results have been obtained. All discrepancies/anomalies are logged
and discussed with the software team lead, hardware test lead,
programmers, software engineers and documented for further investigation
and resolution. Every company has a different process for logging and
reporting bugs/defects uncovered during testing.
2. A pass/fail criteria is used to determine the severity of a problem, and
results are recorded in a test summary report. The severity of a problem,
found during system testing, is defined in accordance to the customer's risk
assessment and recorded in their selected tracking tool.
3. Proposed fixes are delivered to the testing environment, based on the
severity of the problem. Fixes are regression tested and flawless fixes are
migrated to a new baseline. Following completion of the test, members of the
test team prepare a summary report. The summary report is reviewed by the
Project Manager, Software QA Manager and/or Test Team Lead.
4. After a particular level of testing has been certified, it is the responsibility
of the Configuration Manager to coordinate the migration of the release
software components to the next test level, as documented in the
Configuration Management Plan. The software is only migrated to the
production environment after the Project Manager's formal acceptance.
5. The test team reviews test document problems identified during testing,
and update documents where appropriate.
6. Approved test documents, e.g. Test Plan, Test Cases, Test Procedures.
7. Test tools, including automated test tools, if applicable.
8. Developed scripts.
9. Changes to the design, i.e. Change Request Documents.
10. Test data.
11. Availability of the test team and project team.
12. General and Detailed Design Documents, i.e. Requirements Document,
Software Design Document.
13. A software that has been migrated to the test environment, i.e. unit
tested code, via the Configuration/Build Manager.
14. Test Readiness Document.
15. Document Updates.
16. Log and summary of the test results. Usually this is part of the Test
Report. This needs to be approved and signed-off with revised testing
deliverables.
17. Changes to the code, also known as test fixes. Test document problems
uncovered as a result of testing. Examples are Requirements document and
Design Document problems.
18. Reports on software design issues, given to software developers for
correction. Examples are bug reports on code issues.
19. Formal record of test incidents, usually part of problem tracking.
Base-lined package, also known as tested source and object code, ready for
migration to the next level.
Q75. What testing approaches can you tell me about?
A: Each of the followings represents a different testing approach:
1. Black box testing,
2. White box testing,
3. Unit testing,
4. Incremental testing,
5. Integration testing,
6. Functional testing,
7. System testing,
8. End-to-end testing,
9. Sanity testing,
10. Regression testing,
11. Acceptance testing,
12. Load testing,
13. Performance testing,
14. Usability testing,
15. Install/uninstall testing,
16. Recovery testing,
17. Security testing,
18. Compatibility testing,
19. Exploratory testing, ad-hoc testing,
20. User acceptance testing,
21. Comparison testing,
22. Alpha testing,
23. Beta testing, and
24. Mutation testing.
Q76. What is stress testing?
A: Stress testing is testing that investigates the behavior of software (and
hardware) under extraordinary operating conditions. For example, when a
web server is stress tested, testing aims to find out how many users can be
on-line, at the same time, without crashing the server. Stress testing tests
the stability of a given system or entity. It tests something beyond its normal
operational capacity, in order to observe any negative results. For example, a
web server is stress tested, using scripts, bots, and various denial of service
tools.
Q77. What is load testing?
A: Load testing simulates the expected usage of a software program, by
simulating multiple users that access the program's services concurrently.
Load testing is most useful and most relevant for multi-user systems,
client/server models, including web servers. For example, the load placed on
the system is increased above normal usage patterns, in order to test the
system's response at peak loads. You CAN learn load testing, with little or no
outside help. Get CAN get free information. Click on a link!
Q79. What is the difference between performance testing and load
testing?
A: Load testing is a blanket term that is used in many different ways across
the professional software testing community. The term, load testing, is often
used synonymously with stress testing, performance testing, reliability
testing, and volume testing. Load testing generally stops short of stress
testing. During stress testing, the load is so great that errors are the
expected results, though there is gray area in between stress testing and
load testing. You CAN learn testing, with little or no outside help. Get CAN
get free information. Click on a link!
Q80. What is the difference between reliability testing and load
testing?
load testing.
Q81. What is the difference between volume testing and load
testing?
load testing.
Q82. What is incremental testing?
A: Incremental testing is partial testing of an incomplete product. The goal of
incremental testing is to provide an early feedback to software developers.
Q83. What is software testing?
A: Software testing is a process that identifies the correctness, completenes,
and quality of software. Actually, testing cannot establish the correctness of
software. It can find defects, but cannot prove there are no defects. You CAN
learn software testing, with little or no outside help. Get CAN get free
information. Click on a link!
Q84. What is automated testing?
A: Automated testing is a formally specified and controlled method of formal
testing approach.
Q85. What is alpha testing?
A: Alpha testing is final testing before the software is released to the general
public. First, (and this is called the first phase of alpha testing), the software
is tested by in-house developers. They use either debugger software, or
hardware-assisted debuggers. The goal is to catch bugs quickly. Then, (and
this is called second stage of alpha testing), the software is handed over to
us, the software QA staff, for additional testing in an environment that is
similar to the intended use.
Q86. What is beta testing?
A: Following alpha testing, "beta versions" of the software are released to a
group of people, and limited public tests are performed, so that further
testing can ensure the product has few bugs. Other times, beta versions are
made available to the general public, in order to receive as much feedback as
possible. The goal is to benefit the maximum number of future users.
Q87. What is the difference between alpha and beta testing?
A: Alpha testing is performed by in-house developers and software QA
personnel. Beta testing is performed by the public, a few select prospective
customers, or the general public.
Q88. What is clear box testing?
A: Clear box testing is the same as white box testing. It is a testing approach
that examines the application's program structure, and derives test cases
from the application's program logic. You CAN learn clear box testing, with
little or no outside help. Get CAN get free information. Click on a link!
Q89. What is boundary value analysis?
A: Boundary value analysis is a technique for test data selection. A test
engineer chooses values that lie along data extremes. Boundary values
include maximum, minimum, just inside boundaries, just outside boundaries,
typical values, and error values. The expectation is that, if a systems works
correctly for these extreme or special values, then it will work correctly for all
values in between. An effective way to test code, is to exercise it at its
natural boundaries.
Q90. What is ad hoc testing?
A: Ad hoc testing is a testing approach; it is the least formal testing
approach.
Q91. What is gamma testing?
A: Gamma testing is testing of software that has all the required features,
but it did not go through all the in-house quality checks. Cynics tend to refer
to software releases as "gamma testing".
Q92. What is glass box testing?
A: Glass box testing is the same as white box testing. It is a testing approach
from the application's program logic.
Q93. What is open box testing?
A: Open box testing is same as white box testing. It is a testing approach
from the application's program logic.
Q94. What is black box testing?
A: Black box testing a type of testing that considers only externally visible
behavior. Black box testing considers neither the code itself, nor the "inner
workings" of the software. You CAN learn to do black box testing, with little
or no outside help. Get CAN get free information. Click on a link!
Q95. What is functional testing?
A: Functional testing is same as black box testing. Black box testing a type of
testing that considers only externally visible behavior. Black box testing
considers neither the code itself, nor the "inner workings" of the software.
Q96. What is closed box testing?
A: Closed box testing is same as black box testing. Black box testing a type
of testing that considers only externally visible behavior. Black box testing
considers neither the code itself, nor the "inner workings" of the software.
Q97. What is bottom-up testing?
A: Bottom-up testing is a technique for integration testing. A test engineer
creates and uses test drivers for components that have not yet been
developed, because, with bottom-up testing, low-level components are
tested first. The objective of bottom-up testing is to call low-level
components first, for testing
purposes.
Q98. What is software quality?
A: The quality of the software does vary widely from system to system.
Some common quality attributes are stability, usability, reliability, portability,
and maintainability. See quality standard ISO 9126 for more information on
this subject.
Q99. How do test case templates look like?
A: Software test cases are in a document that describes inputs, actions, or
events, and their expected results, in order to determine if all features of an
application are working correctly. Test case templates contain all particulars
of every test case. Often these templates are in the form of a table. One
example of this table is a 6-column table, where column 1 is the "Test Case
ID Number", column 2 is the "Test Case Name", column 3 is the "Test
Objective", column 4 is the "Test Conditions/Setup", column 5 is the "Input
Data Requirements/Steps", and column 6 is the "Expected Results". All
documents should be written to a certain standard and template. Standards
and templates maintain document uniformity. They also help in learning
where information is located, making it easier for users to find what they
want. Lastly, with standards and templates, information will not be
accidentally omitted from a document. You CAN learn to create test case
templates, with little or no outside help. Get CAN get free information.
Click on a link!
Q100. What is a software fault?
A: Software faults are hidden programming errors. Software faults are errors
in the correctness of the semantics of computer programs.
Q101. What is software failure?
A: Software failure occurs when the software does not do what the user
expects to see.
Q102. What is the difference between a software fault and a
software failure?
A: Software failure occurs when the software does not do what the user
expects to see. A software fault, on the other hand, is a hidden programming
error. A software fault becomes a software failure only when the exact
computation conditions are met, and the faulty portion of the code is
executed on the CPU. This can occur during normal usage. Or, when the
software is ported to a different hardware platform. Or, when the software is
ported to a different complier. Or, when the software gets extended.
Q103. What is a test engineer?
A: Test engineers are engineers who specialize in testing. We, test engineers,
create test cases, procedures, scripts and generate data. We execute test
procedures and scripts, analyze standards of measurements, evaluate results
of system/integration/regression testing.
Q104. What is the role of test engineers?
A: Test engineers speed up the work of the development staff, and reduce
the risk of your company's legal liability. We, test engineers, also give the
company the evidence that the software is correct and operates properly. We
also improve problem tracking and reporting, maximize the value of the
software, and the value of the devices that use it. We also assure the
successful launch of the product by discovering bugs and design flaws,
before...
users get discouraged, before shareholders loose their cool and before
employees get bogged down. We, test engineers help the work of software
development staff, so the development team can devote its time to build up
the product. We, test engineers also promote continual improvement. They
provide documentation required by FDA, FAA, other regulatory agencies, and
your customers. We, test engineers save your company money by
discovering defects EARLY in the design process, before failures occur in
production, or in the field. We save the reputation of your company by
discovering bugs and design flaws, before bugs and design flaws damage the
reputation of your company.
Q105. What is a QA engineer?
A: QA engineers are test engineers, but QA engineers do more than just
testing. Good QA engineers understand the entire software development
process and how it fits into the business approach and the goals of the
organization. Communication skills and the ability to understand various
sides of issues are important. We, QA engineers, are successful if people
listen to us, if people use our tests, if people think that we're useful, and if
we're happy doing our work. I would love to see QA departments staffed with
experienced software developers who coach development teams to write
better code. But I've never seen it. Instead of coaching, we, QA engineers,
tend to be process people.
Q106. What metrics are used for bug tracking?

A: Metrics that can be used for bug tracking include: total number of bugs,
total number of bugs that have been fixed, number of new bugs per week,
and number of fixes per week. Metrics for bug tracking can be used to
determine when to stop testing, e.g. when bug rate falls below a certain
level. You CAN learn to use defect tracking software, with little or no outside
help. Get CAN get free information. Click on a link!
Q107. What is role of the QA engineer?
A: The QA Engineer's function is to use the system much like real users
would, find all the bugs, find ways to replicate the bugs, submit bug reports
to the developers, and to provide feedback to the developers, i.e. tell them if
they've achieved the desired level of quality.
Q108. What are the responsibilities of a QA engineer?
A: Let's say, an engineer is hired for a small software company's QA role, and
there is no QA team. Should he take responsibility to set up a QA
infrastructure/process, testing and quality of the entire product? No, because
taking this responsibility is a classic trap that QA people get caught in. Why?
Because we QA engineers cannot assure quality. And because QA
departments cannot create quality. What we CAN do is to detect lack of
quality, and prevent low-quality products from going out the door. What is
the solution? We need to drop the QA label, and tell the developers, they are
responsible for the quality of their own work. The problem is, sometimes, as
soon as the developers learn that there is a test department, they will slack
off on their testing. We need to offer to help with quality assessment only.
Q109. What metrics can be used in software development?
A: Metrics refer to statistical process control. The idea of statistical process
control is a great one, but it has only a limited use in software development.
On the negative side, statistical process control works only with processes
that are sufficiently well defined AND unvaried, so that they can be analyzed
in terms of statistics. The problem is, most software development projects
are NOT sufficiently well defined and NOT sufficiently unvaried. On the
positive side, one CAN use statistics. Statistics are excellent tools that project
managers can use. Statistics can be used, for example, to determine when to
stop testing, i.e. test cases completed with certain percentage passed, or
when bug rate falls below a certain level. But, if these are project
management tools, why should we label them quality assurance tools?
Q110. How do you perform integration testing?
A: First, unit testing has to be completed. Upon completion of unit testing,
integration testing begins. Integration testing is black box testing. The
purpose of integration testing is to ensure distinct components of the
application still work in accordance to customer requirements. Test cases are
developed with the express purpose of exercising the interfaces between the
components. This activity is carried out by the test team. Integration testing
is considered complete, when actual results and expected results are either
in line or differences are explainable/acceptable based on client input. You
CAN learn to perform integration testing, with little or no outside help. Get
CAN get free information. Click on a link!
Q111. What is integration testing?

A: Integration testing is black box testing. The purpose of integration testing
is to ensure distinct components of the application still work in accordance to
customer requirements. Test cases are developed with the express purpose
of exercising the interfaces between the components. This activity is carried
out by the test team. Integration testing is considered complete, when actual
results and expected results are either in line or differences are
explainable/acceptable based on client input.
Q112. What metrics are used for test report generation?
A: Metrics refer to statistical process control. The idea of statistical process
control is a great one, but it has only a limited use in software development.
On the negative side, statistical process control works only with processes
that are sufficiently well defined AND unvaried, so that they can be analyzed
in terms of statistics. The problem is, most software development projects
are NOT sufficiently well defined and NOT sufficiently unvaried.
On the positive side, one CAN use statistics. Statistics are excellent tools that
project managers can use. Statistics can be used, for example, to determine
when to stop testing, i.e. test cases completed with certain percentage
passed, or when bug rate falls below a certain level. But, if these are project
management tools, why should we label them quality assurance tools?
The followings describe some of the metrics in quality assurance:
McCabe Metrics
1. Cyclomatic Complexity Metric (v(G)). Cyclomatic Complexity is a
measure of the complexity of a module's decision structure. It's the number
of linearly independent paths and therefore, the minimum number of paths
that should be tested.
2. Actual Complexity Metric (AC). Actual Complexity is the number of
independent paths traversed during testing.
3. Module Design Complexity Metric (iv(G)). Module Design Complexity
is the complexity of the design-reduced module, and reflects the complexity
of the module's calling patterns to its immediate subordinate modules. This
metric differentiates between modules that seriously complicate the design of
a program they are part of, and modules that simply contain complex
computational logic. It is the basis upon which program design and
integration complexities (S0 and S1) are calculated.
4. Essential Complexity Metric (ev(G)). Essential Complexity is a
measure of the degree to which a module contains unstructured constructs.
This metric measures the degree of structuredness and the quality of the
code. This metric is used to predict the required maintenance effort and to
help in the modularization process.
5. Pathological Complexity Metric (pv(G)). Pathological Complexity
Metric is a measure of the degree to which a module contains extremely
unstructured constructs.
6. Design Complexity Metric (S0). Design Complexity Metric measures the
amount of interaction between modules in a system.
7. Integration Complexity Metric (S1). Integration Complexity Metric
measures the amount of integration testing necessary to guard against
errors.
8. Object Integration Complexity Metric (OS1). Object Integration
Complexity Metric quantifies the number of tests necessary to fully integrate
an object or class into an OO system.
9. Global Data Complexity Metric (gdv(G)). Global Data Complexity
Metric quantifies the cyclomatic complexity of a module's structure as it
relates to global/parameter data. It can be no less than one and no more
than the cyclomatic complexity of the original flowgraph.
McCabe Data-Related Software Metrics
1. Data Complexity Metric (DV). Data Complexity Metric quantifies the
complexity of a module's structure as it relates to data-related variables. It is
the number of independent paths through data logic, and therefore, a
measure of the testing effort with respect to data-related variables.
2. Tested Data Complexity Metric (TDV). Tested Data Complexity Metric
quantifies the complexity of a module's structure as it relates to data-related
variables. It is the number of independent paths through data logic that have
been tested.
3. Data Reference Metric (DR). Data Reference Metric measures
references to data-related variables independently of control flow. It is the
total number of times that data-related variables are used in a module.
4. Tested Data Reference Metric (TDR). Tested Data Reference Metric is
the total number of tested references to data-related variables.
5. Maintenance Severity Metric (maint_severity). Maintenance Severity
Metric measures how difficult it is to maintain a module.
6. Data Reference Severity Metric (DR_severity). Data Reference
Severity Metric measures the level of data intensity within a module. It is an
indicator of high levels of data related code; therefore, a module is data
intense if it contains a large number of data-related variables.
7. Data Complexity Severity Metric (DV_severity). Data Complexity
Severity Metric measures the level of data density within a module. It is an
indicator of high levels of data logic in test paths, therefore, a module is data
dense if it contains data-related variables in a large proportion of its
structures.
8. Global Data Severity Metric (gdv_severity). Global Data Severity
Metric measures the potential impact of testing data-related basis paths
across modules. It is based on global data test paths.
McCabe Object-Oriented Software Metrics; Encapsulation
1. Percent Public Data (PCTPUB). PCTPUB is the percentage of public and
proteced data within a class.
2. Access to Public Data (PUBDATA) PUBDATA indicates the number of
accesses to public and protected data.
McCabe Object-Oriented Software Metrics; Polymorphism
1. Percent of Unoverloaded Calls (PCTCALL). PCTCALL is the number of
non-overloaded calls in a system.
2. Number of Roots (ROOTCNT). ROOTCNT is the total number of class
hierarchy roots within a program.
3. Fan-in (FANIN). FANIN is the number of classes from which a class is
derived.
McCabe Object-Oriented Software Metrics; Quality
1. Maximum v(G) (MAXV). MAXV is the maximum cyclomatic complexity
value for any single method within a class.
2. Maximum ev(G) (MAXEV). MAXEV is the maximum essential complexity
value for any single method within a class.
3. Hierarchy Quality(QUAL). QUAL counts the number of classes within a
system that are dependent upon their descendants.
Other Object-Oriented Software Metrics
1. Depth (DEPTH). Depth indicates at what level a class is located within its
class hierarchy.
2. Lack of Cohesion of Methods (LOCM). LOCM is a measure of how the
methods of a class interact with the data in a class.
3. Number of Children (NOC). NOC is the number of classes that are
derived directly from a specified class.
4. Response For a Class (RFC). RFC is a count of methods implemented
within a class plus the number of methods accessible to an object of this
class type due to inheritance.
5. Weighted Methods Per Class (WMC). WMC is a count of methods
implemented within a class.
Halstead Software Metrics
1. Program Length. Program length is the total number of operator
occurences and the total number of operand occurences.
2. Program Volume. Program volume is the minimum number of bits
required for coding the program.
3. Program Level and Program Difficulty. Program level and program
difficulty is a measure of how easily a program is comprehended.
4. Intelligent Content. Intelligent content shows the complexity of a given
algorithm independent of the language used to express the algorithm.
5. Programming Effort. Programming effort is the estimated mental effort
required to develop a program.
6. Error Estimate. Error estimate calculates the number of errors in a
program.
7. Programming Time. Programming time is the estimated amount of time
to implement an algorithm.
Line Count Software Metrics
1. Lines of Code
2. Lines of Comment
3. Lines of Mixed Code and Comments
4. Lines Left Blank
Q113. How do test plan templates look like?
A: The test plan document template helps to generate test plan documents
that describe the objectives, scope, approach and focus of a software testing
effort. Test document templates are often in the form of documents that are
divided into sections and subsections. One example of this template is a 4-
section document, where section 1 is the description of the "Test Objective",
section 2 is the the description of "Scope of Testing", section 3 is the the
description of the "Test Approach", and section 4 is the "Focus of the Testing
Effort". All documents should be written to a certain standard and template.
Standards and templates maintain document uniformity. They also help in
learning where information is located, making it easier for a user to find what
they want. With standards and templates, information will not be accidentally
omitted from a document. Once Rob Davis has learned and reviewed your
standards and templates, he will use them. He will also recommend
improvements and/or additions. A software pro
ject test plan is a document that describes the objectives, scope, approach
and focus of a software testing effort. The process of preparing a test plan is
a useful way to think through the efforts needed to validate the acceptability
of a software product. The completed document will help people outside the
test group understand the why and how of product validation. You CAN learn
to generate test plan templates, with little or no outside help. Get CAN get
free information. Click on a link!
Q114. What is a "bug life cycle"?
A: Bug life cycles are similar to software development life cycles. At any time
during the software development life cycle errors can be made during the
gathering of requirements, requirements analysis, functional design, internal
design, documentation planning, document preparation, coding, unit testing,
test planning, integration, testing, maintenance, updates, re-testing and
phase-out. Bug life cycle begins when a programmer, software developer, or
architect makes a mistake, creates an unintentional software defect, i.e. a
bug, and ends when the bug is fixed, and the bug is no longer in existence.
What should be done after a bug is found? When a bug is found, it needs to
be communicated and assigned to developers that can fix it. After the
problem is resolved, fixes should be re-tested. Additionally, determinations
should be made regarding requirements, software, hardware, safety impact,
etc., for regression testing to check the fixes didn't create other problems
elsewhere. If a problem-tracking system is in place, it should encapsulate
these determinations. A variety of commercial, problem-
tracking/management software tools are available. These tools, with the
detailed input of software test engineers, will give the team complete
information so developers can understand the bug, get an idea of its severity,
reproduce it and fix it.
Q115. When do you choose automated testing?
A: For larger projects, or ongoing long-term projects, automated testing can
be valuable. But for small projects, the time needed to learn and implement
the automated testing tools is usually not worthwhile. Automated testing
tools sometimes do not make testing easier. One problem with automated
testing tools is that if there are continual changes to the product being
tested, the recordings have to be changed so often, that it becomes a very
time-consuming task to continuously update the scripts. Another problem
with such tools is the interpretation of the results (screens, data, logs, etc.)
that can be a time-consuming task. You CAN learn to use automated tools,
with little or no outside help. Get CAN get free information. Click on a link!
Q116. What is the ratio of developers and testers?
A: This ratio is not a fixed one, but depends on what phase of the software
development life cycle the project is in. When a product is first conceived,
organized, and developed, this ratio tends to be 10:1, 5:1, or 3:1, i.e.
heavily in favor of developers. In sharp contrast, when the product is near
the end of the software development life cycle, this ratio tends to be 1:1, or
even 1:2, in favor of testers.
Q117. What is your role in your current organization?
A: I'm a Software QA Engineer. I use the system much like real users would.
I find all the bugs, find ways to replicate the bugs, submit bug reports to
developers, and provides feedback to the developers, i.e. tell them if they've
achieved the desired level of quality.
Q118. Should I take a course in manual testing?
A: Learning how to perform manual testing is an important part of one's
education. I see no reason why one should skip an important part of an
academic program.
Q119. How can I learn to use WinRunner, without any outside help?
A: I suggest you read all you can, and that includes reading product
description pamphlets, manuals, books, information on the Internet, and
whatever information you can lay your hands on. Then the next step is
getting some hands-on experience on how to use WinRunner. If there is a
will, there is a way! You CAN do it, if you put your mind to it! You CAN learn
to use WinRunner, with little or no outside help. Get CAN get free
information. Click on a link!
Q120. To learn to use WinRunner, should I sign up for a course at a
nearby educational institution?
A: The cheapest, or free, education is sometimes provided on the job, by an
employer, while one is getting paid to do a job that requires the use of
WinRunner and many other software testing tools. In lieu of a job, it is often
a good idea to sign up for courses at nearby educational institutions.
Classroom education, especially non-degree courses in local, community
colleges, tends to be cheap.
Q121. I don't have a lot of money. How can I become a good tester
with little or no cost to me?
A: The cheapest, or free, education is sometimes provided on the job, by an
employer, while one is getting paid to do a job that requires the use of
WinRunner and many other software testing tools.
Q122. What software tools are in demand these days?
A: The software tools currently in demand include LabView, LoadRunner,
Rational Tools, and Winrunner -- and especially the Loadrunner and Rational
Toolset -- but there are many others, depending on the end client, and their
needs, and preferences.
Q123. Which of these tools should I learn?
A: I suggest you learn the most popular software tools (i.e. LabView,
LoadRunner, Rational Tools, Winrunner, etc.) -- and you want to pay special
attention to LoadRunner and the Rational Toolset.
Q124. What are some of the software configuration management
tools?
A: Software configuration management tools include Rational ClearCase,
DOORS, PVCS, CVS; and there are many others. Rational ClearCase is a
popular software tool, made by Rational Software, for revision control of
source code. DOORS, or "Dynamic Object Oriented Requirements System", is
a requirements version control software tool. CVS, or "Concurrent Version
System", is a popular, open source version control system to keep track of
changes in documents associated with software projects. CVS enables
several, often distant, developers to work together on the same source code.
PVCS is a document version control tool, a competitor of SCCS. SCCS is an
original UNIX program, based on "diff". Diff is a UNIX command that
compares contents of two files. You CAN learn to use SCM tools, with little or
no outside help. Get CAN get free information. Click on a link!
Q125. What is software configuration management?
A: Software Configuration management (SCM) is the control, and the
recording of, changes that are made to the software and documentation
throughout the software development life cycle (SDLC). SCM covers the tools
and processes used to control, coordinate and track code, requirements,
documentation, problems, change requests, designs, tools, compilers,
libraries, patches, and changes made to them, and to keep track of who
makes the changes. Rob Davis has experience with a full range of CM tools
and concepts, and can easily adapt to an organization's software tool and
process needs.
Q126. What other roles are in testing?
A: Depending on the organization, the following roles are more or less
standard on most testing projects: Testers, Test Engineers, Test/QA Team
Leads, Test/QA Managers, System Administrators, Database Administrators,
Technical Analysts, Test Build Managers, and Test Configuration Managers.
Depending on the project, one person can and often wear more than one hat.
For instance, we Test Engineers often wear the hat of Technical Analyst, Test
Build Manager and Test Configuration Manager as well.
Q127. Which of these roles are the best and most popular?
A: As a yardstick of popularity, if we count the number of applicants and
resumes, Tester roles tend to be the most popular. Less popular roles are
roles of System Administrators, Test/QA Team Leads, and Test/QA Managers.
The "best" job is the job that makes YOU happy. The best job is the one that
works for YOU, using the skills, resources, and talents YOU have. To find the
best job, you need to experiment, and "play" different roles. Persistence,
combined with experimentation, will lead to success.
Q128. What's the difference between priority and severity?
A: "Priority" is associated with scheduling, and "severity" is associated with
standards. "Piority" means something is afforded or deserves prior attention;
a precedence established by order of importance (or urgency). "Severity" is
the state or quality of being severe; severe implies adherence to rigorous
standards or high principles and often suggests harshness; severe is marked
by or requires strict adherence to rigorous standards or high principles, e.g. a
severe code of behavior. The words priority and severity do come up in bug
tracking. A variety of commercial, problem-tracking/management software
tools are available. These tools, with the detailed input of software test
engineers, give the team complete information so developers can understand
the bug, get an idea of its 'severity', reproduce it and fix it. The fixes are
based on project 'priorities' and 'severity' of bugs. The 'severity' of a problem
is defined in accordance to the customer's risk assessment and recorded in
their selected tracking tool. A buggy software can 'severely' affect schedules,
which, in turn can lead to a reassessment and renegotiation of 'priorities'.
Q129. What's the difference between efficient and effective?
A: "Efficient" means having a high ratio of output to input; working or
producing with a minimum of waste. For example, "An efficient engine saves
gas". "Effective", on the other hand, means producing, or capable of
producing, an intended result, or having a striking effect. For example, "For
rapid long-distance transportation, the jet engine is more effective than a
witch's broomstick".
Q130. What is the difference between verification and validation?
A: Verification takes place before validation, and not vice versa. Verification
evaluates documents, plans, code, requirements, and specifications.
Validation, on the other hand, evaluates the product itself. The inputs of
verification are checklists, issues lists, walkthroughs and inspection meetings,
reviews and meetings. The input of validation, on the other hand, is the
actual testing of an actual product. The output of verification is a nearly
perfect set of documents, plans, specifications, and requirements document.
The output of validation, on the other hand, is a nearly perfect, actual
product.
Q131. What is documentation change management?
A: Documentation change management is part of configuration management
(CM). CM covers the tools and processes used to control, coordinate and
track code, requirements, documentation, problems, change requests,
designs, tools, compilers, libraries, patches, changes made to them and who
makes the changes. Rob Davis has had experience with a full range of CM
tools and concepts. Rob Davis can easily adapt to your software tool and
process needs.
Q132. What is up time?
A: Up time is the time period when a system is operational and in service. Up
time is the sum of busy time and idle time.
Q133. What is upwardly compatible software?
A: Upwardly compatible software is compatible with a later or more complex
version of itself. For example, an upwardly compatible software is able to
handle files created by a later version of itself.
Q134. What is upward compression?
A: In software design, upward compression means a form of
demodularization, in which a subordinate module is copied into the body of a
superior module.
Q135. What is usability?
A: Usability means ease of use; the ease with which a user can learn to
operate, prepare inputs for, and interpret outputs of a software product.
Q136. What is user documentation?
A: User documentation is a document that describes the way a software
product or system should be used to obtain the desired results.
Q137. What is a user manual?
A: User manual is a document that presents information necessary to employ
software or a system to obtain the desired results. Typically, what is
described are system and component capabilities, limitations, options,
permitted inputs, expected outputs, error messages, and special instructions.
Q138. What is the difference between user documentation and user

manual?
A: When a distinction is made between those who operate and use a
computer system for its intended purpose, a separate user documentation
and user manual is created. Operators get user documentation, and users
get user manuals.
Q139. What is user friendly software?
A: A computer program is user friendly, when it is designed with ease of use,
as one of the primary objectives of its design.
Q140. What is a user friendly document?
A: A document is user friendly, when it is designed with ease of use, as one
of the primary objectives of its design.
Q141. What is a user guide?
A: User guide is the same as the user manual. It is a document that presents
information necessary to employ a system or component to obtain the
desired results. Typically, what is described are system and component
capabilities, limitations, options, permitted inputs, expected outputs, error
messages, and special instructions.
Q142. What is user interface?
A: User interface is the interface between a human user and a computer
system. It enables the passage of information between a human user and
hardware or software components of a computer system.
Q143. What is a utility?
A: Utility is a software tool designed to perform some frequently used
support function. For example, a program to print files.
Q144. What is utilization?
A: Utilization is the ratio of time a system is busy, divided by the time it is
available. Uilization is a useful measure in evaluating computer performance.
Q145. What is V&V?
A: V&V is an acronym for verification and validation.
Q146. What is variable trace?
A: Variable trace is a record of the names and values of variables accessed
and changed during the execution of a computer program.
Q147. What is value trace?
A: Value trace is same as variable trace. It is a record of the names and
values of variables accessed and changed during the execution of a computer
program.
Q148. What is a variable?
A: Variables are data items whose values can change. For example:
"capacitor_voltage". There are local and global variables, and constants.
Q149. What is a variant?
A: Variants are versions of a program. Variants result from the application of
software diversity.
Q150. What is verification and validation (V&V)?
A: Verification and validation (V&V) is a process that helps to determine if the
software requirements are complete, correct; and if the software of each
development phase fulfills the requirements and conditions imposed by the
previos phase; and if the final software complies with the applicable software
requirements.
Q151. What is a software version?
A: A software version is an initial release (or re-release) of a software
associated with a complete compilation (or recompilation) of the software.
Q152. What is a document version?
A: A document version is an initial release (or complete a re-release) of a
document, as opposed to a revision resulting from issuing change pages to a
previous release.
Q153. What is VDD?
A: VDD is an acronym. It stands for "version description document".
Q154. What is a version description document (VDD)?
A: Version description document (VDD) is a document that accompanies and
identifies a given version of a software product. Typically the VDD includes a
description, and identification of the software, identification of changes
incorporated into this version, and installation and operating information
unique to this version of the software.
Q155. What is a vertical microinstruction?
A: A vertical microinstruction is a microinstruction that specifies one of a
sequence of operations needed to carry out a machine language instruction.
Vertical microinstructions are short, 12 to 24 bit instructions. They're called
vertical because they are normally listed vertically on a page. These 12 to 24
bit microinstructions instructions are required to carry out a single machine
language instruction. Besides vertical microinstructions, there are horizontal
as well as diagonal microinstructions as well.
Q156. What is a virtual address?
A: In virtual storage systems, virtual addresses are assigned to auxiliary
storage locations. They allow those location to be accessed as though they
were part of the main storage.
Q157. What is virtual memory?
A: Virtual memory relates to virtual storage. In virtual storage, portions of a
user's program and data are placed in auxiliary storage, and the operating
system automatically swaps them in and out of main storage as needed.
Q158. What is virtual storage?
A: Virtual storage is a storage allocation technique, in which auxiliary storage
can be addressed as though it was part of main storage. Portions of a user's
program and data are placed in auxiliary storage, and the operating system
automatically swaps them in and out of main storage as needed.
Q159. What is a waiver?
A: Waivers are authorizations to accept software that has been submitted for
inspection, found to depart from specified requirements, but is nevertheless
considered suitable for use "as is", or after rework by an approved method.
Q160. What is the waterfall model?
A: Waterfall is a model of the software development process in which the
concept phase, requirements phase, design phase, implementation phase,
test phase, installation phase, and checkout phase are performed in that
order, probably with overlap, but with little or no iteration.
Q161. What are the phases of the software development process?
A: The software development process consists of the concept phase,
requirements phase, design phase, implementation phase, test phase,
installation phase, and checkout phase.
Q162. What models are used in software development?
A: In software development process the following models are used: waterfall
model, incremental development model, rapid prototyping model, and spiral
model.
Q163. What is SDLC?
A: A: SDLC is an acronym. It stands for "software development life cycle".
Q164. Can you give me more information on software QA/testing,
from a tester's point of view?
A: Yes, I can. You can visit my web site, and on pages
www.robdavispe.com/free and www.robdavispe.com/free2 you can find
answers to many questions on software QA, documentation, and software
testing, from a tester's point of view. As to questions and answers that are
not on my web site now, please be patient, as I am going to add more
answers, as soon as time permits.
Q165. What is the difference between system testing and integration
testing?
A: System testing is high level testing, and integration testing is a lower level
testing. Integration testing is completed first, not the system testing. In
other words, upon completion of integration testing, system testing is
started, and not vice versa. For integration testing, test cases are developed
with the express purpose of exercising the interfaces between the
components. For system testing, on the other hand, the complete system is
configured in a controlled environment, and test cases are developed to
simulate real life scenarios that occur in a simulated real life test
environment. The purpose of integration testing is to ensure distinct
components of the application still work in accordance to customer
requirements. The purpose of system testing, on the other hand, is to
validate an application's accuracy and completeness in performing the
functions as designed, and to test all functions of the system that are
required in real life.
Q166. What are the parameters of performance testing?
A: The term 'performance testing' is often used synonymously with stress
testing, load testing, reliability testing, and volume testing. Performance
testing is a part of system testing, but it is also a distinct level of testing.
Performance testing verifies loads, volumes, and response times, as defined
by requirements.
Q167. What types of testing can you tell me about?
A: Each of the followings represents a different type of testing approach:
black box testing, white box testing, unit testing, incremental testing,
integration testing, functional testing, system testing, end-to-end testing,
sanity testing, regression testing, acceptance testing, load testing,
performance testing, usability testing, install/uninstall testing, recovery
testing, security testing, compatibility testing, exploratory testing, ad-hoc
testing, user acceptance testing, comparison testing, alpha testing, beta
testing, and mutation testing.
Q168. What is disaster recovery testing?
A: Disaster recovery testing is testing how well the system recovers from
disasters, crashes, hardware failures, or other catastrophic problems
Q169. How do you conduct peer reviews?
A: The peer review, sometimes called PDR, is a formal meeting, more
formalized than a walk-through, and typically consists of 3-10 people
including a test lead, task lead (the author of whatever is being reviewed),
and a facilitator (to make notes). The subject of the PDR is typically a code
block, release, feature, or document, e.g. requirements document or test
plan. The purpose of the PDR is to find problems and see what is missing, not
to fix anything. The result of the meeting should be documented in a written
report. Attendees should prepare for this type of meeting by reading through
documents, before the meeting starts; most problems are found during this
preparation. Preparation for PDRs is difficult, but is one of the most cost-
effective methods of ensuring quality, since bug prevention is more cost
effective than bug detection.
Q170. How do you check the security of your application?
A: To check the security of an application, we can use security/penetration
testing. Security/penetration testing is testing how well the system is
protected against unauthorized internal or external access, or willful damage.
This type of testing usually requires sophisticated testing techniques.
Q171. How do you test the password field?
A: To test the password field, we do boundary value testing.
Q172. When testing the password field, what is your focus?
A: When testing the password field, one needs to verify that passwords are
encrypted.
Q173. What stage of bug fixing is the most cost effective?
A: Bug prevention, i.e. inspections, PDRs, and walk-throughs, is more cost
effective than bug detection.
Q174. What is the objective of regression testing?
A: The objective of regression testing is to test that the fixes have not
created any other problems elsewhere. In other words, the objective is to
ensure the software has remained intact. A baseline set of data and scripts
are maintained and executed, to verify that changes introduced during the
release have not "undone" any previous code. Expected results from the
baseline are compared to results of the software under test. All discrepancies
are highlighted and accounted for, before testing proceeds to the next level.
Q175. What types of white box testing can you tell me about?
A: White box testing is a testing approach that examines the application's
program structure, and derives test cases from the application's program
logic. Clear box testing is a white box type of testing. Glass box testing is
also a white box type of testing. Open box testing is also a white box type of
testing.
Q176. What types of black box testing can you tell me about?
A: Black box testing is functional testing, not based on any knowledge of
internal software design or code. Black box testing is based on requirements
and functionality. Functional testing is also a black-box type of testing geared
to functional requirements of an application. System testing is also a black
box type of testing. Acceptance testing is also a black box type of testing.
Functional testing is also a black box type of testing. Closed box testing is
also a black box type of testing. Integration testing is also a black box type of
testing.
Q177. Is the regression testing performed manually?
A: It depends on the initial testing approach. If the initial testing approach is
manual testing, then, usually the regression testing is performed manually.
Conversely, if the initial testing approach is automated testing, then, usually
the regression testing is performed by automated testing.
Q178. Please give me others' FAQs on testing.

A: Visit my web site, and on pages www.robdavispe.com/free and
www.robdavispe.com/free2 you can find answers to the vast majority of
other testers' FAQs on testing, from a tester's point of view. As to questions
and answers that are not on my web site now, please be patient, as I am
going to add more FAQs, as soon as time permits.
Q179. Can you share with me your knowledge of software testing?
A: Surely I can. For my knowledge on software testing, visit my web site,
www.robdavispe.com/free and www.robdavispe.com/free2. As to knowledge
that is not on my web site at the moment, please be patient, as I am going
to add more answers, as soon as time permits.
Q180. How can I learn software testing?
A: I suggest you visit my web site, www.robdavispe.com/free and
www.robdavispe.com/free2, and you will find answers to most questions on
software testing. As to questions and answers that are not on my web site
now, please be patient, as I am going to add more answers, as soon as time
permits. I also suggest you get a job in software testing. Why? Because you
can get additional, usually free, education on the job, while you are getting
paid to do software testing. On the job you can use many software tools,
including Winrunner, LoadRunner, LabView, and Rational Toolset. The
selection of tools will depend on the end client, their needs, and preferences.
I also suggest you sign up for courses at nearby educational institutes.
Classroom education, especially non-degree courses in local community
colleges, tends to be highly cost effective.
Q181. What is your view of software QA/testing?
A: Software QA/testing is easy, if requirements are solid, clear, complete,
detailed, cohesive, attainable and testable, if schedules are realistic, and if
there is good communication. Software QA/testing is a piece of cake, if
project schedules are realistic, if adequate time is allowed for planning,
design, testing, bug fixing, re-testing, changes, and documentation. Software
QA/testing is easy, if testing is started early on, if fixes or changes are re-
tested, and if sufficient time is planned for both testing and bug fixing.
Software QA/testing is easy, if new features are avoided, if one is able to
stick to initial requirements as much as possible.
Q182. How can I be a good tester?
A: We, good testers, take the customers' point of view. We are tactful and
diplomatic. We have a "test to break" attitude, a strong desire for quality, an
attention to detail, and good communication skills, both oral and written.
Previous software development experience is also helpful as it provides a
deeper understanding of the software development process.
Q183. What is the difference between a software bug and software
defect?
A: A 'software bug' is a *nonspecific* term that means an inexplicable
defect, error, flaw, mistake, failure, fault, or unwanted behavior of a
computer program. Other terms, e.g. 'software defect' and 'software failure',
are *more specific*. While the term bug has been a part of engineering
jargon for many-many decades, there are many who believe the term 'bug'
was named after insects that used to cause malfunctions in
electromechanical computers.
Q184. How can I improve my career in software QA/testing?
A: Invest in your skills! Learn all you can! Visit my web site, and on
www.robdavispe.com/free and www.robdavispe.com/free2 you will find
answers to the vast majority of questions on testing, from software
QA/testers' point of view. Get additional education, on the job. Free
education is often provided by employers, while you are paid to do the job of
a tester. On the job, often you can use many software tools, including
WinRunner, LoadRunner, LabView, and Rational Toolset. Find an employer
whose needs and preferences are similar to yours. Get an education! Sign up
for courses at nearby educational institutes. Take classes! Classroom
education, especially non-degree courses in local community colleges, tends
to be inexpensive. Improve your attitude! Become the best software
QA/tester! Always strive to exceed the expectations of your customers!
Q185. How do you compare two files?
A: Use PVCS, SCCS, or "diff". PVCS is a document version control tool, a
competitor of SCCS. SCCS is an original UNIX program, based on "diff". Diff
is a UNIX utility that compares the difference between two text files.
Q186. What do we use for comparison?
A: Generally speaking, when we write a software program to compare files,
we compare two files, bit by bit. When we use "diff", a UNIX utility, we
compare the difference between two text files.
Q187. What is the reason we compare files?
A: Configuration management, revision control, requirement version control,
or document version control. Examples are Rational ClearCase, DOORS,
PVCS, and CVS. CVS, for example, enables several, often distant, developers
to work together on the same source code.
Q188. When is a process repeatable?
A: If we use detailed and well-written processes and procedures, we ensure
the correct steps are being executed. This facilitates a successful completion
of a task. This is a way we also ensure a process is repeatable.
Q189. What does a Test Strategy Document contain?
A: The test strategy document is a formal description of how a software
product will be tested. A test strategy is developed for all levels of testing, as
required. The test team analyzes the requirements, writes the test strategy
and reviews the plan with the project team. The test plan may include test
cases, conditions, the test environment, and a list of related tasks, pass/fail
criteria and risk assessment. Additional sections in the test strategy
document include: A description of the required hardware and software
components, including test tools. This information comes from the test
environment, including test tool data. A description of roles and
responsibilities of the resources required for the test and schedule
constraints. This information comes from man-hours and schedules. Testing
methodology. This is based on known standards. Functional and technical
requirements of the application. This information comes from
requirements,change request, technical, and functional design documents.
Requirements that the system cannot provide, e.g. system limitations.
Q190. What is test methodology?
A: One test methodology is a three-step process. Creating a test strategy,
Creating a test plan/design, and Executing tests. This methodology can be
used and molded to your organization's needs. Rob Davis believes that using
this methodology is important in the development and ongoing maintenance
of his customers' applications.
Q191. How can I start my career in Automated testing?
A: For one, I suggest you read all you can, and that includes reading product
description pamphlets, manuals, books, information on the Internet, and
whatever information you can lay your hands on. Two, get hands-on
experience on how to use automated testing tools. If there is a will, there is a
way! You CAN do it, if you put your mind to it! You CAN learn to use
WinRunner, and many other automated testing tools, with little or no outside
help. Click on a link!

FAQ'S of Software Testing: Q1. What Is Verification?

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FAQ'S of Software Testing: Q1. What Is Verification?

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FAQ'S Of Software Testing

In this section we go through the list of FAQ'S.

Q1. What is verification?

The purpose of a resume is to get you an interview. If the resume is getting

Q35. What is quality assurance?

4. Improve problem tracking and reporting;

Q64. What is a Test Build Manager?

Q106. What metrics are used for bug tracking?

Q111. What is integration testing?

Q138. What is the difference between user documentation and user

Q178. Please give me others' FAQs on testing.

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