i

ii

DIGITAL PRAYER CLOCK

MOHD BASRI BIN OTHMAN

A thesis submitted in fulfillment of the requirement for the award of degree of Bachelor of Engineering (Electrical - Control and Instrumentation)

Faculty of Electrical Engineering Universiti Teknologi Malaysia

APRIL 2010

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DEDICATION

Dedicated, in thankful appreciation for support, encouragement and understandings to my beloved mother and father.

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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

First and foremost, I would like to express my deepest gratitude to my supervisor, Associate Professor Zamani bin Md. Zain for the guidance, enthusiasm and motivation given throughout the progress of this project

I would also like to thank my parents for always be there to support me all the time and give me the courage and strength that are necessary for me to carry on with this project. Thanks for their encouragement, love and emotional supports that they had give to me.

ABSTRACT

At present, there are various types of electronics display devices used to display information. For example, a device that can display the right prayer time for a place. This project is designed to display the five Islamic prayer times, direction Qiblat, and also the date and current time to be a reference to the user. The procedure of operation is designed to be simple. That user have to set the date, time, longitude and latitude, and then prayer times will be displayed on the LCD display, together with the Qiblat displayed on the compass. The project is designed and developed using a microcontroller of the PIC 16F877A and is programmed using C language.

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ABSTRAK

Pada masa kini, terdapat pelbagai jenis alat paparan elektonik digunakan untuk memaparkan pelbagai maklumat. Sebagai contoh, suatu alat yang boleh memaparkan waktu solat yang tepat untuk sesuatu tempat. Projek ini direkabentuk untuk memaparkan lima waktu solat, arah Qiblat, dan juga alat untuk memaparkan jam dan tarikh untuk menjadi rujukan kepada pengguna. Cara penggunaannya adalah mudah sahaja, dengan hanya memasukkan tarikh, masa, longitude dan latitude, dan kemudiannya waktu solat akan dipaparkan pada LCD Display bersertakan arah Qiblat dipaparkan melalui compass. Projek ini direkabentuk dan dibangunkan menggunakan mikropengawal jenis PIC 16F877A dan diprogramkan menggunakan bahasa C.

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TABLE OF CONTENTS

CHAPTER

TITLE

PAGE

TITLE PAGE DECLARATION DEDICATION ACKNOWLEDGMENTS ABSTRACT (ENGLISH) ABTRACT (BAHASA MELAYU) TABLE OF CONTENTS LIST OF TABLES LIST OF FIGURES LIST OF SYMBOLS

i ii iii iv v vi vii x xi xiii

INTRODUCTION 1.1 Prayer (Solat)

1.1.1 Definition 1.1.2 Social aspect of Solat 1.1.3 Types of Solat 1.1.4 Times of Solat 1.1.5 Qiblat Direction 1.2 1.3

1 1 3 3 4 4 5 5

Objective Work Scope

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1.4

Problem Statements

II

CONCEPT AND THEORY 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 Introduction Dalil from A-Quran & Hadith on Prayer Time Definition of prayer times Calculation of Solat Times 2.4.1 2.4.2 2.4.3 Twilight Astronomical Measures Calculating Prayer Times 8 9 11 12 12 14 16

III

METHODOLOGY 3.1 3.2 3.3 3.4 Introduction Main Process Hardware Development Process Software Development Process 19 20 21 22

IV

HARDWARE DESIGN AND DEVELOPMENT 4.1 Hardware components 4.1.1 4.1.2 4.1.3 4.1.4
4.2

24 24 26 29
30

PIC 16F877A Microcontroller 2x 16 Characters LCD DS1307 Real Time Clock Chip (RTC)
SK40C PIC Start-Up Kit

Voltage regulator circuit Circuit Design

31 32

4.3

SOFTWARE DESIGN AND DEVELOPMENT 5.1 Programming Language 5.1.1 5.1.2 C programming Assembly language 34 34 35

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5.2

Software Development Environment 5.2.1 5.2.2 5.2.3 5.2.4 MPLAB IDE HI-TECH PICC-Lite Home Made Programmer Isis 7 Professional

35 36 37 38 38 39

5.3

Coding writing

VI

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 6.1 6.2 6.3 Results Programming Hardware 6.3.1 6.3.2 6.3.3 6.3.4 6.4 Power regulator circuit PIC Basic circuit
LCD Display circuit

42 43 43 44 45
46

RTC circuit

47 47

Problems and discussion

VII

CONCLUSION AND FURTHER WORKS 7.1 7.2 7.3 Introduction Strength and Weakness Suggestion for Future Work 49 50 51

REFERENCES

53

APPENDIX

55

LIST OF TABLES

TABLE NO.

TITLE

PAGE

4.1 4.2 4.3

LCD connection pins and function of each pin Parallel LCD Protocol LCD Command Bit function and value

27 28 29

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LIST OF FIGURES

FIGURE NO.

TITLE

PAGE

2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 3.1 3.2 4.1 4.2 4.3 4.4 4.5 4.6 4.7 4.8 5.1 5.2 5.3 6.1 6.2

Twilight Graph of Twilight illumination versus Solar Depression The Equation of Time The Declination of the Sun Flow chart Main Process LCD Display component requirements PIC 16F877A PIC16F877A pin configuration LCD Display DS1307
SK40C PIC Start-Up Kit

13 13 15 15 20 21 25 26 27 30
31

Voltage regulator circuit LCD Display circuit RTC Display circuit MPLAB IDE HI-TECH PICC-Lite Compilers Application windows Isis Professional The overall Digital Praying circuit Power Regulator circuit

31 32 33 36 37 39 44 45

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6.3 6.4 6.5

PIC Basic circuit LCD Display circuit RTC circuit

46 46 47

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LIST OF SYMBOLS

B L R H D T G

Latitude of place Longitude of place Reference longitude (i.e. TIME BAND x 15) Height above sea level in meters Declination angle of sun from celestial equator Equation of time Twilight angle

CHAPTER I

INTRODUCTION

This chapter discusses the structure of this project, the prerequisites and the importance in developing the device. These questions will be discussed in details in this chapter and the other chapters as we move on. The objectives of this thesis and a brief on some devices and appliances related will also be presented in this chapter.

1.1

Prayer (Solat)

1.1.1

Definition

Salat (Arabic:

; pl. alawt) is the name given to the formal prayer of Islam.

Its supreme importance for Muslims is indicated by its status as one of the obligations Five Pillars of Sunni Islam and of the Ten Practices of the Religion of Shi'a Islam. Solat

is a ritual prayer, having prescribed conditions, a prescribed procedure, and prescribed times.

Performing solat is obligatory on all Muslim adults. To perform valid solat, Muslims must be in a state of ritual purity, which is mainly achieved by ritual ablution according to prescribed procedures. The place of prayer should be clean. In a few cases where blood is leaving the body, solat is forbidden until a later time.

Solat consists of the repetition of two or more units of a prescribed sequence of actions and words. One complete sequence is known as a rak'ah. The number of obligatory (fard) rak'at varies according to the time of day or other circumstances requiring solat (such as Friday congregational prayers). Additions to the fard rak'at can be made, again in different multiples according to the circumstances. These are not required, but are considered meritorious. There are also dispensations from some or all of the prescribed actions for those who are physically unable to complete them. The prescribed words of the prayer remain obligatory.

Solat is prescribed at five periods of the day, which are measured according to the movement of the sun. These are: near dawn (Subuh), after the sun's noon (Zuhur), in the afternoon (Asar), just after sunset (Maghrib) and around nightfall (Isyak). (The Islamic day begins at sundown.) Under some circumstances prayers can be shortened or combined (according to prescribed procedures). Prayers can be missed in serious cases, but they should be made up later [13].

1.1.2

Social aspect of Solat

Solat has both individual and social aspects. Solat properly offered cleanses and expiates sins. Solat is a direct communication between the worshipper and Allah. The actions of qiyaam, sujuud, and rukuu are all direct actions of respect and reverence that the worshipper performs in front of the Creator. Solat in congregation or in the mosque has the social advantage of bringing people together in worship and to strengthen their brotherhood. The spirit of brotherhood and social organization is reflected in the requirement to straighten rows (saff), to stand shoulder- to-shoulder and to follow the imam.

1.1.3

Types of Solat

Some prayers are obligatory like the 5 daily prayers, (i.e. Subuh, Zuhur, Asar, Maghrib, and Isyak), Solat Jumaat, and Solat Jenazah. Many more are voluntary or supererogatory for example Solat Tahajjud, Solat Tarawih, Solat Eid, and Solat Witr. Some Solat is for special reasons for example the Solat of fear (Solat Khawf) and Solat Istikharah. Obligatory prayers have fixed times and the best of Ibadat is prayer in its time.

1.1.4

Times of Solat

Solat times are set in such a way that there is continuous communication with the Creator. There are times in which solat cannot be offered. Solat is not allowed at sunrise and sunset to avoid confusion with worshippers of the sun. The obligatory prayers need to be performed during specific time. Currently, astronomical theories based Quran and Hadith being used on deciding each time prayer [1].

When ye pass (Congregational) prayers, celebrate Allahs praises, standing, sitting down, or lying down on your sides; but when ye are free from danger, set up Regular Prayers: For such prayer are enjoined on believers at stated times.

(Surah al-Nisaa; 103)

1.1.5

Qiblat Direction

Qiblat are the direction of the Muslim to pray which is the direction of Kaabah. The direction of Qiblat moves which previously from Masjid al-Aqsa to Masjid Nabawi in Mekah. Astronomical theories and calculations based on Quran and Hadith are also being used to determine Qiblat direction for each place around the world [4].

We see the turning of thy face (for guidance) to the heavens: now Shall We turn thee to a Qiblat that shall please thee. Turn then Thy face in the direction of the sacred Mosque: Wherever ye are, turn your faces in that direction. The people of the Book know well that is the truth from their Lord. Nor is Allah unmindful of what they do.

(Surah a-Baqarah: 144)

1.2

Objective

The objective of this project is to assist Muslim in doing their prayers by developing a portable, real-time micro-controller based Prayer time and Qiblat finder device.

1.3

Work Scope

Scope and guidelines are listed to ensure the project is conducted within its intended boundary. This is to ensure the project is heading in the right direction to achieve its objectives.

The first scope of this project is to implement a device that can find time prayer and Qiblat direction using key-in implementation or Global Positioning System as an option.

Secondly, device is build based on a PIC16F877A microcontroller, a digital compass, keypads, LED and LCD Display. The Qiblat and the Prayer Time algorithm will be implemented on the EEPROM.

The development of the application is made using C programming, a high level language to communicate the software part and the hardware part. MPLAB IDE and HITECH C PRO, software from Microchip will be used in checking and compiling the algorithm before it is ready to be the PIC microcontroller.

1.4

Problem Statements

It is hard to determine the Qiblat direction and know the prayer time of each prayer. In the old days, people use stick and sees it shadow to know the prayer times and determine the Qiblat direction. Nowadays, researches and findings in astronomical help much in computing the prayer time and the direction of Qiblat automated.

There are certain applications in the websites that are available to the user to know Qiblat direction and prayer times. They have to insert information on current location, and the Qiblat and prayer information will be given. As the technologies grow,

various mobiles company gives prayer time and Qiblat direction services. The problem is that applications itself are not portable, self generated but rely on the service itself. Services from websites need the user to have Internet connections making it not practical for daily use.

People commute everyday, moving from one place to another and they need to know the time and right Qiblat direction in the current place they go. There are devices like Travelers Watch and Qiblat Finder that can help travelers by showing time and direction according to their latitude and longitude. The problem is these applications do not come from a single device. To determine the Qiblat and prayer time user needs two different devices.

Some people use prayer list or calendar to know the prayer time, and manual compass to know the direction of Qiblat. This method is quite cumbersome for travelers since a person has to know the latitude and longitude of the current location.

A device that can combine this two main function to solve problems when moving from a place to another is needed. This device is reliable, user friendly and easy to bring to any location.

CHAPTER II

CONCEPT AND THEORY

2.1

Introduction

The five Islamic prayers are Subuh, zuhur, Asar, Maghrib and Isyak. The timing of these five prayers varies from place to place and from day to day. It is obligatory for Muslims to perform these prayers at the correct time.

The prayer times for any given location on earth may be determined mathematically if the latitude and longitude of the location are known. However, the theoretical determination of prayer times is a lengthy process. Much of these difficulties may be alleviated by using computer programs [6].

2.2

Dalil from A-Quran & Hadith on Prayer Time

There are Quran is quotes [1] define the importance of performing prayer in the specific time and to be compulsory to follow the prayer time, (which means):

When ye have performed the act of worship, remembers Allah, standing, sitting and reclining. And when ye are in safety, observe proper worship. Worship at fixed times hath been enjoined on the believers.

(Surah An-Nisaa; ayat 103)

Therefore be patient with what they say, and celebrate (constantly) the praises of thy Lord, before the rising of the sun, and before its settling; yea, celebrate them for part of the hours of the night, and at the sides of the day: that thou mayest have (spiritual)

(Surah Toha; ayat 130)

Hadith is quotes [14] related that verify the prayer time which means: Ibn Abbas said, The Messenger of Allah, peace and blessings of Allah be on him, said:

Gabriel acted as imam for me twice in the (Sacred) House; so he said the Zuhur prayer with me when the sun had declined from the meridian and (the shadow) was the measure of a thong, and he said the Asar prayer with me when the shadow of everything was the like of it, and he said

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Maghrib prayer with me when one who fasts breaks the fast, and he said the Isyak prayer with me when redness in the horizon had disappeared, and he said the Subuh prayer with me when food and drink are prohibited to one who fasts. When it was the next day, he said with me the Zuhur prayer when the shadow (of a thing) was the like of it, and he said with me the Asar prayer when the shadow (of a thing) was its double, and he said with me the Maghrib prayer when one who fasts breaks the fast, and he said with me the Isyak prayer when one-third of the night had passed, and he said with me the Subuh prayer when the dawn was bright. Then he turned to me and said, O Muhammad! This is the time of the Prophets before thee, and the time is between these two times.

(AD., Tr-Msh. 4:1.)

This is a comprehensive Hadith relating to the times of prayer. It further shows that the mode of prayer, the rakahs and the time thereof were taught to the Holy Prophet by Divine revelation, as it was Gabriel who led the prayers and the Holy Prophet followed him. Gabriel pointed out the time-limits within which different prayers could be said. The different times thus are: Zuhur--when the sun begins to decline till Asar; Asar--when the sun is about midway on its course to setting till it begins to set; Maghrib--after the sun sets till the disappearance of the red glow in the west; Isyak after the disappearance of the red glow till midnight (as other Hadith show); Subuh after dawn till sunrise. Where the days are too short, the Zuhur and the Isyak may be combined (h. 6.). Where the days or nights extend over 24 hours, the times of prayer may be fixed in accordance with the times of work and rest. Thus the Morning Prayer may be said on rising from sleep, the Maghrib and the Isyak when going to bed, and the Zuhur and Asar in the middle of the days work.

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2.3

Definition of prayer times

Each prayer has to be performed in its specified time. To determine the exact time period for each prayer, we need to determine seven points of time per a day. The definition of each time based in Al-Quran and Hadith are as follows [7]:

SUBUH starts with the dawn or morning twilight. Subuh ends just before sunrise.

SUNRISE is the time at which the first part of the sun appears above the horizon.

ZUHUR begins after midday when the trailing limb of the sun has passed the meridian. For convenience, many published prayer timetables add five minutes to mid-day (zawal) to obtain the start of Zuhur. Zuhur ends at the start of Asar time.

The timing of ASAR depends on the length of the shadow cast by an object. According to the Shafi school of jurisprudence, Asar begins when the length of the shadow of an object exceeds the length of the object. According to the Hanafi school of jurisprudence, Asar begins when the length of the shadow exceeds TWICE the length of the object. In both cases, the minimum length of shadow (which occurs when the sun passes the meridian) is subtracted from the length of the shadow before comparing it with the length of the object.

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SUNSET is the time at which the sun disappears below the horizon.

MAGHRIB begins at sunset and ends at the start of Isyak.

ISYAK starts after dusk when the evening twilight disappears.

2.4

Calculation of Solat Times

2.4.1

Twilight

If the earth did not have an atmosphere, the sky would become dark immediately after sunset. The earth's atmosphere causes scattering of sunlight so that light reaches the observer before sunrise and after sunset. This scattered light is called twilight. After sunset, as the depression of the sun increases the sky gets darker and darker until no scattered light reaches the observer. Conversely, in the morning light starts to appear in the sky even before sunrise. The morning twilight is called dawn whilst the evening twilight is known as dusk [6].

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Figure 2.1:

Twilight [6]

In astronomy the twilight period is divided into civil, nautical and astronomical twilight corresponding to solar depressions of 6, 12 and 18 degrees respectively.

Figure 2.2:

Graph of Twilight illumination versus Solar Depression [6]

i.

Civil twilight - roughly equivalent to lighting up time. The brightest stars are visible and at sea the horizon is clearly visible.

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ii.

Nautical twilight - the horizon at sea ceases to be clearly visible and it is impossible to determine altitudes with reference to the horizon.

iii.

Astronomical twilight- when it is truly dark and no perceptible twilight remains.

2.4.2

Astronomical Measures

There are two astronomical measures that are essential for computing prayer times. These two measures are the equation of time and the declination of the Sun.

The equation of time is the difference between time as read from a sundial and a clock. It results from an apparent irregular movement of the Sun caused by a combination of the obliquity of the Earth's rotation axis and the eccentricity of its orbit. The sundial can be ahead (fast) by as much as 16 min 33 s (around November 3) or fall behind by as much as 14 min 6 s (around February 12) [7].

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Figure 2.3:

The Equation of Time [7]

The declination of the Sun is the angle between the rays of the sun and the plane of the earth equator. The declination of the Sun changes continuously throughout the year. This is a consequence of the Earth's tilt, i.e. the difference in its rotational and revolutionary axes.

Figure 2.4:

The Declination of the Sun [7]

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2.4.3

Calculating Prayer Times

To calculate the prayer times for a given location, we need to know the latitude (L) and the longitude (Lng) of the location, along with the local Time Zone for that location. We also obtain the equation of time (EqT) and the declination of the Sun (D) for a given date using the algorithm mentioned in the previous section.

Declination is the angular distance between a celestial object and the celestial equator. The Declination and the Right Ascension are used together to give the position of a star with reference to the celestial equator and the vernal equinox respectively.

The equation of time is a correction to be added to apparent solar time, as read on a sundial, to obtain means solar time, as commonly used. This difference is a consequence of the elasticity and tilt of the Earth's orbit, causing the irregular apparent movement of the Sun across the sky.

D and T vary according to the time of year and can be obtained accurately from The Star Almanac or calculated approximately.

The Equations to calculate the prayer times [6]:

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.2

.3

.4

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Where: B= latitude of place L= longitude of place R= reference longitude (i.e. TIME BAND x 15) H= height above sea level in meters D= declination angle of sun from celestial equator (-ve in southern hemisphere) T= equation of time G= twilight angle

Fajr /Subuh= Z-V Sunrise = Z-U Zuhur = Z Asar1 (Shafi) = Z+W Asar2 (Hanafi) = Z+X Maghrib/Sunset = Z+U Isyak = Z+V

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The algorithms to calculate T and D are not shown here. Zuhur time is calculated using equation 1. The time for sunrise and sunset/ Maghrib may be calculated by subtracting or adding 'U'(obtained from equation 2) to the Zuhur time respectively.

Subuh and Isyak times may be calculated by subtracting or adding 'V' (obtained from equation 3) to the Zuhur time respectively. The term G (twilight angle) in equation 3 is usually set to 18 degrees. For a location with extreme latitude, days in summer may be so long that twilight persists between sunset and the next sunrise. Under these circumstances, 'V' is undefined and Subuh and Isyak have to be determined using agreed principles of Fiqh.

The start of Asar time (Shafi) may be obtained by adding 'W' (obtained from equation 4) to Zuhur; Asar time (Hanafi) is calculated by adding 'X' (obtained from equation 5) to Zuhur.

Zuhur, Asar (Shafi and Hanafi) and Maghrib times may be calculated unambiguously. Subuh and Isyak times depend on twilight and require the adoption of a suitable twilight angle. Generally, a twilight angle of 18 degrees may represent a safe upper limit although opinions and practices vary. In locations at higher latitude, twilight may persist throughout the night during some months of the year - here alternative methods such as 1/7th night rule must be used to calculate Subuh/Isyak times [6].

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CHAPTER III

METHODOLOGY

3.1

Introduction

Methodology is an organized, documented set of procedures and guidelines for one or more phases of the project that is analysis or design. This methodology include a flow chart notation for documenting the results of the procedure; a step-by-step approach for carrying out the procedure; and an objective (ideally quantified) set of criteria for determining whether the results of the procedure are of acceptable quality.

Firstly, I studies the specification for Digital Prayer Clock. This project is to show Prayer time, Qiblat direction, and the clock and date. The prayer time and Qiblat direction for any given location on earth will determine mathematically with insert the value of latitude and longitude of the location and the date. After that, the prayer time and Qiblat direction will appear on the LCD screen. In addition a device to display clock and date is also designed as a guide and reference to the user. For this project I using

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controller PIC 16F877A to controller the whole of the system these Digital Prayer Clock.

3.2

Main Process

Literature Review Select device

Design and Implement Hardware

Software programming

Testing Troubleshoot and repair bugs Error

Verification

End Product (Digital Praying Clock)

Figure 3.1:

Flow chart Main Process

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Figure 3.1 shows the main process of the Digital Praying Clock device. Literature reviews are done to study all devices related followed by selecting device needed. The components that are selected were based on its features and cost.

Prototype Board is used in designing and implementing the hardware before programming the codes in software. Testing and verifications need to be carried out to ensure the results are reliable and achieves the objective of the project.

3.3

Hardware Development Process

The development process of the hardware was done designed using PIC16F877A Microcontroller as the controller to control all the system Digital Praying Clock. Then the circuit of 2x16 Character LCD is use to display prayer time, clock and date. The compass is use to show the direction of Qiblat.

Figure 3.2:

LCD Display component requirements [10]

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3.4

Software Development Process

The development process of the software was done using The Spiral Model. The model originally proposed by Boehm [BOE88] is an evolutionary software process model that couples the iterative nature of prototyping with the controlled and systematic aspects of the linear sequential model. A Spiral Model is divided into a number of framework activities also called as task regions. In this project, the model is divided to four main phase and consist of 6 task regions. The developing phases are as follows:

Phase 1: Conceptualization and Planning Phase This phase is where the planning of the project is done. The specifications that are being taken are the main objective, the project scope, time frame of the development process and sources needed in accomplishing the projects.

Phase 2: Development process After deciding the concept and prerequisites of the projects, this implementation phase is done. The software design was carried out by coding the program and this phase is very time consuming.

Phase 3: Troubleshooting The software and the hardware are implemented together. Debugging is carried out to overcome any logical flaws in algorithm implementation.

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Phase 4: Testing and verification Testing and verification have to be made to ensure the software is reliable. Data comparisons with the standard output from other sources are applied.

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CHAPTER IV

HARDWARE DESIGN AND DEVELOPMENT

4.1

Hardware components

4.1.1

PIC 16F877A Microcontroller

PIC 16F877A microcontroller produced by Microhip was chosen as the processor unit to control operations and the operations of the project. This powerful (200 nanosecond instruction execution) yet easy-to-program (only 35 single word instructions) CMOS FLASH-based 8-bit microcontroller packs Microchip's powerful PIC architecture into an 40- or 44-pin package and is upwards compatible with the PIC16C5X, PIC12CXXX and PIC16C7X devices. Features of the device [10]:

256 bytes of EEPROM data memory Self programming 2 Comparators

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8 channels of 10-bit Analog-to-Digital (A/D) converter Capture/compare/PWM functions Synchronous serial port can be configured as either 3-wire Serial Peripheral Interface (SPI) or the 2-wire Inter-Integrated Circuit (IC) bus

Universal Asynchronous Receiver Transmitter (UART).

All of these features make it ideal for more advanced level A/D applications in automotive, industrial, appliances and consumer applications.

Figure 4.1:

PIC 16F877A

Figure 4.1 shows the real picture PIC 16F877A microcontroller. It has a 40 pin output.

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Figure 4.2:

PIC16F877A pin configuration

Figure 4.2 show pin configurations produce PIC 16F877A microcontroller.

4.1.2

2x 16 Characters LCD

2x16 Character LCD is the most common message display device to display any alphabet and numerical characters. By using the SK40C, user is able to complete the circuit for this project easily.

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Figure 4.3:

LCD Display [10]

Table 4.1:

LCD connection pin and function of each pin [10]

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User can control the LCD using either with 8 pins (8- bit interface) or 4 pins (4bit interface), depending on the I/O pins users have. For 16F877A which has 33 I/O pins, there should be no problem in using the 8-bit interface which is much easier. The pin 15 and 16 is for LCD backlight which is optional for you whether you want the light to be switched on. FYI, switching on the backlight of LCD will cause your battery to dry up rapidly. The 3rd pin (VEE) needs to be connected to a variable resistor to control the LCD contrast, while the R/W (read or write) pin is connected to the ground. R/S and E are connected to RD2 and RD3 to your PIC respectively. For data communication pins, D0-D7 (8- bit) is connected directly to RB0-RB7 of your PIC [10].

Table 4.2:

Parallel LCD Protocol [10]

Before display any numeric or alphabet, some initialize of LCD is needed. Table 4.1 is LCD protocol/functions which is need to initiate before use LCD and table 2 is LCD command bit function and the value. Users need both tables to initiate LCD display.

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Table 4.3:

LCD Command Bit function and value [10]

To initiate LCD, R/S must be set to 0 as a command. R/S is set to 1 to write a character to LCD display. User will initiate LCD display in program with refer to Table 4.1 and Table 4.2.

4.1.3

DS1307 Real Time Clock Chip (RTC)

RTC is to develop a clock/calendar system. DS1307 will provide the information of seconds, minutes, hours, day, date, month and year. This information will be read by the PIC 16F877A and displayed on LCD.

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Figure 4.4:

DS1307

The DS1307 serial real-time clock (RTC) is a low power, full binary-coded decimal (BCD) clock/calendar plus 56 bytes of NV SRAM chip. Address and data are transferred serially through an I2C, bidirectional bus. The clock/calendar provides seconds, minutes, hours, day, date, month, and year information. The end of the month date is automatically adjusted for months with fewer than 31 days, including corrections for leap year. The clock operates in either the 24-hour or 12-hour format with AM/PM indicator. The DS1307 has a built-in power-sense circuit that detects power failures and automatically switches to the backup supply. Timekeeping operation continues while the part operates from the backup supply [11].

4.1.4

SK40C PIC Start-Up Kit

SK40C is enhanced version of SK40B. It is designed to offer an easy to start board for PIC MCU user. This board comes with basic element for user to begin project development. It offer plug and use features. Users are able to utilize the function of PIC by directly plugging in the I/O components in whatever way that is convenient to user.

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This kit comes without PIC microcontroller to provide the freedom for user to choose PIC type.

Figure 4.5:

SK40C PIC Start-Up Kit [11]

4.2

Voltage regulator circuit

Figure 4.6:

Voltage regulator circuit

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User can choose either to use the AC to DC adaptor or 9V-12V battery to power up the circuit. Higher input voltage will produce more heat at LM7805 voltage regulator. For PIC16F877A, it requires a voltage of 5V to enable it to enter the work; if the input voltage exceeds 5V PIC will be destroyed. Thus, a 5V voltage regulator circuit is required.

4.3

Circuit Design

I use Proteus 7 Professional software to design the circuit LDC display, power regulator and RTC. Figure 4.8 and 4.9 shows the circuit designed by using Proteus 7 Professional.

Figure 4.7:

LCD Display circuit

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Figure 4.8:

RTC Display circuit

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CHAPTER V

SOFTWARE DESIGN AND DEVELOPMENT

5.1

Programming Language

5.1.1

C programming

The software part presented will be in C high-level language. C programming actually provides more convenience for new users by minimizing the need to understand the detail architecture of the microcontroller itself (data maps, file registers) and stresses more on the programming algorithms. This mean that C programming can help the user to focus on thinking how to make a functional routine to run the code smoothly rather then spend time thinking of where to put the data and code.

With C high-level programming, users will only need to know how to write the codes rather than to knowing how the microcontroller executes codes to desired result. Though it is inevitable that it is still a need to understand the architectural structures of

35

registers and data file of the microcontroller, users can make use the structure of C programming language to spare more time by studying the codes for the LCD, compass, microcontroller and way to integrate them together.

5.1.2

Assembly language

Apart from the complexity of assembly code, assembly language is important in microcontroller programming where it enable users to monitor every aspect of the program. Another advantage of assembly language is the available resource on the Internet where one can just download most of demo and example code in this language format. The downside of C language code is that the size compiled is usually longer than assembly language.

5.2

Software Development Environment

The software developing process needs to be run by using certain software. List of software such as Microchip MPLAB IDE, HI-TECH PICC-Lite, Home Made Programmer and ISIS 7 Professional are implemented in this project.

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5.2.1

MPLAB IDE

MPLAB Integrated Development Environment (IDE) is a comprehensive editor, project manager and design desktop for application development of embedded designs using Microchip PICmicro and dsPIC microcontrollers. It is a free product of Microchip Inc. and is an effort to make source code development as smooth and comprehensive as possible. It is called an Integrated Development Environment, or IDE, because it provides a single integrated environment to develop code for embedded microcontrollers. MPLAB IDE provides a good platform for other compiler language tools to be integrated. MPLAB C17, MPLAB C18 and MPLAB C30 from microchip provide fully integrated, optimized code [15].

Figure 5.1:

MPLAB IDE

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5.2.2

HI-TECH PICC-Lite

HI-TECH Software is the third party compilers for PIC10/12/16 and PIC18, dsPIC, PIC24 and PIC32 devices. It is the only compiler vendor with comprehensive support for all PIC10/12/14/16/17/18/24/32 MCUs, plus the dsPIC Digital Signal Controllers. HI-TECH Software has teamed with Microchip Technology Inc. for over a decade. It is a world class provider of ANSI C compilers: many featuring Omniscient Code GenerationTM (OCG) a whole-program compilation technology. The Lite mode has OCG optimizations disengaged, and is ideal for entry level students and hobbyists. The HI-TECH PICC-Lite version 9.60PL1 compiler is comes together with the installer of MPLAB V8.10 [16].

Figure 5.2: 5.2.3 Home Made Programmer

HI-TECH PICC-Lite Compilers

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Home Made Programmer is used to introduce (burn) a program that was written in MPLAB IDE software into the PIC microcontroller. PIC microcontroller with a 18, 28, 40 pin products can burn with this circuit. However, it requires an interface to allow programs written in PIC microcontroller. Interface or software required is PIC Start-up Kit SK40C.

5.2.4

Isis 7 Professional

Isis 7 Professional provides an environment or atmosphere for Proteus 7 Professional, a revolutionary interactive system level simulator. This software combines simulation of mixed mode circuits, microcontroller models and interactive components model allows simulation flag design a complete microcontroller-based.

Isis provides a space for entering a circuit design on a location, the architecture for real-time interactive simulation and management of resources and the object code associated with each project. In addition, some of the graphic objects can be placed on the schematic to simulate the conventional and variable frequency oscillation implemented. Figure 5.3 shows the application window Isis Professional

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Figure 5.3:

Application windows Isis Professional

5.3

Coding writing

I use the C programming language to write the codes for my project. This coding is written using MPLAB IDE, written after coding is complete, it will compile using HITECH PICC-Lite with the according number of steps have been given. Among the steps are as follows:

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Part I: Using PICC Lite

1. To use the compiler and write our code in C, we will still be using MPLAB IDE. Open the MPLAB Integrated Development Environment.

2. We will start a new project using the project wizard, just as in the past.

3. Specify the device you will be using, making sure it is one of the devices supported by PICC Lite Compiler.

4. This time, when you must select a tool-suite, choose Hi-Tech PICC Toolsuite from the drop down menu. Then set up the directories and project name. If the assembler, linker and compiler are not selected, browse to location C:\PICCLite\Bin\PICL.exe.

5. Then create a Project and Directory just as youve done with the Assembly Language version.

6. Click NEXT brings up this window, but there is nothing to add.

7. After that select Finish in Summary window and verify project parameters. Go to File and select NEW; open a window untitled.

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8. Then create a new blank file and save it in your project directory with a .c extension.

9. Then add this file to your project Source Files. By adding the .c extension, MPLAB automatically uses C syntax for editing in the IDE. Right click on source file and select Add Files as shown in the following window.

Part 2: Setting up the Microcontroller Some Code

1. Open the blank file youve created, cprog.c, and the first line of code to add to your blank page is:

2. Navigate to the Hi-Tech directory and look at this include file. It basically sets up all the definitions for the particular chip you are using, similar to the 16F877 Inc file we used in assembly.

3. Next, we will add our main program body. Everything in PICC is just like ANSI C. Just like in our assembly programs, we must set up all of the registers associated with our device - only in C, it is much easier. To set up the configuration bits, just select the CONFIGURATION Pull-Down Menu and set the configuration you want.

4. To verify that the device youve selected is supported by the compiler, go to the PROJECTS pull-down menu and select BUILD ALL.

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CHAPTER VI

RESULT AND DISCUSSION

6.1

Results

After implementing this project, the results of this project is divided into two parts, namely the:

i. ii.

Programming Hardware

The part of programming was taken to long time to write, there have many problem and error to solve. This programming is very long and complicated. After the completion of writing the program, it needs to compile by using software that support the PIC 16F877A.

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6.2

Programming

Program written in C language and designed using MPLAB IDE to program the PIC 16F877A microcontroller to display the prayer time and Qiblat direction based on longitude and latitude that have been included. Five hours of prayer times that is Subuh, Zuhur, Asar, Maghrib and Isyak will be displayed using an LCD Display and the Qiblat will appear with the number of degrees from the North.

In addition, a circuit to show clock and date was created using the Real Time Clock (RTC), the language used is C language. This circuit was designed by using Proteus software.

6.3

Hardware

The time taken to make the hardware is not too long, the circuit which is LCD Display circuit, Power regulator circuit, PIC Basic circuit, RTC circuit, Compass circuit, and key-pad.

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Figure 6.1 shows the overall hardware of this project.

Figure 6.1:

The overall Digital Praying circuit

6.3.1

Power Regulator circuit

This circuit serves to divide the supply voltage of the modifier (adaptor) to the circuit up PIC and other circuits.

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Figure 6.2:

Power Regulator circuit

6.3.2

PIC Basic circuit

This circuit functions to switch the PIC microcontroller. The circuit is built separately from the LCD Display circuit. Terminal (port) output circuit is connected to the LCD Display using a cable.

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Figure 6.3:

PIC Basic circuit

6.3.3

LCD Display circuit

This circuit functions to display the prayer times, clock and the date. This circuit will be connected to the PIC 16F877A circuit.

Figure 6.4

LCD Display circuit

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6.3.4

RTC circuit

This circuit functions as a tool that calculates the hours and dates, then it will be connected to the PIC and the LCD display to show the clock and date.

Figure 6.5:

RTC circuit

6.4

Problems and discussion

While developing the application design, several difficulties and mistakes were countered. The project required research and troubleshooting at hardware and software part. These are:

48

i.

Algorithm

Qiblat finding algorithm and prayer time algorithm are the main key in creating the device. Selection have to be made in selecting the most suitable algorithm as there are many theories in finding the Qiblat and Time Prayer. The algorithms need to be verified by comparing it with the current data using C programming. This is to ensure its reliability and consistency.

ii.

LCD

Studying the LCD takes most of the time. The display protocols, initial port setting and programming to control the display need to be learned and practice before it can implemented into the project.

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CHAPTER VII

CONCLUSION AND FURTHER WORK

7.1

Introduction

This thesis discusses the development of Digital Praying Clock implemented using microcontroller PIC 16F877A and C programming.

The Digital Praying Clock device was developed. The objective of this project to create an integrated portable device which is reliable, user friendly and can assist people in doing their prayer has been achieved.

This chapter discusses about the problems faced during implementation of this project. Conclusions are made to state out the strength and weakness of the project. Lastly, recommendation for future works and are proposed.

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7.2

Strength and Weakness

This project offers simple and efficient way to find the prayer time and knowing the direction of Qiblat. The portable and automated design make it as a device that be used in any places. Most of other devices have only one of these functions and it is not portable, bulky and some needs Internet connection to get this service.

The user friendly interface and simple instruction will help people in getting fast result in any place at any time without having using other resources. This device not only can show the Qiblat direction but it also can determine the North direction and can be used in camping or orienteering activities. This Digital Praying Clock uses only 9V battery will make it as a daily use device that can assist people in doing Prayer and finding direction.

The weakness of this device is the date, time and current location have to be inserted manually by the user every time to operate the system. The device is also sensitive to any other electrical devices at it will affect the compass reading in determining the Qiblat and North direction. The recommendation part will discuss on how to improve the weakness and ways to make the device better.

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7.3

Suggestion for Future Work

The development of Digital Praying Clock can be improved to a more advanced and better application in the future. For future improvement, several suggestions are proposed:

i.

Every day, at a certain time, the Qiblat can be determined from the sun, either by facing it or by facing the shadow from it, or else there is a time when Qiblat would be 90 degrees left or right of the sun. This time can be calculated for everyday for any desired location. This is the most accurate method. The compass, cannot tell the True North, because its needle points to Magnetic North, and there is no way to know exactly how many degrees it is away from True North. Estimated values of the difference between True North and Magnetic North can be used but they can have errors, because magnetic field is not only changing continuously, but also can be erratic due to other physical changes present inside the earth. Moreover, the presence of other magnetic fields or metallic objects can deflect compass needle pointing in the wrong direction.

ii.

By using the Global Positioning System (GPS), date, time, longitude and latitude can be set automatically by connecting GPS with the DB9 connector and interface with RS232to the PIC Microcontroller.

iii.

Better Hardware design, the device can be made smaller by using printed board. It is smaller (pocket size) and easier to bring the device anywhere.

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iv.

Add function, this device can be multipurpose device, not only determining the Qiblat and prayer time, but it can also shows Hijriah Calendar and launched the azar.

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REFERENCES

1.

Azlina Bte. Lot, Perhitungan waktu solat secara berkomputer, Thesis UTM, 2001.

2. 3.

Robert L.Floyd, Digital Fundamental, seventh Edition, 2000. Robert L.Boylestad dan Louis Nashelsky, Electronic Devices and Circuit Theory, Eight Edition, 2002.

4.

Hayatuddin B. Zokry, Paparan waktu solat menggunakan MCH68HC11, Thesis UTM, 2003.

5. 6.

JumAdil bin Ambo, Jam Solat Digital, Thesis UTM, Mei 2007. Dr. Monzur Ahmed, The Determination of Salat Times, http://www.ummah.com/astronomy/saltime/#7.%20Calculation, 1996/1999.

7.

Hamid Zarrabi-Zadeh, Prayer Times Calculation, http://tanzil.info/praytime/doc/calculation/, 2007-2010.

8.

Dr. Mohammad Ilyas; A Modern Guide to Astronomical Calculations of Islamic Calendar, Times & Qibla; Berita Publishing Sdn Bhd., Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia, 1984.

9.

Dr. Mohammad Ilyas; Astronomy of Islamic Times for the Twenty-first Century, Mansell, London 1989.

10.

Cytron Technologies Sdn. Bhd., PR3 LCD Display,

http://www.cytron.com.my/viewProduct.php?pid=MiQZHjoYCjk5BTIkKA0fKbF 6NIsl2e9bhrE6Lo8PNcw=&store, May 2009.

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11.

Cytron Technologies Sdn. Bhd., Display Real Time Clock (RTC) On LCD,

http://www.cytron.com.my/viewProduct.php?pid=EAo4Mh0xEQsqEzAxLi8yKqD /6h4wOeifVdvOuCrCnwY=&store, Aug 2008. 12. 13. 14. 15. http://picnote.blogspot.com/search/label/PIC16F877a http://www.answers.com/topic/salah http://aaiil.org/text/had/manhad/ch9had.shtml Microchip Technology Inc, MPLAB IDE v6.xx Quick Start Guide, http://www.microchip.com/stellent/idcplg?IdcService=SS_GET_PAGE&nodeId=1 406&dDocName=en019469&part=SW007002, 2003. 16. Hi-Techs PICC , Tutorial on C Compiler, http://www.microchip.com/stellent/idcplg?IdcService=SS_GET_PAGE&nodeId=1 406&dDocName=en542849, 16 April 2008.

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APPENDIX

//SOURCE CODE DS1307 RTC Ineterfacing with PIC16F877A //Coded by Mohd basri Othman //20/02/2010

unsigned short read_ds1307(unsigned short address ); unsigned short sec; unsigned short minute; unsigned short hour; unsigned short day; unsigned short date; unsigned short month; unsigned short year; unsigned short data; char time[9]; char ddate[11];

unsigned char BCD2UpperCh(unsigned char bcd); unsigned char BCD2LowerCh(unsigned char bcd);

void main(){

I2C_Init(100000); //DS1307 I2C is running at 100KHz PORTB = 0; TRISB = 0; // Configure PORTB as output

56

TRISC = 0xFF; Lcd_Init(&PORTB); // Initialize LCD connected to PORTB Lcd_Cmd(Lcd_CLEAR); // Clear display Lcd_Cmd(Lcd_CURSOR_OFF); // Turn cursor off Lcd_Out(1, 1, "TIME:"); Lcd_Out(2, 1, "DATE:");

while(1) { sec=read_ds1307(0); // read second minute=read_ds1307(1); // read minute hour=read_ds1307(2); // read hour day=read_ds1307(3); // read day date=read_ds1307(4); // read date month=read_ds1307(5); // read month year=read_ds1307(6); // read year

time[0] = BCD2UpperCh(hour); time[1] = BCD2LowerCh(hour); time[2] = ':'; time[3] = BCD2UpperCh(minute); time[4] = BCD2LowerCh(minute); time[5] = ':'; time[6] = BCD2UpperCh(sec); time[7] = BCD2LowerCh(sec); time[8] = '\0';

ddate[0] = BCD2UpperCh(date); ddate[1] = BCD2LowerCh(date); ddate[2] ='/'; ddate[3] = BCD2UpperCh(month); ddate[4] = BCD2LowerCh(month); ddate[5] ='/'; ddate[6] = '2';

57

ddate[7] = '0'; ddate[8] = BCD2UpperCh(year); ddate[9] = BCD2LowerCh(year); ddate[10] = '\0';

Lcd_Out(1,6,time); Lcd_Out(2,6,ddate); Delay_ms(500); } }

unsigned short read_ds1307(unsigned short address) { I2C_Start(); I2C_Wr(0xd0); //address 0x68 followed by direction bit (0 for write, 1 for read) 0x68 followed by 0 --> 0xD0 I2C_Wr(address); I2C_Repeated_Start(); I2C_Wr(0xd1); //0x68 followed by 1 --> 0xD1 data=I2C_Rd(0); I2C_Stop(); return(data); }

unsigned char BCD2UpperCh(unsigned char bcd) { return ((bcd >> 4) + '0'); }

unsigned char BCD2LowerCh(unsigned char bcd) { return ((bcd & 0x0F) + '0'); }

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//SOURCE CODE: DIGITAL PRAYER CLOCK //BY MOHD BASRI BIN OTHMAN #include <pic.h> #include <string.h> #include <time.h> #include <math.h> #include <stdio.h> #include <stdlib.h> //Configuration Fuses_CONFIG(WDTDIS & PWRTDIS & BORDIS & LVPDIS & DUNPROT & UNPROTECT & WRTEN & XT); //define #define XTAL 4000000 /*Crystal frequency (Hz). */ /*Interrupt

#define RATE 4000 rate. */ #define TIMER_VALUE XTAL/ (4*RATE) #define _P12 6.283185307179590 #define degreesToRadians 0.01745329251994329577 #define radiansToDegrees 57.29577951308230876799 #define STAT_BF BF //Global Variables static bit E @ (unsigned) &PORTB*8+0; static bit rw @ (unsigned) &PORTB*8+1; static bit RS @ (unsigned) &PORTB*8+2; static bit LED @ (unsigned) &PORTB*8+7; static bit TRIE @ (unsigned) &TRISB*8+0; static bit TRIRW @ (unsigned) &PORTB*8+1; static bit TRIRS @ (unsigned) &PORTB*8+2; static bit TRILED @ (unsigned) &PORTB*8+7; static bit SW1 @ (unsigned) &PORTA*8+0; static bit SW2 @ (unsigned) &PORTA*8+1; static bit SW3 @ (unsigned) &PORTA*8+2; static bit SW4 @ (unsigned) &PORTA*8+3; static bit DIRSW1 @ (unsigned) &TRISA*8+0; static bit DIRSW2 @ (unsigned) &TRISA*8+1; static bit DIRSW3 @ (unsigned) &TRISA*8+2; static bit DIRSW4 @ (unsigned) &TRISA*8+3; volatile unsigned DATAD @ &PORTD; volatile unsigned DIRD @ &TRISD;

59

unsigned int msec = 4000; unsigned char g_sec = 0; bit min_flag; const unsigned char Mon[] = { 0, 31, 28, 30, 31, 30, 31, 31, 30, 31, 30,31 }; const char*const SolatStr[] = {"Subuh", "Shuruk", "Zuhur", "Asar", "Maghrib", "Isyak" }; const char* const tDate[] = { " Adjust Date","Adjust Time","Adjust Latitude","Adjust Longitude" }; const char*const tQib[] = {"Qiblat = ", " Found ", "North "}; persistent bank1 int year, month, day; bank1 unsigned int g_min; persistent bank1 double _signedLatitude,_signedLongitude; bank1 int soltime, pos, savesoltime; bank1 int solat, rsolat; bank1 char splash[] = "DIGITAL PRAYER TIME " "BY 'MOHD BASRI"; bank1 unsigned char compass[4], version, bearingB; bank1 unsigned int bearingW; void Delay500Us() //500 Usec Delay Routine { unsigned char cnt500Us = 165; while(--cnt500Us != 0) continue; } void Delay100Ms() //100 msec Delay Routine { unsigned char cnt100Ms = 200; //200*500 Usec = 100 msec do { Delay500Us(); }while(--cnt100Ms != 0); } static void interrupt isr(void) { TMR0 += 3 - TIMER_VALUE; msec--; if(msec == 0) { g_sec++; if(g_sec > 59)

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{ g_sec = 0; min_flag = 1; } msec = 4000; } T0IF = 0; } void timer_init() { OPTION = 0b00001000; TMR0 = 3 - TIMER_VALUE; T0IE = 1; GIE = 1; } void InitPort() { ADCON1 = 6; TRIE = 0; TRIRS = 0; TRIRW = 0; TRILED = 0; rw = 0; E = 0; RS = 0; DIRD = 0x00; DATAD = 0x00; DIRSW1 = 1; DIRSW2 = 1; DIRSW3 = 1; DIRSW4 = 1; } void Trig() { E = 1; Delay500Us(); E = 0; } void InitLCD() { Delay100Ms(); Delay100Ms();

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Delay100Ms(); DATAD = 0x38; Trig(); Delay100Ms(); DATAD = 0x0C; Trig(); Delay100Ms(); } void ClearScreen() { DATAD = 0x01; Trig(); }

//blink n active n open

//

0f

void GoCursor(char row, char column) { switch(row) { case 1 : DATAD = 0x80 + (column - 1); break; case 2 : DATAD = 0xc0 + (column - 1); break; } Trig(); } void DisplayChar(char huruf) { RS = 1; DATAD = huruf; Trig(); RS = 0; } void DisplayInt(int value) { static bank1 int digit; if(value > 99)digit = 1000; else digit = 10; for(;digit > 0; digit /=10) { DisplayChar('0'+ (value%(digit*10))/(digit)); } } void DisplayInt2(int value) { static bank1 int digit;

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if(value >= 0 && value < 10) { digit = 1; } else if(value >= 10 && value < 100) { digit = 10; } else if(value >= 100 && value < 1000) { digit = 100; } for(;digit > 0; digit /= 10) { DisplayChar('0'+ (value%(digit*10))/(digit)); } } void DisplayRow(char row, char*ayat) { char i; GoCursor(row,1); for(i=0;1<16;i++); DisplayChar(*ayat++); } void DisplayScreen(char*ayat) { DisplayRow(1,ayat+0); DisplayRow(2,ayat+16); }

// ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------//Compass Algoritm void SetupCompass() { char x; TRISC = 0x18; SSPSTAT = 0x80; SSPCON = 0x38; SSPCON2 = 0x00; SSPADD = 9; x = SSPBUF; }

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void read_compass(unsigned char*buffer) { SEN = 1; while(SEN); ACKDT = 0; SSPIF = 0; SSPBUF =0xC0; while(!SSPIF); SSPIF = 0; SSPBUF = 0; while(!SSPIF); SSPIF = 0; RSEN = 1; while(RSEN); SSPIF = 0; SSPBUF = 0xC1; while(!SSPIF); SSPIF = 0; RCEN = 1; while(!STAT_BF); buffer[0] = SSPBUF; ACKEN = 1; while(ACKEN); RCEN = 1; while(!STAT_BF); buffer[1] = SSPBUF; ACKEN = 1; while(ACKEN); RCEN = 1; while(!STAT_BF); buffer[2] = SSPBUF; ACKEN = 1; while(ACKEN); RCEN = 1; while(!STAT_BF); buffer[3] = SSPBUF; ACKDT = 1; ACKEN = 1;

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while(ACKEN); PEN = 1; while(PEN); }

//--------------------------------------------------------------------------------//Start Qiblat Algorithm bit isLeap(int yr) { int m1, m4; m4 = yr%400; m1 = yr%100; return(yr%4 == 0 && m1 != 0) || m4 == 0; } double calc_qibla() { double latitude, longitude, t2; latitude=_signedLatitude*degreesToRadians; longitude=_signedLongitude*degreesToRadians; t2 = cos(latitude)*tan(0.3739077)-sin(latitude)*cos(longitude - 0.69504828); return (radiansToDegrees*atan(sin(longitude - 0.69504828)/ t2)); } void calc_solat() { double Q,_declination; int noon; soltime = 0; for(noon = 0; noon < month; noon++) { soltime = soltime + Mon[noon]; } soltime = soltime + day; if(isLeap(year) && month > 2)soltime++; Q =_P12/365*(soltime - 81); Q = 9.87*sin(2*Q) - 7.53*cos(Q) - 1.5*sin(Q); noon = Q = 720 - (4*(_signedLongitude - (8*15)))-Q; if(Q - noon >= 0.5) noon++;

65

_declination = radiansToDegrees*_P12/360*23.45*cos(_P12/365*(soltime+10)); switch (solat) { case 1: case 2: case 3: case 4: Q = 200; Q = -0.9433; break; break;

if(_signedLatitude>_declination) Q =_signedLatitude-_declination; else Q =_declination-_signedLatitude; Q =radiansToDegrees*atan(1/(1+tan(Q*degreesToRadians))); break; case 5: case 6: } Q = sin(Q *degreesToRadians)(sin(_signedLatitude*degreesToRadians)*sin(_declination*degreesToRadians)); Q= Q/cos(_signedLatitude*degreesToRadians)/cos(_declination*degreesToRadians); soltime = Q = 4*radiansToDegrees*acos(Q); if(Q - soltime >= 0.5)soltime++; switch (solat) { case 1: case 2: case 3: break; case 4: case 5: case 6: } } soltime = noon - soltime; soltime = noon + 1; break; Q = -0.9433; Q = 198; break; break;

soltime = noon + soltime;

break;

//--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------//Timer static bit dflag; void Timer_Run()

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{ static char temp; if(min_flag) { min_flag = 0; g_min++; if(g_min > 1439) { g_min = 0; day++; if(day > Mon[month]) { day = 1; month++; if(month > 12) { month = 1; year++; } } } for(solat=1; solat <=6; solat++) { calc_solat(); if(g_min < soltime) { break; } } } GoCursor(1,2); DisplayInt(day); DisplayChar('-'); DisplayInt(month); DisplayChar('-'); DisplayInt(year%2000); GoCursor(1,11);

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DisplayInt(g_min/60); DisplayChar(':'); DisplayInt(g_min%60); //DisplayChar(':'); //DisplayInt(g_sec); calc_solat(); GoCursor(2,2); for (pos = 0; SolatStr[solat-1][pos]; pos++) DisplayChar(SolatStr[solat-1][pos]); GoCursor(2,10); DisplayInt(soltime/60); DisplayChar(':'); DisplayInt(soltime%60); if(!SW2) { // solat++; Delay100Ms(); if(solat == 7) solat = 1;

} } void AdjustDate() { GoCursor(1,3); for(pos = 0; tDate[0][pos]; pos++) DisplayChar(tDate[0][pos]); GoCursor(2,4); DisplayInt(day); DisplayChar('-'); DisplayInt(month); DisplayChar('-'); DisplayInt(year); if(!SW2) { day++; if(day > Mon[month]) day = 1; Delay100Ms();

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} else if(!SW3) { month++; if(month > 12) month = 1; Delay100Ms(); } else if(!SW4) { year++; if(year > 2010) year = 2000; Delay100Ms(); } } void AdjustTime() { GoCursor(1,3); for(pos = 0; tDate[1][pos]; pos++) DisplayChar(tDate[1][pos]); GoCursor(2,5); DisplayInt(g_min/60); DisplayChar(':'); DisplayInt(g_min%60); DisplayChar(':'); DisplayInt(g_sec); if(!SW2) { g_min = g_min+60; if(g_min > 1439) { g_min = 0; } Delay100Ms(); } else if(!SW3) { g_min++; Delay100Ms(); } else if(SW4) { g_sec++;

69

Delay100Ms(); } }

void AdjustLatitude() { int temp; temp = _signedLatitude; GoCursor(1,1); for(pos = 0; tDate[2][pos]; pos++) DisplayChar(tDate[2][pos]); GoCursor(2,7); DisplayInt2(_signedLatitude); DisplayChar('.'); DisplayInt2((_signedLatitude-temp)*10); DisplayChar(' '); DisplayChar(' '); if(!SW2) { _signedLatitude++; Delay100Ms(); } else if(!SW3) { _signedLatitude--; Delay100Ms(); } else if(!SW4) { _signedLatitude = _signedLatitude + 0.1; Delay100Ms(); } }

void AdjustLongitude() { int temp; temp = _signedLongitude; GoCursor(1,1); for(pos = 0; tDate[3][pos]; pos++); DisplayChar(tDate[3][pos]); GoCursor(2,6); DisplayInt2(_signedLongitude); DisplayChar('.');

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DisplayInt2((_signedLongitude-temp)*10); DisplayChar(' '); DisplayChar(' '); if(!SW2) { _signedLongitude++; Delay100Ms(); } else if(!SW3) { _signedLongitude--; Delay100Ms(); } else if(!SW4) { _signedLongitude = _signedLongitude + 0.1; Delay100Ms(); } }

//main program void main() { static int mode; double arahqib, qbearing, cbearing; int temp,i; InitPort(); output ports and ser initial value InitLCD(); SetupCompass(); _signedLatitude = 3.1; _signedLongitude = 101.5; mode = 1; year = 2010; month = 3; day = 3; g_min = 8*60 + 56; min_flag = 1; solat = 1; timer_init(); //Init

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DisplayScreen(splash); for(i=0; i <10; i++) Delay100Ms(); ClearScreen(); dflag = 0; while(1) { if(!SW1) { mode++; if(mode == 7) mode = 1; Delay100Ms(); ClearScreen(); } if(mode == 1) { Timer_Run(); } if(mode == 2); { GoCursor(1,1); for(pos = 0; tQib[0][pos]; pos++) DisplayChar(tQib[0][pos]); GoCursor(1,10); arahqib = 360 - calc_qibla(); qbearing = arahqib; DisplayInt(arahqib); DisplayChar('.'); temp = arahqib; arahqib = (arahqib - temp)*10; DisplayInt(arahqib); //read_compass(compass); version = compass[0]; bearingB = compass[1]; bearingW = ((compass[2]<<8)+compass[3]); cbearing = bearingW/10; bearingW /=10; // GoCursor(2,10);

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// // // // // // //

DisplayInt(version); DisplayChar(' '); DisplayInt(bearingB); DisplayChar(' '); DisplayInt(bearingW); DisplayChar(' '); DisplayChar(' '); DisplayChar(' '); if(abs(cbearing - qbearing) <1.0) { LED = 1; GoCursor(2,1); for(pos = 0; tQib[1][pos]; DisplayChar(tQib[1][pos]); } else { LED = 0; GoCursor(2,1); DisplayChar(' '); DisplayChar(' '); GoCursor(2,3); DisplayInt(fabs(cbearing -

pos++)

qbearing)); DisplayChar(' '); DisplayChar(' '); } if(abs(cbearing < 1)) { GoCursor(2,1); for(pos = 0; tQib[1][pos]; pos++) DisplayChar(tQib[2][pos]); } } if(mode==3) { LED = 0; AdjustDate(); } if(mode==4) { AdjustTime(); }

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if(mode==5) { AdjustLatitude(); } if(mode==6) { AdjustLongitude(); } } }