PaperReferenceNo.

:ISHMT_IND_02_009

NUMERICAL SIMULATION OF COMBINED CONVECTION AND RADIATION HEAT TRANSFER OVER A CIRCULAR CYLINDER AND TUBE BANK Sharad Pachpute, B. Premachandran*, Prabal Talukdar Department of Mechanical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, New Delhi, 110016, India. Phone: +91 11 2659128, Fax: +91 11 26582053, E-mail: prem@mech.iitd.ac.in (*Corresponding author) ABSTRACT In this paper, results obtained from a numerical study on combined convective and gas radiative heat transfer from single circular cylinder and tube bank with the inline arrangement of cylinder is presented. Numerical simulations were carried out for Reynolds number ranging from 100 to 50350. Simulations for combined convective and radiative heat transfer were carried out for a radiatively absorbing medium flowing over a single cylinder/ in-line tube bank. The effect of radiation properties were studied in detail for single cylinder with laminar flow. Keywords: cross flow, convection and radiation, DO model, participating media INTRODUCTION Combined convection and gas radiation is important in many industrial systems. In waste heat recovery systems and power plant applications, combined convection and gas radiation place a predominant role. In order to design these systems, accurate heat transfer correlations which consider both convection and gas radiation is important. However, most of these systems are designed based on the approximate methods. Numerical and experimental studies on convective heat transfer from single cylinder and tube bank have been reported extensively in the literature due to its industrial relevance. The numerical modeling of flow over a tube bank is complex as it includes all the modes of heat transfer and also involves complex fluids mechanics behavior because of the unsteadiness of the problem [1-3]. In most of the industrial
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applications, the gas flows through the tube bank is radiatively participating and hence a numerical model without the consideration of gas radiation could be very crude. It has been seen from the literature review that there is not enough work which considers gas radiation for flow over a tube banks and is the main motivation behind this work. Circular cylinders find perhaps the most widespread application in the heat exchangers, power generator, and other thermal apparatus .The circular cylinder constitute a classical element in the boilers, in steam or gas turbines, in gas compressor, and various aerodynamic systems[4]. Kaminski et al. [5] studied both experimentally and numerically, fluid flow and heat transfer of a participating gas over a right circular cylinder for a Reynolds number of 500 at different gas temperature. They have assumed medium to be non-gray and non-scattering, and the intensity field was approximated by P1 spherical harmonics method for each effective band .In this numerical model, they did not consider unsteady effects which occurred due to vortex shedding and simulated only the flow past cylinder considering only top portion . In the present work, numerical simulations are carried out for both single cylinder and in-line tube bank at various Reynolds number. The gas radiation is assumed to be gray and is modeled using discrete ordinates method. Numerical study of convective heat transfer is carried out to validate present result with that available in literature

NOMENCLATURE D Diameter (m) k Turbulence kinetic energy (J/kg) Nu Nusselt number Re Reynolds number ST Transverse pitch (m) SL Longitudinal pitch (m) SD Diagonal pitch (m) T Temperature (K) Tu Turbulence intensity a ST/D b SL/D Greek symbol angle specific dissipation rate absorption coefficient (1/m) scattering coefficient (1/m) s Subscripts in inlet w wall conv convective rad radiative PROBLEMS PROCEDURE STATEMENT SOLUTION

Fig.1 Computational domain for flow past cylinder

The computational domain for flow past cylinder is shown in Fig.1. To understand wake region, the length of computational domain flow past cylinder and tube bank taken to be very large. Width of the computational domain is taken in such a way that there is no influence of flow occurs near the cylinder from the boundaries and the top and bottom boundaries are always at free stream conditions. The numerical simulations are carried out for (i) flow past a single cylinder and (ii) flow past an inline tube (cylinder) bank (Fig. 2).In the beginning of the solution process, uniform free velocity, temperature and pressure field are prescribed in each cell of the flow domain as given below In the inlet, an uniform velocity and a constant temperature are assumed. Outflow condition is used at the outlet. For both top and bottom boundaries, symmetry boundary conditions are imposed. The cylinder surface is considered as wall with a given temperature and no slip condition.
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Fig.2 Computational domain for flow past in-line tube bank Solution Procedure The governing equations of fluid flow and heat transfer were solved using a commercial software package FLUENT. FLUENT uses finite volume implicit techniques to solve the equations which are solved sequentially. The flow field was solved as an incompressible laminar flow problem. The effect of gravity is neglected. Pressure disctretization utilized the standard methods as PISO coupling. The second order upwind discretization scheme was employed for momentum and energy equations. Reynolds number is based on cylinder diameter and free stream velocity at the inlet. Second order accurate implicit method was used for the transient discretization. For numerical simulation of turbulent flow, pressure discretization was done with the standard

RESULTS AN DISCUSSION R ND Th main objective of this study is to understand the he o ef ffect of gas radiation on the heat trans sfer ch haracteristics Hence, si s. imulations w were conduc cted with w and with hout gas radiation for bo laminar and oth tu urbulent flow at consta wall tem ws ant mperature (Tw= T 85 50K) and c constant inl gas tem let mperature (Tin= T 80 00K). For v validation of the compu f utational model, th numerical results obta he l ained from th present w he work ar compared with the results av re d e vailable in the lit terature. Convective h C heat transfer from singl cylinder r le Numerical sim N mulations were carried out at Re=100 w an 500 for l nd laminar flow and Re=71 w 190, 21580 and 50 0350 for tu urbulent flow For Re= w. =100, the lo ocal Nusselt num N mber distribu ution compa ares very w well with the exp w perimental results of Schemidt and Wenner [6]. W

Nu

method and p m pressure velo ocity couplin was achieved ng with w SIMPLE method. The QUICK discretizat EC K tion sc cheme was e employed fo the mome or entum turbul lent ki inetic energy specific dissipation r y, d rate and ene ergy eq quations. The lamin flow sim nar mulations we performed at ere d Re=100 and 500 and turbulent flo simulati R t ow ions were carried out at Re of 7190, 215 and 503 w o 580 350. Th Reynold number calculated in this work is he ds c n k ba ased on cylinder diamet and free stream veloc ter city at the inlet. P t Prandlt num mber was ke at 0.7, in ept nlet in ntensity at di ifferent. At every time th converge e he ence cr riteria is set in manner that the resid dual is less t than 10-6. For radia 0 ation, discrete ordinates method is u used fo the gray gas modeling or g.

Fo Re=500, the local Nu or usselt numbe along the er surfac of cyli ce inder was compared with the exper rimental resu reported by Krall an Eskert [7] ults d nd and C Chun and Bo oehm [8]. Th compariso is shown he on in Fig In the w g.3. wake region, there is a d discrepancy betwe the results. The larg deviations of Nusselt een ge s numb ber between present w n work and ex xperimental result occurred after flow separation from the t n cylind der.
25 2 22 2.5 20 2 17 7.5 15 1 12 2.5 10 1 7.5 7 5 2.5 2 0 0 20 40 4 60 pres Nu (nume sent erical) Chu Nu (experim uns mental) Esk kerts Nu (exper rimental)

80 100 120 140 160 180 0 eg.) ,(de

Fig.3 Time aver 3 raged conve ective Nu at Re=500 The results of N for turbul Nu lent flow ar compared re with the numer h rical [9] an experime nd ental results [10] from literatu For Re= ure. =7190, the re esults of the prese ent work compares very well with the num merical result of Sczepa ts anik et al.[9] but when ], comp pared to the experimental data of S e Scholton et. al. [1 there is no a deviati more tha 12%. The 10], ion an agreement of the Nu for oth Re is bet with the e her tter litera ature and is p presented in Table I. n

Tab I: Comp ble parison of pre esent Nu wit literature [4, 9, 10] co th onsidering on convection nly
Nuconv Re Tu% T Pres value sent 7190 21580 35950 50350 1.6 0.46 0 0.34 0 0.36 0 55.52 5 111.45 142.86 171.28 Szczepani et. al [9] ik ( num merical) 67.3 (steady k- model ) y 148 (unsteady k- model ) y 191.1 (steady k- model ) y Scholt et.al. ton [10](exp perimental) 51 5 10 03.4 12 27.5 15 55.1 % differ rence from Sch holton et al .[ [10] 8.86% % 7.78 % 12.04 4% 10.56 % 6

Zukauskas[4] ] 47.3 91.3 124 151.7

Effects of absorption on convective and radiative heat transfer for single cylinder The numerical simulations were carried out for flow over a cylinder for pure absorbing medium for both laminar and turbulent flows. The temperature of the cylinder wall is taken as 850K. The inlet fluid temperature considered in all the simulations is 800K. The convective and radiative Nusselt numbers obtained for various Reynolds number are given in Table II. Table II: Nu for total heat transfer from cylinder at =1 (1/m), s=0 (1/m)
Re
D

25 20 15 Nu 10 5 0 0 10 20 30 (1/m) 40 50 60 TotalNu convectiveNu RadiativeNu

Nu

conv

Nu

rad

Nu

Total

100 500 7190 21580 50350

5.183 12.169 55.52 111.39 171.28

6.934 7.53 8.721 8.563 8.623

12.117 19.72 64.241 119.95 179.90

It is observed that the variation of the average radiative Nusselt number is fairly constant for a wide range of ReD excluding the laminar regime and the increase in total Nusselt number is attributed to increase in convective heat transfer. For ReD 500, both the average convective Nusselt number and radiative Nusselt number are comparable even at =1 (1/m). To understand the effects of absorption of radiation, simulations were carried out for ReD=500 for a wide range of absorption coefficients, considering the medium is non-scattering. Fig.4 shows that the radiative Nusselt number decreases drastically with increase in absorption coefficient. With increasing absorption coefficient of medium surface absorb more radiation flux from medium but net radiative heat flux at surface decreases, results in decrease in radiative Nusselt number.

Fig.4 Effect of radiation absrobtivity on Nu at s=0(1/m)for ReD =500 Effect of absorption and scattering coefficient on total Nu for single cylinder The effects of combined absorption and scattering medium on total heat transfer from the cylinder was investigated for a wide range of scattering coefficients, and absorption coefficient, . When and s are zero, i.e., non-participating medium (transparent medium), the total Nusselt number is higher than that of the combined absorbing and scattering medium. The total Nusselt number is higher for non-scattering medium for any . For a given value of absorption coefficient, the total Nusselt number drastically decreases as the scattering coefficient increased from 0 to10. However, with further increase in the scattering coefficient, the decrease in total Nusselt number is marginal. For the combined absorbing and scattering medium, effect of absorption coefficient is significant at low values. However, for higher and s values, the effect of is not significant on total Nusselt number. In a hypothetical case of purely scattering medium, total Nu decreases very sharply as the scattering coefficient is increased from 0 to 10 and almost constant for higher values.

22 20

Total Nu at =1(1/m) Total Nu at =10 (1/m) Total Nu at =0 (1/m)

Total Nu

18 16 14 12 10 0 20

Table III: Comparison of present Nu with correlation for in-line bank (a=3 and b=3)

Nuconv ReD ReDmax Grimison[11] 40 60 6000 14000 20000 9000 21000 30000 71.9 122.2 148.5 Zukaus -kas[4] 66.1 112.8 141.11 Present value 56.6 84.6 104.3

% difference from [4]

s (1/m) Fig.5 Effect of and s on total Nu at Re=500

14.3% 24.8% 26.04%

Heat transfer form in-line tube bank

In the case of flow over inline tube banks, the spacing between the cylinders plays a major role in both convective and radiative heat transfer. The channel walls, which normally bound the tube bank, are not considered in the present study. The effects of wall on heat transfer will be significant in the near wall cylinders. Considering the effect of radiative heat transfer between cylinders and channel walls as well as among the cylinders simultaneously do not help in identifying the effects of gas radiation between the cylinders. Hence, the simulations were carried out for flow over tube banks with free stream boundary conditions. Convective heat transfer from in-line tube bank Before carrying out simulations for combined convective and radiative heat transfer, simulations were carried out for non-participating fluid. The average convective Nusselt numbers obtained from the present numerical simulations are compared with those of Zukauskas [4] and Grimison [11] for in-line tube bank arrangement (ST/D=3 and SL/D=3) shown in table III, for ReD,max=9000, 21000, 30000. Here, ReD,max is defined based on the maximum velocity at the minimum flow passage in the tube bank. The difference between the numerical and experimental results on the average convective Nusselt number is due the difference in the boundary conditions considered in the numerical and experimental studies.
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Combined heat transfer from in-line tube bank The numerical simulations were carried out for combined convective and radiative heat transfer for a wide range of Reynolds number, ReD considering absorption coefficient 1(1/m) for non-scattering medium. It shows that there is a considerable increase in heat transfer from convective heat transfer at high temperature gas flow. In in-line tube bank with small the spacing between cylinders, i.e. (ST/D) (SL/D)=1.51.5 and 1.251.25 the radiative Nusselt number increases with increase of Reynolds number except for wide tube spacing (3x3). If the distance between the cylinders is less, the surface radiation effect from neighboring cylinder surfaces is significant shown in table IV.

Table IV: Convective, radiative and total Nu for the in-line tube banks Tube bank orientation, (ST/D) (SL/D) 3x3

REFERENCES
1. P. Stehlik (1999), Radiative component in thermal calculation of tubular Heat Exchangers, Heat transfer engineering, vol.16, pp 19-27. 2. L.I.Diez, C. Cortes, N.Campo, Modelling of pulverized coal boilers: review and validation of on-line simulation techniques, Applied thermal Engineering, Vol.25, 1516-1533. 3. S.Kakac (Ed.,) (1991), boilers evaporators and Condensers, John Wiley & Sons. 4. A.Zukauskas,J. Ziugzda,(1985)Heat transfer of a cylinders in cross flow, Hemisphere publishing New York ,pp.71-151 5. D.A. Kaminki, X.D.Fu and M.K, (1995) Jensen, Numerical and experimental analysis of combined convective and radiative heat transfer in the laminar flow over a circular cylinder, Int.J. Heat Mass transfer, vol.38, 3161. 6. E.Schmidt, K.Wenner,(1941).Heat transfer over the circumference of a heated cylinder in transfer flow, NACA TM1050. 7. M. Krall and E.R.G. Eskert,(1970). Heat transfer to a transverse circular cylinder at low Reynolds number including rarefaction effects, Proc. Int. Heat Transfer conf.3, FC6-FC9. 8. W. Chun, R.F.Boehm (1989) Calculation of forced flow and heat transfer around cylinder, 15,101122. 9. K.Szczepanik, A, Iooi, L,Aye,G. Rosengarten, (2004)A numerical study of heat transfer form a cylinder in cross flow,15th Australasian Fluid Mechanics Conference 10. J.W. Scholton, D.B. Murray, (1998).Heat transfer and velocity fluctuation in a staggered tube array Int.J. Heat Mass Transfer 19, 233-244 11. E.D Grimison, (1937) Correlation and utilization of new data of flow and heat transfer for cross flow of gases over tube banks. Trans. ASME 59583-584

ReD

Nuconv

Nurad NuTotal 63.519 90.376 108.41 19.311 66.893 100.72 41.24 70.68 122.13

2x2

1.5 x 1.5

3000 56.59 6.92 14000 84.59 5.78 20000 104.28 4.13 800 14.346 4.964 61.47 7190 5.41 21580 94.02 6.69 3000 38.45 2.79 7190 65.531 5.149 21580 115.59 6.545

Conclusions
In this report, results obtained from the numerical simulations of flow over cylinder and tube banks have been reported for radiatively participating medium for both laminar and turbulent flows for a fixed temperature difference between the wall and the fluid. A wide range of absorption and scattering coefficients were considered. Based on this study the following conclusions are arrived at. In the case of heat transfer from single cylinder, the average Nu for non-participating medium is higher than that of participating medium case. Increase in radiation absorption and scattering coefficients of participating medium, decreases the radiative heat transfer from the cylinder. In the case of in-line tube bank, the convective Nu increases with increase in Reynolds number for given in-line tube configuration. The gas radiation enhances total Nusselt number. Average radiative Nu increases with increases of Reynolds number for low and medium tube spacing (a and b 2).