Chapter 5: SETS

Usual format of questions: 1. Given the shaded region of a Venn diagram, state the operations that are involved. 2. Given a Venn diagram, shade the region which represents a combination of sets based on the operation of sets. Examples of Venn diagrams A A B BA B A A B = AB {J P Q P AB Q B A AB B A A B, B A

A A B

AB P Q' P Q P Q P ( P Q) '

R P Q R P Q
R

R P Q R' P
R

P (Q R ) '
Q P Q

R Q, R P
Sets

R Q, R P 1

R Q, P R ! J

Understanding Concepts concerning Sets EXAMPLES 1 Given set A is the factor of 18. Then set A is Answer 18 = 1 X 18 =2X9 =3X6 Therefore A = { 1, 2, 3, 6, 9, 18 } Given that P = { prime numbers that are less than 20 }, find n(P). Answer i. What are prime numbers? ii. List the elements in P. P = { 2, 3, 5, 7, 11, 13, 17, 19 } iii. Then count all the elements listed, n(P) = 8 3. Given that = { x : 1 < x 16 , x are integers}, A = { x : x are perfect squares }, B = { x : x are multiples of 3} and C = { x : x are prime numbers}. a) List out all elements in set A. b) Find n(A B C). c) List out all the elements in (A B C) Steps : 1. Define , A, B and C. = { 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16 } A = { 4, 9, 16} B = { 3, 6, 9, 12, 15 } C = { 2, 3, 5, 7, 11, 13) 2. Construct the Venn diagram. Answer a) {4, 9, 16} b) 0 c) {8, 10, 14} Given that = { x : x are integers such that 5 x 16 }, set P = { x : x are even numbers }, set Q = { x : x are multiples of 6 }, set R = { x : x are perfect squares}. a) Construct the Venn diagram to showthe relation between set , P, Q and R. b) Find n(P Q R). c) List out all the elements in (P Q R) Given Y = {prime factor of 10}, find n(Y). EXERCISES Given set G is the factor of 36. Then set G is

Sets

4.

EXAMPLES The Venn diagram shows J, K and L sets with = J K L. Shade the region for the following operations (a) J (K L) on diagram (i) (b) ( J K) L on diagram (ii) Answer: (i) (ii)

EXERCISES The Venn diagram shows A, B and C sets with = A B C. Shade the region for the following operations (a) A B C on diagram (i) (b) A ( B C) on diagram (ii)

(i)

(ii)

K L

L B C B C

(i) - shade the J set - shade the (K L) region - then combine the shaded region (ii)- Shade set K, combine with set J but not including L set 5. Shade the region for the following operations a) (P Q) R On the following Venn diagrams, shade the area of a) P Q R

b) (P R) Q

R
R
b) (P Q) R

Answer: a) (P Q) shade Q but not including P, then shade R. b) (P R) shade all except P and R, then shade Q. The intersection is the correct area.

Sets

EXAMPLES 6. If = { x : x are integers where 12 x < 30} A = {15, 20, 13, 14 } B = {14, 16, 18, 20, 22} C = {18, 20, 24, 28, 29}. Find a) A B C b) n (A B C) c) (A B) d) (A B) C. Answer: 1. Construct the Venn diagram
.23 .16 .14 .20 .22 .18

EXERCISES Given that = { x : x are integers where 2 x 16} set P = { 2, 4, 6 8, 10, 12, 14} set Q = { 3, 6, 9, 12, 15}, and set R = { 5,10,12,15}.

Find a) P Q R b) n (P Q R) c) (P Q) d) (P Q) R. Answer:

A
.26

B
.12 .17 .19

.15 .13 .25

.29 .24 .28 .21

.27

a) {13, 14, 15, 16, 18, 20, 22, 24, 28, 29} b) 10 (count) c) {12, 17, 19, 21, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29} d) {18, 24, 28, 29}

Sets

Questions based on the Examination Format (Paper 2)

.

1.

The Venn diagram in the answer space shows sets A, B and C. It is given that =A B C. On the diagram provided in the answer spaces, shade the area of , (a) C (A B) (b) (A C) (B C)

Answer :

2.

A
7 8-x 9-x 8

x
7-x 9

Given that \ ! A B C and that n(\ ) ! 34 , find (a) (b) the value of x n( A B C ' )

Sets

3. Given that the universal set, \ ! P Q R . The Venn diagrams below show sets P, Q and R. On the diagrams, shade (a)
P R

P Q
Q

(b)
P

P R'
Q R

(c)

P'Q R'
Q P R

4.

Given the universal set, \ ! {x : 10 e x e 25, x is an integer} Set P = {x : x is a prime number} Set Q = {x : x is a multiple of 4} and Set R = {x: x is a number where one of its digits is more than 7} (a) (b) (c) Find the elements of set P Find the elements of set P R. Find n( P Q R ).

5.

The Venn diagram shows the set E, F and G. If the universal set is \ ! E F G , in the answer part, shade the regions for (a) E F (b) E F G Answer : (a) E F G (b) E F G

6.
Sets

Given P = {3, 5} 6

Q = {2, 4, 7, 8} R = {1, 3, 5, 7, 9} and universal set \ ! P Q R (a) (b) 7. Draw a Venn diagram to show the relationship between setS P, Q and R. List all the elements in set P R.

The Venn diagram in the answer space shows sets P, Q and R. On the diagram provided in the answer spaces, shade a) the set Q R, b) the set P Q R Answer: a) Q P R Q R

b)

8.

The Venn diagram in the answer space shows sets P, Q and R. Given that universal set = P Q R. In the answer spaces, shade a) Q (P R), b) (Q R) P. Answer: a) P R

Q P R

9.

Given that universal set = { x : 31 x 45, x are integers}. Set P = { x : x are prime numbers } Set Q = { x : x are odd numbers } Set R = { x : x is a number where the sum of its digits is more than 8 } a) b) List out all the elements in set R, Find n(P Q R).

Sets

10.

The Venn diagram in the answer space shows sets P, Q and R. Given that the universal set = P Q R. On the answer spaces, shade

a)

(P

Q) U R Q

b)

(P U R)

Q Q

Past Year SPM Questions

Paper 2

1. June 2004 The Venn diagram in the answer space shows sets P, Q and R such that the universal set = P Q R. On the diagram in the answer space, shade a) the set Q. b) the set P (Q R).

Answer: a) P

R Q

b) P Q

2. November 2004

The Venn diagram in the answer space shows sets A, B and C. On the diagram provide in the answer spaces, shade a) the set A B b) the set A B C.

Sets

Answer: a) A B C C b) A B

3. June 2005 The Venn diagram in the answer space shows sets P, Q and R such that the universal set = P Q R. On the diagram in the answer space, shade a) the set P R. b) the set (P Q) R. Answer: a) P R Q b) P R Q

4. June 2006 The Venn diagram in the answer space shows sets P, Q and R such that the universal set = P Q R. On the diagram in the answer space, shade a. the set P R. b. the set (P R) Q. Answer: c) b) P R

P R

Sets

5. November 2006 The Venn diagram in the answer space shows sets P, Q and R such that the universal set, \ ! P Q R . On the diagrams in the answer space, shade a) the set P ' Q b) the set P Q ' R Answer: a) b)

Q P

Q P

6. June 2007 The Venn diagrams in the answer space shows sets K, L and M such that the universal set, \ ! K L M . On the diagrams in the answer space, shade the set a) K'M , b) K (L M' ) . [3 marks]

Answer : a) K

L M

b) L K M

Sets

10

7. Nov 2008 The Venn diagrams in the answer space shows sets P, Q and R such that the universal set, \ ! PQ R. On the diagrams in the answer space, shade [3 marks] a) P Q , b) (P ' Q ) R .

Answer a) P R Q

b)

P R

Sets

11

ANSWERS

Sets

12

Sets

13

SPM PAST YEAR QUESTION (PAPER 2) 1 2004J (a)

R Q

(b)

2004N

(a)

(b)

C
3

2005J

(a)

(b)

P R

P R

2006J

(a)

P R

(b)

P R

2006N

(a)

Q P

(b)

Q P

2007J

(a)

L K M

(b)

L K M

2008N

(a)

P R

(b) P R Q

Sets

14