CHAPTER 7: LIGHT, COLOUR AND SIGHT

7.1 FORMATION OF IMAGES

A. Formation of Images by Plane Mirrors Image formed by a plane mirror are caused by reflection of light from the mirror surface. The characteristics of an image formed by a plane mirror are: 1. Virtual 2. Inversed laterally 3. Upright 4. Same size as the object 5. Image distance and object distance from the plane mirror are the same B. Formation of Images by Lenses Convex lens Type of lens Biconvex lens Concave lens Biconcave lens

Role Characteristics of images

Converges light rays that passes through it - For a distant object: The image formed is real, inverted and smaller than the object. - For a near object: The image formed is virtual, upright and bigger than the object.

Diverges light rays that passes through it - Image formed is virtual, upright and diminished

C. Ray Diagrams Ray diagram: A diagram which shows the paths of light rays passing through a lens. Object distance (u): The distance between object and optical centre. Image distance (v): The distance between image and optical centre. For convex lens: Light rays that are parallel with the principle axis will converge at the focal point behind the lens. For concave lens: Light rays that are parallel to the principle axis will diverge after passing through the lens causing the focal point to be placed in front of the lens.

D. Construction of Ray Diagrams All rays from the object should be drawn with solid lines with the directions marked. Virtual rays should be drawn using broken lines. Real images should be drawn with solid lines and virtual images should be drawn using broken lines. 7.2 FORMATION OF IMAGE BY OPTICAL INSTRUMENT

A. Optical Instrument Optical Instrument Periscope Explanation - Used in submarines to look at objects on the water surface. - Consist of two plane mirrors arranged parallel to one another at an angle of 45. - Light rays from a distance object are incident to the surface of the first mirror at an angle of 45. Then the rays are reflected to the second mirror at the same angle. - The second mirror reflects the light rays to the eyes of the observer. - The image formed by a periscope is a. Virtual b. Upright c. Same size as the object d. At the same distance from the object - Used to observe small objects. The image formed is larger than the size of the object. - Made of a biconvex lens. - The image formed is a. Virtual b. Upright c. Larger than the size of the object - Used to observe tiny objects. - Consist of two convex lenses (objective lens and eyepiece with a short focal length) - The objective lens forms an image which is a. Real b. Inverted c. Larger than the size of the object - The eyepiece acts as magnifying glass to enlarge the image formed by the objective lens. Final image formed is a. Virtual b. Inverted c. Enlarge

Magnifying glass

Microscope

Telescope

Camera

- Used to look at distant objects. - Consist of two convex lenses (objective lens and eyepiece) - The objective lens has a long focal point - The eyepiece has a short focal point - A distant object is focused by the objective lens and forms an image at the focal point. The image is a. Real b. Inverted c. Smaller than the size of object - The eyepiece acts as magnifying glass to enlarge the image formed by the objective lens. Final image formed is a. Virtual b. Inverted c. Larger than the size of object - Consist of three main parts: Lens, Shutter and Film - The lens focuses the image of an object onto the film. The lens is adjusted by the focus adjuster either towards or away from the film to obtain a sharp image of an object. - Light rays that enter will pass through the diaphragm (changes the size of the aperture to control the amount of light entering the lens. - When the shutter opened, light falls onto the film. The length of time the shutter is opened determines the amount of light reaching the film. - The film which contains photosensitive chemicals will capture the image of the object. - The image on the film is real, inverted and smaller than the size of the object. Part of camera Lens (convex) Aperture Diaphragm Focus adjuster Shutter Function Focuses the image of a distant object on the film Allows light to enter the camera Control the camera aperture that allows light to enter the camera Adjust the lens by moving the lens inwards or outwards of camera to enable a sharp image formed on film Control the time of light that entering camera. The aperture in front of film opened and then closed when the camera button is pressed Acts as a screen to receive an object image that is captured on it

Film

B. Comparison between Eye and Camera Eye Eye lens Iris Pupil Ciliary body Retina Function Focuses light to form an image Control the size of aperture and amount of light that enters Allows light to enter Changes the size of lens to obtain a sharp image Acts as a photosensitive layer to capture image Camera Camera lens Diaphragm Aperture Focus adjuster Film

EXERCISE 7.1 7.2 1. State three characteristics of an image formed on a plane mirror. Virtual,Upright and Smaller 2. State three characteristics of an image formed by a convex lens and a concave lens of a distant object. _______________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________ __ 3. Name the labels A-F on the convex lens shown. A: ____________ D: _____________ B: ____________ E: _____________ C: ____________ F: _____________ 2F F F 2F

4. State the parts of the camera which have the same function as each of the following parts of the human eye. a) Eye lens:Camera len d) Pupil: Aperture b) Iris:Diaphragm e) Ciliary body: Focusing ring c) Retina: Film 5. State three characteristics of an image formed by a magnifying glass. Virtual,Uprigh and Large than the size of the object.

7.3

LIGHT DISPERSION

A. Light Dispersion A process in which white light is split into its colour constituents called spectrum when it passes through a prism. A spectrum consist seven colour in this order: RED, ORANGE, YELLOW, GREEN, BLUE, INDIGO and VIOLET. Light dispersion occurs because each colour constituents travels at different speed through a prism. Therefore the coloured lights are refracted at different angles. Violet light is refracted more by a glass prism compared to red light which has a longer wavelength. This is because violet light travels at the lowest speed. B. Formation of Rainbow A raindrop acts as prism. A rainbow is formed when sunlight passes through raindrops. The sunlight is refracted and dispersed into its colour constituent. 7.4 LIGHT SCATTERING The earths atmosphere contains particles like gas molecules, vapour and dust. When white light incidents these particles, light rays are obstructed and reflected. These light rays scatter in all direction. This occurrence is called light scattering. Light scattering is related to light colours. Blue light is scattered more compared to red light. This is because blue light has a shorter wavelength. Lights with shorter wavelengths are refracted more. Example: i. The blue sky during the day ii. The red sky during sunset

7.5

ADDITION AND SUBTRACTION OF COLOURED LIGHTS

A. Addition of coloured lights Primary colours - Colours which cannot be obtained from mixing other colours. - Red, Blue and Green. Secondary colours - Colours produced by adding primary colours. - Yellow, Magenta and Cyan. Primary colours + Secondary colours White light Example: Yellow light + Blue light White light B. Subtraction of coloured lights Is the absorbtion of coloured lights by coloured filter Coloured filter consist of primary and secondary filter. Primary filter - consist of red, green and blue filters. - only allow lights of the same colour to pass through them. - example: A green filter only allows green light to pass through it. Other coloured lights are absorbed. Secondary filter - consist of yellow, magenta and cyan filter. - allow lights of the same colours and primary colours that form them to pass through them. - example: A yellow filter allows yellow light and primary colours that form it, namely red and green light, to pass through it. EXERCISE 7.3 7.4 1. What is meant by light dispersion? _______________________________________________________________________ _ 2. Put a tick () for a correct statement and cross (X) for the wrong statement. a) Gas molecules and water vapour can scatter light ( ) b) Blue light is the least scattered. ( ) c) Light with longer wavelengths are least scattered. ( ) d) Light scattering is a decomposition process of white light into its colour constituent. ( ) 6

3. Complete the table below. a) Addition of primary colour Red + blue Red + green Green + blue Red + green + blue b) Filter P Red Blue Yellow Magenta Cyan Filter Q Green Cyan Green Yellow Magenta

Secondary colour on screen

Colour formed on the white screen

7.6

PRINCIPLE OF SUBSTRACTION OF COLOURED LIGHTS TO EXPLAIN THE APPEARANCE OF COLOURED OBJECTS An object of a primary colour (red, blue, green) only reflects light of the same colour. Example: A blue object only reflects blue light. An object of a secondary colour (yellow, magenta, cyan) reflects light of the same colour and the primary colours that form it. Example: A magenta object reflects magenta, red and blue lights. A white object appears white in white light because a white object reflects all colours. No coloured lights are absorbed. A black object appears black because all coloured light are absorbed by it. No coloured light is reflected. Absorption of light by coloured object is based on the principle of substraction of coloured light.

Function of Rod Cells and Cone Cells in The Eye The retina contains two types of cell that are sensitive to light stimulus: a) Rod cells - Sensitive to light of low intensity - Not sensitive to colour 7

Only a black and white image is produced

b) Cone cells - Sensitive to light of high intensity to detect colour - Three types: Each is sensitive to red, green and blue light

7.7

EFFECTS OF MIXING PIGMENTS

A. Pigment and Their Uses PIGMENT: Materials that absorb some colours of light and reflect other colours. Field Construction Industry Art Food technology Transportation Use In making paint In making colour dye for cloth and textile In making water colour and oil paint In making food colouring In making spray paints for vehicles

B. Effects of Mixing Pigment The primary colour of pigments are red, blue and yellow. Mixing pigments is based on the principle of substraction of coloured lights.

green

blue
black orange

violet

yellow

red

Pigments are not pure as coloured lights. Pigments have the property of absorbing and reflecting certain colours when shone on by white light. Example: Blue pigment reflects violet, blue and green light. When two pigments are mixed, the colour produced is the colour reflected by both pigments.

Colour of pigment Red + yellow Cyan + yellow Magenta + yellow Blue + yellow Magenta + yellow + cyan

Colour obtained Orange Green Red Green Black

EXERCISE 1. Put a tick () for a correct statement and cross (X) for the wrong statement. a) The colour of an opaque object depends on the colour of the light reflected.( ) b) A primary coloured object only reflects the light of the same colour. (X ) c) A white object absorbs all colours in the white light. d) A black object reflects all colours in the white light. ( ) (X )

2. Where are the rod cell and cone cell situated in the eye? The human retina is layer of light-sensitive cells. 3. Pigment is a material that natural pigment and artificial pigment certain coloured light. 4. Paint and colouring contain yellow,magenta,cyan and black. 5. The primary colours of pigment are red , green and blue. 6. Mixing pigment is based on the principle of coloured lights.