UNSTEADY STATE HEAT TRANSFER

INTRODUCTION:
Unsteady state designates a phenomenon which is time dependent. Conduction of heat in unsteady state referes to the transient conditions where in, heat flow and temperature distribution at any point of the system varies with time. Transient conditions occur in heating or cooling of metal billets, cooling of I.C engine cylinder, brick burning and vulcanization of rubber.

DESCRIPTION:
Unsteady state heat transfer equipment have oil heater located at left bottom of equipment. Specimen to be held in chuck which is at the top of oil heater. Thermocouple No. 3 is located inside the specimen. No. 2 thermocouple measures the air temperature. No. 1 thermocouple measures the oil temperature. Digital temperature indicator indicates respective temperature of thermocouples as we select it by selector switch.

SPECIFICATION:
1. Oil Heater 2. digital temperature indicator 3. Thermocouple 4. Specimens Meterial : 5 00W : 199.9 deg C : Al Cr type. : Copper.

EXPERIMENTATION:
Obtain the specimen temperature at any interval of time by practical and by theoretical methods and observe the heating and cooling curves of unsteady state.

PROCEDURE:
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. Put ON the mains switch. Fill the oil jar up to th of its height. Insert the thermocouple in jar having tag No. 1 Keep thermocouple No. 2 near to the specimen inside the transparent chamber Start the oil heater by varying the dimmer in clock wise direction. Keep the selector switch at No. 1 and observe the oil temperature.

7.

When the oil temperature reaches up to 950 insert the specimen in oil jar. At the same time note down the specimen temperature and start the stops watch.

8.

Note down the specimen reading for every 10 sec. Check the oil temperature by selecting No. 1 on selector switch.

9.

Take the readings of specimen temperature till it comes nearly to hot oil temperature

10. Now put the specimen inside the rectangular chamber. At the same time put OFF the heater. 11. Take the atmosphere temperature by selecting No.2 and specimen temperature. Note the specimen temperature reading till it comes closer to atmospheric temperature. 12. Put OFF the main switch.

OBSERVATION:
1. Specimen material: Copper k = 386 W/m 0K. = 17.7 x 10-6 / 0 C mm mm 2. Thermal conductivity of the copper, 3. Co-efficient of thermal expansion, 4. Specimen Diameter, 5. Specimen length, d= 30 l= 30

TABULATION: 1. Heating:
Sl. No. Oil Temperature T1 in 0C Specimen temperature T3 in
0

Time in second

C at interval of 10 sec.

2. Cooling:
Sl. No. Atmospheric temperature. T2 in C
0

Specimen temperature T3 in
0

Time in second

C at interval of 10 sec.

CALCULATION:
Specimen material: Copper Specimen diameter, d = 30 mm Specimen radius, r = 15mm Specimen length, l = 30mm = 0.03mm x r2 x L = 2 r (r+L) Biot Number Bi = hl/k Fourier Number Fo = Grashof number Gr = t / L2 g
2

Characteristic length for Cylinder 1 =

rL 2(r+L)

d3 T
2

Where, = 1/T T = maximum temperature in 0 K g = acceleration due to gravity = 9.81 m/s2 = density of medium at mean temperature. From the table Kg/m3 T = Difference between surrounding temperature and specimen temperature. = Dynamic viscosity of the medium from the table in N-s/m2 d = diameter of the specimen in m. Pr = Prandtl number of medium at mean temperature from table. K = Thermal conductivity of medium at mean temperature. From table W/m-0K Mean temperature, T = Tmax + Tmin 2 In case of the cooling, Tmax = Specimen temperature. (Just after the hot oil bath) Tmin = Atmosphere temperature. In case of inserting specimen into the hot oil bath Tmax = Hot oil temperature. Tmin = Specimen temperature. Before inserting into oil bath. RaD = Gr x Pr The following equations are used for the constant wall temperature. Case for all values of Prandtl no.

NuD = .36 +

.518 RaD1/4 {1+(.559/Pr)9/16}4/9 (.387 RaD 1/6 )2 {1 + (.559/Pr)9/16}8/24

10-6 < RaD > 109

NuD = .6 +

109 < RaD > 1012

Nusselt number NuD = hd/k Where h = heat transfer coeff. In W/m2 0K d = diameter of the specimen in m. K = Thermal conductivity of the medium at mean temperature. From the table in 0 W/m K. (In cooling, medium is air and in heating, medium is hot oil). h = NuD K/ d Characteristic length of the cylinder 1 = r L 2(r+ L) Biot number Bi = hl/k Fourier number Fo = t / L2

Where k = thermal conductivity of specimen material = Coeff of the thermal expansion of the specimen material in /0C t = Time in sec. t ta = e-(Bi x Fo) ts ta Where, t = temperature of the specimen at time interval of t sec. ta = atmospheric temperature. in 0C ts = Specimen temperature. 0C In case of the cooling, ta= atmospheric temperature. ts = specimen temperature. In case of the heating ta = specimen temperature. (Initial) ts = hot oil temperature. RESULT: A graph of Ln v/s ( /R2)