INTRODUCTION TO MICROPROCESSOR

History
The door to advancements in semiconductor electronics had opened nine years earlier, when Bell Labs introduced the transistor. Bell s transistor replaced big, expensive, fragile and power-hungry vacuum tubes. By the mid-1950s, they were making inroads into consumer products and military applications.

 Still, the transistor had its own disadvantages. Some applications required thousands of transistors to be hand-wired into circuits, with an equally large number of traditional components. The work was time-consuming, costly and jeopardized reliability.

 Another problem what engineers called the tyranny of numbers also existed. The sheer number of a system s interconnected transistors and other devices prevented progress. Their size and weight often precluded their use in many devices, including airborne military applications. And if one component failed, the entire system could be compromised. Engineers worldwide hunted for a solution.

 1952 - Integrated Circuit (IC) concept published English radar scientist Geoffrey W.A. Dummer "Solid block [with] layers of insulating materials" In 1956 Dummer unsuccessfully attemped to build an integrated circuit

 1958 Sept 12th IC invented Jack S. Kilby of Texas Instruments Circuit elements such as resistors, capacitors, distributed capacitors and transistors, if all made of the same material, could be included in a single chip A simple oscillator IC with five integrated components 7/16-by-1/16-inches

First Integrated Circuit (IC)

 Late 1958 Planar process invented Jean Hoerni of Fairchild Uses oxidation and heat diffusion to form a smooth insulating layer on the surface of a silicon chip, allowed the embedding of insulated layers of transistors and other elements in silicon 1959 A semiconductor integrated circuit based on the planar process invented Robert Noyce of Fairchild Planar technology is used until today

 1971 Nov

Intel 4004 microprocessor 4-bit processor 740kHz Addressing 4096 memory location 46 instructions 2300 transistors 16-pin DIP

 1972 Apr Intel 8008 microprocessor First 8-bit processor 0.5kHz 0.8kHz Addressing 16kbyte 2500 transistors 18 pin DIP

Intel 8080
1974 Apr Intel 8080 microprocessor 8-bit processor 2MHz 16-bit address bus64kB 8-bit data bus 6,000 transistors 40 pin DIP

 Greatly enhanced version of the 8008 Generally considered the first truly usable microprocessor The brain (processor) of the first microcomputer (personal computer) MITS Altair 8800

Zilog Z80
1976 July Zilog Z80 8-bit processor 2MHz 16-bit address bus 8-bit data bus 40-pin DIP

 Improvement on Intel 8080 Enhanced instruction set Enchanced register array A built-in DRAM refresh mechanism

Other early microprocessors

Other manufacturers began manufacturing their own modified versions of Intel 8080
Manufacturer Fairchild MOS Technology Motorola National Semiconductor Rockwell International Part Number F-8 6502 MC6800 IMP-8 PPS-8

Microprocessor of Today
Manufacturer AMD Microprocessor Athlon XP Opteron Athlon 64 Sempron Phenom Pentium 4 Itanium Core 2 Dual Core Core i7 Year 2001 2003 2003 2006 2008 2000 2002 2006 2007 2009

Intel

History of Microprocessor

What is Microprocessor?

What is Microprocessor?
Microprocessor ( P) is a multipurpose, programmable, clock-driven, registerbased, electronic device reads binary instructions from a storage device called memory accepts binary data as input and processes data according to those instructions and provides results as output Basic functions Data transfer, arithmetic and logic, decision making

 P as a programmable device it can be instructed to perform tasks within its capability Memory is used to store the programs and data for the microprocessor Input/Output allows the P to communicate with the outside world, either to receive or to send data

Microprocessor Application
Reprogrammable systems Use for computing and data processing General purpose microprocessor-based i.e. Personal Computer (PC) Embedded systems Part of final product and is not available for reprogramming i.e. Copying machine

Arithmetic/Logic unit

Performs arithmetic and logic operation Arithmetic Addition and subtraction Logic AND, OR and exclusive OR Result are store either in register/memory

Control unit
Directs the operation of all the other units by providing timing and control signals. i.e. Send read/write commands to memory, decode instructions, acknowledging interrupts from input devices

Central Processing Unit

Central Processing Unit

Provides timing and control signals Fetch instructions and data from memory Decode and execute instructions Transfer data to and from memory and I/O devices Performs arithmetic/logic operation as per instruction Respond to generated control signal by I/O such as RESET and INTERRUPT

P unit as a CPU
CPU
Arithmetic/ Logic Unit

CPU as a primary component of a computer CPU consists of: ALU Control Unit ALU and Control Unit in one package is known as Microprocessor

Input

Control Unit

Output

Memory

CPU Register
ACC program counter is PC accumulator is

used to perform the sequence instruction execution, arithmetic/logic holds the and address of operation next stores its the instruction to be result ALU executed PTR Pointer holds addresses and used by IR instruction register stores instruction that instruction that indirectly are being executed access memory GPR general purpose register is for storing data

ACC PTR GPR R7 R6 R0 PC IR

Address Bus

Data Bus

Control Unit

Control Bus

Register
Register is a storage location in the CPU Used to hold data/address during execution of an instruction Accessible to the user through instructions Registers have faster access time than memory Number of registers available for programming varies from mP to mP

System Bus
Address Bus - unidirectional ACC Identifies each peripheral or PTR memory location
GPR Data Bus - bidirectional ALU R7 R6 R0
transferred and processed at aIR time

Address Bus

Transfer data between MPU and external devices

Data Bus

PC Determines how large a binary number can be

Control Bus - bidirectional

Generated by MPU to indicate its operation Carries commands from the MPU and status

Control Unit

Control Bus

signals

System Bus

Input
Devices that transfer data and instructions in binary from the outside world (external to the CPU) to the CPU i.e. keyboard, joystick, mouse, scanner etc.

Output
Devices that transfer the result of data processing by CPU to the outside world i.e. Light-emitting diodes (LEDs), monitor, printer etc.

P Organization
P organization consists of four (4) components: Microprocessor (CPU), Input, Output, Memory CPU consists of three segments: ALU, Control Unit & Register The components are organized around a communication path called a system bus

Register ALU Array

Input

Output

System Bus

Control Unit

ROM Memory

R/WM

How does the P work?

The function of a P is determined by a program that controls the system operation Change the program, and you change the system performs!

From: ece.wpi.edu

A microprocessor does not know anything about "C" or Assembly Language. It only looks at a pattern of 1s and 0s and reacts by outputting back 1's and 0's.

From: ece.wpi.edu

 Reads and executes one instruction at a time Fetch, decode and execute During the entire process Microprocessor uses the system bus to fetch the instructions from the memory Microprocessor uses the register to store data temporarily and performs the computing in the ALU