Embedded System Design (EEE G512) First Semester 2010 2011

Lecture- 02

Rajiv Ranjan Singh

Lecturer, EEE Group

Birla Institute of Technology and Science, Pilani, (India) Email: rrsingh@bits-pilani.ac.in Course - Home: http://discovery.bitspilani.ac.in/discipline/eee/rrsingh/ESD-Home-OnCampus.htm

Embedded System Design (EEE G512), 2010, Rajiv Ranjan Singh, BITS Pilani, India

Outline (Lecture-02)
Components (Hardware and Software) in Embedded Systems Classifications of Embedded Systems Design Challenges, Metrics, Methodology Research Areas in Embedded Systems

Embedded System Design (EEE G512), 2010, Rajiv Ranjan Singh, BITS Pilani, India

Components of Embedded Systems (Hardware)

Input Devices (e.g. keys, switches, sensors etc.) Interfacing / Driver Circuits (decoders, signal conditioning, ADCs etc)

Power Supply, Reset and Oscillator Circuits

Processor (8051, 68HC12, PIC16XXX, ARM etc.)

Application Specific Circuits (serial -to-USB / Ethernet converter circuit)

Timer Circuits (Input capture, Output compare circuits, RTC etc)

Program Memory (EEPROMs, Flash etc.) and Data Memory (RAMs, SRAMs etc.)

Serial Communication Ports (SCIs, SPIs)

Interrupt Controller

Parallel Ports (2/6/8-bits etc.)

Output Devices (LEDs, Relays LCDs etc.) Interfacing / Driver Circuits (DACs etc)
Embedded System Design (EEE G512), 2010, Rajiv Ranjan Singh, BITS Pilani, India

Components of Embedded Systems (Software)

1) Main application software: - performs series of tasks or multiple tasks concurrently. - constrained due to low memory, low processing power requirement etc. Real Time Operating System (RTOS): - supervises the application software. - provides a mechanism to let the processor run a process as per scheduling. - performs context-switching between various processes (tasks). - organizes access to a resource in sequence of the series of tasks of the system. - schedules their working and execution by following a plan to control the latencies and to meet the deadlines. - sets the rules during the execution of the application software.

2.

Embedded System Design (EEE G512), 2010, Rajiv Ranjan Singh, BITS Pilani, India

Classification of Embedded Systems

Features processing Small scale Single 8-bit / 16-bit microcontroller (C) little Board-level Editor / assembler/ cross-assembler / development boards ( specific to a C or P) Medium scale Single or few 16-bit / 32-bit C or DSPs or RISCs or ASSPs or IPs Have both (medium) H/W S/W co-design RTOS / Source code engineering tools / simulators / debugger and Integrated Development Environment (IDE) Sophisticated Scalable processors or configurable processors and PLAs Enormous (large) H/W S/W co-design May not be readily available. A compiler or retargetable compiler might have to be developed.

H/W and S/W complexities Design methods Programming and Development Tools

Embedded System Design (EEE G512), 2010, Rajiv Ranjan Singh, BITS Pilani, India

Classification (Cont..)
Features
Constraints

Small scale
- less memory available - power dissipation Not needed

Medium scale
w.r.t. h/w and s/w complexities ASSPs and IPs needed (e.g. bus interfacing, encrypting /decrypting, DCTs, TCP/IP protocol stacking and network connecting functions etc.) -C and RTOS - program modeling skills - hardware organization - use of APIs for a specific microcontrollers

Sophisticated
Processing speeds of hardware units reduce performance and speed Needed (implemented in hardware to maximize speed by saving time) Some hardware resources in the system are also implemented by software. Embedded sys. h/w designer: Full skills in hardware units and basic knowledge of C, RTOS and other programming tools. Embedded sys. s/w designer: basic knowledge in hardware, thorough knowledge of C, RTOS and other programming tools.

Application specific circuits

Skills required by a developer

- microcontrollers, - computer architecture - digital electronic design - software engg. - data communication - control enng. - motors and actuators - sensors and measurements - analog electronics design - IC design etc.

Embedded System Design (EEE G512), 2010, Rajiv Ranjan Singh, BITS Pilani, India

Design Challenges
.

External Constraints - How much hardware do we need? (too little-> deadlines missed / too much -> too expensive) - How do we meet deadlines? (Increased CPU clock-rate may not speed up execution time, maybe due to the memory speed) - How do we minimize power consumption? (increased consumption -> more heat, slowing down digital systems -> missed deadlines) - How do we design for upgradeability? (s/w compatibility for different hardware platforms when the s/w itself is not written) - Does it really work? (how reliable are the developed systems?) Internal Constraints - challenges posed by the characteristics of the components and systems themselves

Embedded System Design (EEE G512), 2010, Rajiv Ranjan Singh, BITS Pilani, India

Design Metrics
.

Nonrecurring engineering (NRE) Cost: One time design cost Unit Cost: monetary cost of manufacturing each copy of the system, excluding NRE cost. Size: Physical space required by the system. (s/w -> bytes, h/w -> transistors and gates) Performance: The execution time or throughput of the system. Power Consumption: amount of power consumed by the system (lifetime of a battery, cooling requirements of the IC i.e. more power -> more heat). Flexibility: ability to change the functionality of the system without incurring heavy NRE cost. (e.g. software) Time-to-prototype: time needed to build a working version of a system. Works as a yardstick to verify the products usefulness and correctness as well as to refine and fine tune the product. Time-to-market: time required to develop a system to the point that it can be released and sold to the customers. (design time + manufacturing time + testing time = time-to-market)
Embedded System Design (EEE G512), 2010, Rajiv Ranjan Singh, BITS Pilani, India

Design Metrics (cont..)

.

Maintainability: the ability to modify the system after its initial release. Correctness: measure of the confidence that the built system functions correctly (throughout the design process using test circuitry). The Performance Design Metric: measure of how long the system takes to execute our desired tasks - Latency or Response Time: time between the start of the tasks execution and end (e.g time to process an image = 0.20 sec). - Throughput: number of tasks processed per unit time (e.g a camera may process 4 images/sec)..

Embedded System Design (EEE G512), 2010, Rajiv Ranjan Singh, BITS Pilani, India

Design Methodology
Overall System Specifications
(requirement, problem definition, intended purpose, inputs and outputs, abstract level specifications)

System Level Design Node Level Specifications

(possible subsystems (nodes) and interconnections between them)

Node Level Design Processor Level Specifications

(block diagram and component level interconnections)

Processor Level Design Task Specifications

(processor, memory, I/O devices and their specifications)

Task Specifications
(complete interconnections)
Embedded System Design (EEE G512), 2010, Rajiv Ranjan Singh, BITS Pilani, India

Research Areas in Embedded Systems

.

Processors and IC Design System software Reconfigurable computing hardware Sensor Networks Low-cost Low-power systems Communication protocols Security and authentication Distributed Networked Embedded Systems Embedded Internet RTOS Smart Devices Heterogeneous computing architectures Biomedical Electronics And many more ------

Embedded System Design (EEE G512), 2010, Rajiv Ranjan Singh, BITS Pilani, India

Real-Time Embedded Systems Example

Q. Which of the following is a real time embedded system? Justify each case (a) Television Set (b) A digital blood pressure monitor (c) Desktop Key Board (d) A programmable calculator

Embedded System Design (EEE G512), 2010, Rajiv Ranjan Singh, BITS Pilani, India

Real-Time Embedded Systems Example

Q. Which of the following is a real time embedded system? Justify each case (a) Television Set (b) A digital blood pressure monitor (c) Desktop Key Board (d) A programmable calculator Solution: Only (b) and (d) are the example of real-time embedded systems as they satisfy the required characteristics: - programmable - reactive - tightly constrained Television Set: Only a small part of it is programmable. It can work without being programmable. It is not tightly constrained. Desktop Keyboard: Although it has processor, it can not be programmed.
Embedded System Design (EEE G512), 2010, Rajiv Ranjan Singh, BITS Pilani, India

About Course & Lab

Hardware tools available in the lab:
.

ARM-7 based Keil NXP LPC2370 Evaluation Board: NXP LPC2378 (32-bit flash based microcontroller) Atmel 8051 / C251 Keil MCBx51 Evaluation Board: 89C51RD2 (8-bit flash based controllers) TSC80252G2D (8/16-bit flash based controllers) Microchip PIC 16F877 Microcontroller (8-bit) Trainer Kit CY8C29466-24PXI PSoC EVAL1 Kit CY3210 PSOC EVAL1 Kit CY3209 Express EVK Kit CY3271 Reexpansion Kit CY3271 First Touch
Embedded System Design (EEE G512), 2010, Rajiv Ranjan Singh, BITS Pilani, India

About Course & Lab

Software tools available in the lab:
.

Real view microcontroller development kit from Keil for ARM and 8051 Family MPLAB IDE for PIC controllers PICC ANSI C compiler from High-tech Software

Embedded System Design (EEE G512), 2010, Rajiv Ranjan Singh, BITS Pilani, India

About Course & Lab

Other tools available in the lab?
.

Microcontrollers (development boards and emulators): Motorola - HC05 (M68HC05PF / M68Hc705JICS / M68HC05L16 etc. ) - HC08 (M68EM08AZ32 etc.) - HC11 (M68HC11EVS / M68EM11K4 etc.) - HC12 (M68HC12A4EVB / M68HC12B32EVB etc.) - DSP Kits (DSP 56002 EVM / DSP56009EVM etc.) ST Microelectronics - ST7 (ST7HDS2) FPGA kit - from Altera - Nios II IDE

Embedded System Design (EEE G512), 2010, Rajiv Ranjan Singh, BITS Pilani, India

What you can learn?

If you spend time in the lab you would learn the following:
.

Microcontrollers Programming Hardware Development and Testing Besides these ,You would also like to learn Real Time Operating Systems (RTOS) Programming using RTOS specific development environment Application Development for Set top boxes Application Development for Simputer Scope of learning is unlimited!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!

Embedded System Design (EEE G512), 2010, Rajiv Ranjan Singh, BITS Pilani, India

Hardware Kits / Boards

MCB 2300 Evaluation Board
.

MCBx51 Evaluation Board

http://www.keil.com/

Embedded System Design (EEE G512), 2010, Rajiv Ranjan Singh, BITS Pilani, India

Software Tools
.

http://www.keil.com/
Embedded System Design (EEE G512), 2010, Rajiv Ranjan Singh, BITS Pilani, India

Evaluation Components?
.

Assignment Set -1 - Assembly language programming - Mini hardware project (?) Assignment Set 2 - Final hardware project - Demo of final hardware project Test 1 Test 2 Comprehensive Examination 9th October, 2010 20th November, 2010 10th December, 2010

Embedded System Design (EEE G512), 2010, Rajiv Ranjan Singh, BITS Pilani, India

Bibliography
.

Wolf, Wayne, Computers as Components Principles of Embedded Computing System Design, Second Edition, Morgan-Kaufmann, 2008. Raj Kamal, Embedded Systems, Tata McGraw Hill, New Delhi, 2003 Phen Edwards, Luciano Lavagno, Dward A. Lee.Alberto SangiovanniVincentelli , Design of Embedded Systems: Formal Models, Validation, and Synthesis, Proceedings of The IEEE, Vol. 85, No. 3, March 1997, page-366-390 J.A. Debardelaben, V. K. Madisetti, A. J. Gadeint, Incorporating Cost Modeling in Embedded-System Design, IEEE Design and Test of Computers, July-September-1997, Page 24-35 Ian F. Akyilidiz, Weilian Su, Yogesh Sankarsubrmaniam, and Erdal Cayirci, A Survey on Sensor Networks, IEEE Communications Magazine, August 2002.

Embedded System Design (EEE G512), 2010, Rajiv Ranjan Singh, BITS Pilani, India

Next Lecture
.

Processors in Embedded Systems RISC and CISC Architectures

Embedded System Design (EEE G512), 2010, Rajiv Ranjan Singh, BITS Pilani, India

Thank You!
These lecture slides have been prepared for the benefits of the registered students of the course Embedded System Design ( EEE G512) of BITS Pilani. Anybody who may wish to use these slides for educational purpose could use it without any explicit permission. Any kind of redistribution, alteration, and commercial use of this material is strictly prohibited.
Embedded System Design (EEE G512), 2010, Rajiv Ranjan Singh, BITS Pilani, India