Sara Bavarian September 2009

Fast moving industry

Growth despite economic downturn! Increase available bandwidth Improve spectral efficiency Diverse applications Wireless sensor networks, RFID Ubiquitous data connection Goals Broadband wireless Trends Last decade was all about CDMA, now we hear MIMO, OFDM,... Challenges New technologies, new bottlenecks! No free lunch! Standards Facts and politics!

Where are we going?

Source [6].

Outline
Technologies OFDM: Orthogonal-Frequency Division Multiplexing

OFDMA: OFDM with multiple access SC-FDMA: Single Carrier Frequency Division Multiple Access

MIMO: Multiple-input, multiple-output Iterative decoding Adaptive schemes

Standards Cellular 4G standards

Long Term Evolution (LTE) Mobile WiMAX

Wi-Fi 802.11n

Why OFDM?
High Data Rate Wide Bandwidth Inter-Symbol Interference (ISI)
Solutions Equalization

Time Domain: Multiple copies of signal Frequency Domain: Frequency selectivity

Time or Frequency Domain Equalizer

Time Frequency

Single Carrier Transmission

Time Dispersive Channel

OFDM: bandwidth efficient multi-carrier modulation

OFDM Structure
Discrete implementation of multicarrier

modulation. Decomposing the wideband channel into orthogonal sub-channels, using digital signal processing. ISI can be eliminated by using cyclic prefix. Great for high data rate communications in moderate to large delay spreads.

Drawbacks of OFDM
Peak-to-Average Power Ratio (PAPR) IFFT operation is a weighted sum of a large number of input values, certain input combinations can cause a spike. Large PAPR causes difficulties because of the need for power amplifiers with large dynamic range. Frequency offset Slowly varying frequency offset between the transmit and receive crystals. Phase noise at the receiver Doppler spread Causing inter-carrier interference, and irreducible error floor. Length of delay spread If the length of delay spread is more than cyclic prefix, it causes ISI.

OFDMA
OFDMA is a multiple access technique based on OFDM. Subcarriers are divided into sub-channels. Could be used in downlink or uplink.

Source [2].

SC-FDMA

Source [2].

SC-FDMA
New hybrid transmission scheme combining low PAPR of

single carrier schemes with frequency allocation flexibility and multipath protection of OFDMA. SC-FDMA spreads the signal over all sub-carriers, and it is sometimes called DFT-spread FDMA. Lower sensitivity to carrier frequency offset.

SC-FDMA vs. OFDMA

Source [2].

MIMO Basics
Multiple antennas offer multiplexing gain as well as array

and diversity gain.

Increase capacity Increase the reliability by combating fading. Increase transmission range

MIMO system performance is best in scenarios with high

multipath scenarios.
Channel matrix full rank in single user case.

Types of MIMO
Closed Loop Feedback from receiver to transmitter Beamforming

Preferable in closely spaced antennas, aiming the beam of the array antenna towards the receiver.

Source [3].

Pre-coded spatial division

multiplexing

H= UV H

Using the singular value decomposition of the channel matrix. Linear pre-coding in transmitter and linear combining in the receiver.

Source [1].

Types of MIMO (Contd)

Open Loop Transmit diversity

Single data stream Space-time block codes e.g. Alamouti code or space-time trellis codes, etc. Single user (SU-MIMO) Multi-user (MU-MIMO)

Spatial division multiplexing (SDM)

Hybrid schemes

Iterative Codes

Very close to the information-theoretic bounds. Turbo codes Repeat accumulate (RA) codes Low-density parity check (LDPC) codes Iterative detection and decoding schemes.

Adaptive Schemes
Adaptive modulation More complex modulation scheme when the channel is good. Increased capacity. More reliability. Channel dependent

scheduling (CDS)
Source [4].

3GPP LTE
The 3rd Generation Partnership Project (3GPP) is a

collaboration between groups of telecommunications associations, to make a globally applicable third generation standard. The working group continued the work towards 4G. Work on LTE started in 2004 , expected to be implemented in 2010. More releases are expected LTE-advanced.

3GPP Evolution

Source [4].

LTE Goals
All IP network Reduced latency Higher user data rates Improved system capacity and coverage Spectral efficiency 2-4 times better than release 6 Support for scalable bandwidth Cost-reduction Cost effective migration from legacy networks Reduced capital operational expenditure including backhaul

LTE Major Features

Packet only no circuit switched voice or data Access modes: FDD and TDD Common 10ms frame timing but different frame structure Variable channel bandwidth 1.4,3,5,10,15, and 20MHz User data rates Downlink: 172.8 Mbps(2x2 single user MIMO, 64 QAM) Uplink: 86.4 Mbps (single link 64 QAM) Guard period between symbols Sub-carriers modulated with QPSK, 16 QAM, or 64 QAM Transmission time interval 1ms

LTE Major Features (Contd)

Downlink: OFDMA Robust against multipath Uplink: SC-FDMA Simplify handset design Reduce PAPR Spatial Diversity: DL: Open loop Tx diversity, single user MIMO up to 4x4 UL

Optional open look Tx diversity 2x2 multi-user MIMO Optional 2x2 single user MIMO

LTE Acronyms

Source [1].

IEEE 802.16
Addresses the first mile/last mile connection in wireless

metropolitan area networks (MAN) Standards

802.16a: NLOS, 2-11GHz

802.16: LOS, 10-66 GHz (70 Mbps up to 30 miles) 802.16b, c: Extensions for QoS, testing and interoperability 802.16d: Fixed extension 802.16e: 2-6GHz, mobility 802.16m: Higher data rate

WiMAX forum http://www.wimaxforum.org/

Mobile WiMAX (IEEE802.16e)

LTEs main competitors Very Similar Main difference OFDMA in uplink instead of SC-FDMA

Lower battery drain in LTE

Higher user latency in Mobile WiMAX

The differences are not substantial

Comparison of LTE and Mobile WiMAX (in 10MHz TDD)

Source [3].

Next Generation Wi-Fi : IEEE 802.11n

Draft approved in 2007, a new version expected to be

published Oct 2009. Baseline configuration

Up to 4 Tx and 4 Rx antennas 40 MHz operation with 64-point IFFT Mixed mode preamble recognizable by legacy networks Open loop SDM with cyclic delay Max PHY data rate up to 600Mbps

Various Modulation and Coding Schemes

Comparison

Source [1] published in 2007.

What next?
Cooperation Cross-Layer design Cognitive radio Cooperative MIMO

Reduce radiation levels

Base Station Cooperation

Practical issues Interference cancellation Cost reduction Modelling and propagation Extremely high frequency (EHF)

References
[1] J. Winters, and S.A. Mujtaba, Standardization of MIMOOFDM, a tutorial in IEEE GLOBECOM 2007. [2] M. Rumnay, SC-FDMA the new LTE uplink explained, a tutorial sponsored by Agilent Technologies, March 2008. [3] D.H. Morais, UMTSs LTE Webcast, Adroit Wireless Technologies, 2009. [4] H.G. Myung, Single Carrier FDMA, May 2008. [5] C. Gessner and A. Roessler, LTE technology and LTE test: a deskside chat, Rohde and Schwarz, May 2009. [6] M.D. Katz, and F.H. Fitzek, Cooperation in Wireless Networks: Principles and Applications, Springer, 2006.