SUBJECT SCHEDULE ROOM INSTRUCTOR

: ENGR03 : Engineering Materials ENGR0309 : Fundamentals of Material Science and Engineering : MWF , 10:00 11:00 : 303 : Eng r. Martie R. Sendico

INTRODUCTION 1. Historical Perspective y Materials are probably more deep-seated in our culture than most of us realize. y Virtually every segment of our everyday lives is influenced to one degree or another by materials - Transportation, housing, clothing, communication, recreation and food production y The development and advancement of societies have been intimately tied to the members ability to produce and manipulate materials to fill their needs. y Early civilizations have been designated by the level of their materials development (i.e., Stone Age, Bronze Age). y The earliest human had access to only a very limited number of materials, those that occur naturally: stone, wood, clay, skins, and so on. y With time - they discovered techniques for producing materials that had properties superior to those of the natural ones; these new materials included pottery and various metals. y It was discovered that properties of materials could be altered by heat treatment and addition of other substances. y At this point, materials utilization was totally a selection process, that is, deciding from a given rather than limited set of materials the one that was best suited for an application by virtue of its characteristics y Only in the recent times that scientist came to understand the relationship between the structural elements of materials and their properties y This knowledge acquired in the past 60 years or so, has empowered them to fashion, to a large degree, the characteristics of materials y Tens of thousands of different materials have evolved with specialized characteristics that meet the needs of our modern and complex society; these include metals, plastics, glasses and fibers y The development of many technologies that make our existence so comfortable has been intimately associated with accessibility of suitable materials y An advancement in the understanding of a material type is often the forerunner to the stepwise progression of technology

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2. Materials Science and Engineering y Discipline of Material Science involves investigating the relationships that exist between structures and properties of materials y Materials Engineering is on the basis of these structure property correlations, designing or engineering the structure of material to produce a predetermined set of properties y Structure of Material usually relates to the arrangement of its internal components o Subatomic structure involves electrons within the individual atoms and interaction with their nuclei o On an atomic level, structure encompasses the organization of atoms or molecule relative to one another o Microscopic contains large group of atoms that are normally agglomerated together. Can be subject to direct observation using some type of microscope o Macroscopic structural elements that may be viewed with the naked eye y Property of Material is a material trait in terms of the kind and magnitude of response to a specific stimulus (example: a specimen subject to forces will experience deformation, polish metal surface will reflect light) y Categories of Properties of Solid Materials o Mechanical o Electrical o Thermal o Magnetic o Optical o Deteriorative (Chemical) y Components of the discipline of Material Science and Engineering o Structure o Properties o Processing o Performance

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3. Why study materials science and engineering ? y Materials scientist and engineers will one time or another be exposed to a design problem involving material y Materials scientist and engineers are specialist who totally involve in the investigation and design of materials y Criteria in Material Selection Process o In-Service Conditions must be characterized properties required for a material o Deterioration of Material Properties o Economics finish product cost 4. Primary Classification of Materials (based on chemical makeup and atomic structure) y Metals combination of metallic elements , Good conductors of electricity and heat, not transparent to visible light y Ceramics compounds between metallic and non-metallic elements, insulative to the passage of electricity and heat, resistant to high temperatures and harsh environments than metals and polymers y Polymers include the familiar plastic and rubber materials , low densities and extremely flexible y Other types of materials o Composites designed to display a combination of the best characteristics of each of the component materials o Semiconductors have electrical properties that are intermediate between electrical conductors and insulators o Biomaterials employed in components implanted into human body for replacement of diseased or damaged body parts. These materials must not produce toxic substances and must be compatible with body tissues

II. Crystal Structures y Fundamental Concepts o Atoms self-organize in crystals, most of the time. o The crystalline lattice, is a periodic array of the atoms. o When the solid is not crystalline, it is called amorphous. o Examples of crystalline solids are metals, diamond and other precious stones, ice, graphite. o Examples of amorphous solids are glass, amorphous carbon (a-C), amorphous Si, most plastics Unit Cells o The unit cell is the smallest structure that repeats itself by translation through the crystal. We construct these symmetrical units with the hard spheres.

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The most common types of unit cells are:  Faced-centered cubic (FCC), - The crystal structure found for many metals has a unit cell of cubic geometry, with atoms located at each of the corners and the centers of all the cube faces.  Body-centered cubic (FCC) - has a cubic unit cell with atoms located at all eight corners and a single atom at the cube center Hexagonal close-packed (HCP). - The top and bottom faces of the unit cell consist of six atoms that form regular hexagons and surround a single atom in the center.

Metallic Crystal Structures Important properties of the unit cells are y The type of atoms and their radii R. y cell dimensions (side a in cubic cells, side of base a and height c in HCP) in terms of R. y n, number of atoms per unit cell. For an atom that is shared with m adjacent unit cells, we only count a fraction of the atom, 1/m. y CN, the coordination number, which is the number of closest neighbors to which an atom is bonded. y APF, the atomic packing factor, which is the fraction of the volume of the cell actually occupied by the hard spheres. APF = Sum of atomic volumes/Volume of cell. Unit Cell SC BCC FCC HCP n 1 2 4 6 CN 6 8 12 12 a/R 2 4 3 2 2 APF 0.52 0.68 0.74 0.74

The closest packed direction in a BCC cell is along the diagonal of the cube; in a FCC cell is along the diagonal of a face of the cube. Density Computations The density of a solid is that of the unit cell, obtained by dividing the mass of the atoms (n atoms x Matom) and dividing by Vc the volume of the cell (a3 in the case of a cube). If the mass of the atom is given in amu (A), then we have to divide it by the Avogadro number to get Matom. Thus, the formula for the density is:

Polymorphism and Allotropy o Some materials may exist in more than one crystal structure, this is called polymorphism. o If the material is an elemental solid, it is called allotropy. o An example of allotropy is carbon, which can exist as diamond, graphite, and amorphous carbon. Crystalline and Non-Crystalline Materials

III.

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Single Crystals Crystals can be single crystals where the whole solid is one crystal. Then it has a regular geometric structure with flat faces. Polycrystalline Materials A solid can be composed of many crystalline grains, not aligned with each other. It is called polycrystalline. The grains can be more or less aligned with respect to each other. Where they meet is called agrain boundary. Anisotropy Different directions in the crystal have a different packing. For instance, atoms along the edge FCC crystals are more separated than along the face diagonal. This causes anisotropy in the properties of crystals; for instance, the deformation depends on the direction in which a stress is applied. Non-Crystalline Solids In amorphous solids, there is no long-range order. But amorphous does not mean random, since the distance between atoms cannot be smaller than the size of the hard spheres. Also, in many cases there is some form of short-range order. For instance, the tetragonal order of crystalline SiO2 (quartz) is still apparent in amorphous SiO2 (silica glass.)

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