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Cancer Statistics, 1998

Sarah H. Landis, MPH
Taylor Murray
Sherry Bolden
Phyllis A. Wingo, PhD, MS
Introduction
Cancer is an important public health concern in the United States and around the
world. To provide an up-to-date perspective on the occurrence of cancer, the
American Cancer Society presents an
overview of cancer burden, incidence,
mortality, and survival statistics for 1998.
Methods
ESTIMATED NEW CANCER CASES
Because the United States does not have
a nationwide cancer registry and because
the quality of case reporting varies among
state cancer registries, investigators have
no way of knowing exactly how many
new cases of cancer are diagnosed in the
Ms. Landis is an Epidemiologist with the Surveillance
Research Program, Department of Epidemiology and
Surveillance, American Cancer Society, Atlanta, GA.
Mr. Murray is a Research Analyst in the Surveillance
Research Program, Department of Epidemiology and
Ms. Bolden is a Program Specialist with the
Surveillance Research Program, Department of
Epidemiology and Surveillance, American Cancer
Society, Atlanta, GA.
Dr. Wingo is Director of the Surveillance Research
Program, Department of Epidemiology and
The authors thank Belinda Hill and Jodie Guest for
their assistance in the preparation of this manuscript
and Kourtney Johnston Davis for her suggestions
regarding content and organization.
United States as a whole and in selected

states each year. Consequently, we estimated the number of new cancer cases
expected to be diagnosed in 1998 using
population data collected by the US Bureau of the Census and cancer incidence
rates collected by the National Cancer Institutes Surveillance, Epidemiology, and
End Results (SEER) program.1-3
Estimates were calculated using a
three-step procedure. First, we multiplied
annual age-specific cancer incidence rates
for 1979 through 1994 by the age-appropriate US Census Bureau population projections for the same years to estimate the
number of cancer cases diagnosed annually from 1979 to 1994. Second, we fitted
these annual cancer case estimates to an
autoregressive quadratic model using the
SAS procedure PROC FORECAST.4,5
Finally, we used the model to forecast the
number of cancer cases expected to be diagnosed in 1998.
Some additional adjustments were
made for sites (or types of cancer) with recently changing incidence rates or with
widely varying year-to-year estimates.
These sites (or types) included rectum,
pancreas, chronic lymphocytic leukemia,
acute lymphocytic leukemia, and lung and
bronchus in men and women; other respiratory tract, bones and joints, other
leukemia, and prostate in men; and colon,
CaA cancer Journal for Clinicians
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gallbladder and other biliary passages,

other digestive tract, endometrium
(uterus), and brain and other nervous system in women.
Between 1987 and 1992, the incidence rate of prostate cancer increased
84%, followed by a decline of 46% between 1992 and 1994.3 Preliminary data
for 1995 show a continued decline (personal communication with Lynn A.G.
Ries of the National Cancer Institutes
Cancer Control Research Program). The
sharp increase in incidence followed by
the decline in recent years probably reflects extensive use of prostate-specific
antigen (PSA) screening in the late 1980s
and the subsequent increase in earlier diagnoses.6 Assuming that the number of
prostate cancer cases will continue to decline until it approaches rates in effect before widespread use of PSA screening,
we estimated new cases of prostate cancer for 1998 using a linear projection
based on data from 1979 to 1989.
Because cancer incidence rates and
case counts for 1979 through 1994 were
not available for many states, we used
state-specific data on cancer deaths to calculate new cases in individual states. We
calculated the proportion of cancer deaths
forecasted for each state in 1998 among
cancer deaths forecasted for the United
States in 1998; we then multiplied this proportion by the 1998 forecast of new cancer
cases for the United States. This method
assumes that the ratio of cancer deaths to
cancer cases for each state is the same as
the ratio for the United States as a whole.
ESTIMATED CANCER DEATHS
We estimated the number of cancer
deaths expected to occur in the United
States in 1998 using data on underlying
cause of death from death certificates reported to the National Center for Health
Statistics (NCHS).7 The numbers of cancer deaths occurring annually from 1979
to 1994 were fitted to an autoregressive
quadratic model using PROC FORECAST.4,5 This model was used to forecast
Vol. 48 No. 1 january/February 1998
1 9 9 8 ; 4 8 : 6 - 2 9
the number of cancer deaths expected to

occur in the United States in 1998. Some
estimates were adjusted slightly to compensate for the effects of recently changing mortality rates or large year-to-year
variations in estimates. These sites included colon and prostate in men and colon,
stomach, and cervix (uterus) in women.
The estimated number of cancer
deaths for each state was calculated with
the same modeling procedure used to estimate cancer deaths for the United
States as a whole.
OTHER STATISTICS
Mortality statistics for the leading causes
of death, the probability of developing
cancer, and cancer survival are also presented in this report (Figs. 3-6, Tables 513). These statistics have been assembled
from a variety of sources, and the methods used to calculate them were described previously.8 We computed mortality rates for cancer around the world
(Table 14) using data compiled by the
World Health Organization; we included
countries that had populations of 500,000
or more, death registration of at least
82%, and a proportion of deaths with a
medically certified cause of death of at
least 95%.9
Selected Findings
EXPECTED NUMBERS OF
NEW CANCER CASES
We estimate that about 1,228,600 new
cases of invasive cancer are expected to be
diagnosed in the United States in 1998
(Table 1). This estimate does not include
carcinoma in situ of any site except urinary
bladder, and it does not include basal and
squamous cell cancers of the skin. Approximately 1 million cases of basal and
squamous cell skin cancers, 36,900 cases of
breast carcinoma in situ, and 21,100 cases
of melanoma carcinoma in situ are expected to be diagnosed in 1998.
Among men, the most common
cancers in 1998 are expected to continue
to be cancers of the prostate, lung and
7
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s t a t i s t i c s ,
bronchus, and colon and rectum (Fig.

1). Prostate is the leading cancer site, accounting for 29% of new cancer cases in
men. This year 184,500 new diagnoses of
prostate cancer are expected (Table 1).
Among women, the three mostly
commonly diagnosed cancers are expected to be cancers of the breast, lung and
bronchus, and colon and rectum (Fig. 1).
Approximately 325,800 new cancers are
expected to occur at these sites (Table 1),
accounting for more than 50% of new
cancer cases in women. Breast cancer
alone is expected to account for about
30% of new cancer cases, with approximately 178,700 cases in 1998 (Table 1).
EXPECTED NUMBERS OF
CANCER DEATHS
In 1998, we estimate that about 564,800
Americans can be expected to die of cancermore than 1,500 people a day (Table
2). Although most 1998 cancer deaths in
men (54%) are expected to be from cancers of the lung and bronchus, prostate,
and colon and rectum (Fig. 2), the number
of deaths from these three sites appears to
be leveling off and may be beginning to
decline. This change is consistent with the
continuing declines in overall cancer mortality rates.3,10 Between 1990 and 1994,
mortality rates for men decreased about
1.4% per year for lung cancer, 0.5% per
year for prostate cancer, and 1.9% per
year for colorectal cancers.3
Among women, cancers of the lung
and bronchus, breast, and colon and rectum are expected to account for more
than half of all cancer deaths in 1998
(Fig. 2). In 1987, lung cancer surpassed
breast cancer as the leading cause of
cancer death in women, and it is expected to account for 25% of all cancer
deaths in women in 1998. Although lung
cancer mortality in men is leveling off,
the mortality rate and the number of
deaths from lung cancer in women are
steadily increasing. Between 1990 and
1994, the lung cancer mortality rate in
women increased about 1.7% per year.3
8
1 9 9 8
Conversely, the numbers of deaths of

women from breast and colorectal cancers appear to be leveling off and may be
beginning to decline. These sites account
for 16% and 11%, respectively, of cancer deaths in women (Fig. 2). Between
1990 and 1994, mortality rates in women
decreased about 1.8% per year for
breast cancer and 1.5% per year for colorectal cancers.3
Limitations and Future Challenges

Our estimated numbers of new cancer
cases and cancer deaths should be interpreted with caution when used to study
trends in cancer incidence and mortality.
These are estimates that can vary considerably from year to year, particularly for
less common cancers and for smaller
states. For this reason, we discourage the
use of our estimates to track year-to-year
changes in cancer occurrence and cancer
deaths.
NCHS mortality rates and SEER
cancer incidence rates are generally
more informative statistics to use for
tracking cancer trends. For example,
breast cancer incidence rates increased
about 1% per year between 1979 and
1982, increased 4% per year between
1982 and 1987, and were approximately
constant between 1987 and 1994. Despite the stabilization of rates during
the latter period, our estimates for new
breast cancer cases increased between
1988 and 1996.
Our estimates are based on the
most currently available cancer incidence and mortality data; however,
these data are 4 years old at the time that
the estimates are calculated. As such,
the effects of large changes occurring in
the 4-year interval between 1994 and
1998 cannot be captured by our modeling efforts. Reports of the direction of
such changes in different geographic locations during the 4-year interval may
help in determining appropriate interpretations.
Finally, our estimates of new cancer
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cases are based on incidence rates for the

geographic locations that participate in
the SEER program and therefore may
not be representative of the United States
as a whole.
Despite these limitations, our esti-
mates do provide an indication of current

patterns of cancer in the United States.
Such estimates will assist our continuing
efforts to reduce the burden of cancer in
the US and world populations as the 21st
CA
century approaches.
References
1. United States Bureau of the Census: Current
Population Reports, P25-1127, National and State
Population Estimates: 1990 to 1994. Washington
DC, Government Printing Office, 1995.
2. United States Bureau of the Census: Current
Population Reports, P25-1130, Population
Projections of the United States, by Age, Sex, Race,
and Hispanic Origin: 1995 to 2050. Washington,
DC, Government Printing Office, 1996.
3. Ries LAG, Kosary CL, Hankey BF, et al (eds):
SEER Cancer Statistics Review, 1973-1994: Tables
and Graphs. (NIH Pub. 97-2789). Bethesda, MD,
National Cancer Institute, 1997.
4. Box GEP, Jenkins GM: Time Series Analysis:
Forecasting and Control. San Francisco, HoldenDay, 1976.
5. SAS Institute Inc.: SAS/ETS Users Guide,

Version 6, First Edition. Cary, NC, SAS Institute
Inc., 1988.
6. Wingo PA, Landis S, Ries LAG: An adjustment
to the 1997 estimate for new prostate cancer cases.
CA Cancer J Clin 1997;47:239-242.
7. National Center for Health Statistics: Vital
Statistics of the United States, 1994. Washington,
DC, Public Health Service, 1997.
8. Parker SL, Tong T, Bolden S, et al: Cancer statistics, 1996. CA Cancer J Clin 1996;46:5-27.
9. World Health Organization: World Health
Statistics Annual, 1995. Geneva, Switzerland,
1996.
10. Kramer BS, Klausner RD: Grappling with cancerdefeatism versus the reality of progress.
N Engl J Med 1997;337:931-934.
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Table 1
Estimated New Cancer Cases by Sex, United States, 1998*
All Sites
Oral cavity & pharynx
Tongue
Mouth
Pharynx
Other oral cavity
Digestive system
Esophagus
Stomach
Small intestine
Colon
Rectum
Anus, anal canal, & anorectum
Liver & intrahepatic bile duct
Gallbladder & other biliary
Pancreas
Other digestive organs
Respiratory system
Larynx
Lung & bronchus
Other respiratory organs
Bones & joints
Soft tissue (including heart)
Skin (excluding basal & squamous)
Melanomas-skin
Other non-epithelial skin
Breast
Genital system
Cervix (uterus)
Endometrium (uterus)
Ovary
Vulva
Vagina & other genital organs, female
Prostate
Testis
Penis & other genital organs, male
Urinary system
Urinary bladder
Kidney & renal pelvis
Ureter & other urinary organs
Eye & orbit
Brain & other nervous system
Endocrine system
Thyroid
Other endocrine
Lymphoma
Hodgkins disease
Non-Hodgkins lymphoma
Multiple myeloma
Leukemia
Acute lymphocytic leukemia
Chronic lymphocytic leukemia
Acute myeloid leukemia
Chronic myeloid leukemia
Other leukemia
Other & unspecified primary sites
Total
1,228,600
30,300
6,700
10,800
8,600
4,200
227,700
12,300
22,600
4,500
95,600
36,000
3,300
13,900
6,700
29,000
3,800
187,900
11,100
171,500
5,300
2,400
7,000
53,100
41,600
11,500
180,300
274,000
13,700
36,100
25,400
3,200
2,000
184,500
7,600
1,500
86,300
54,400
29,900
2,000
2,100
17,400
18,800
17,200
1,600
62,500
7,100
55,400
13,800
28,700
3,100
7,300
9,400
4,300
4,600
36,300
Male
627,900
20,600
4,300
6,500
6,500
3,300
119,200
9,300
14,300
2,400
44,400
20,200
1,400
9,300
2,600
14,100
1,200
104,500
9,000
91,400
4,100
1,300
3,700
33,800
24,300
9,500
1,600
193,600
184,500
7,600
1,500
58,400
39,500
17,600
1,300
1,100
9,800
5,500
4,700
800
34,800
3,700
31,100
7,200
16,100
1,700
4,100
4,700
2,500
3,100
16,700
Female
600,700
9,700
2,400
4,300
2,100
900
108,500
3,000
8,300
2,100
51,200
15,800
1,900
4,600
4,100
14,900
2,600
83,400
2,100
80,100
1,200
1,100
3,300
19,300
17,300
2,000
178,700
80,400
13,700
36,100
25,400
3,200
2,000
27,900
14,900
12,300
700
1,000
7,600
13,300
12,500
800
27,700
3,400
24,300
6,600
12,600
1,400
3,200
4,700
1,800
1,500
19,600
*Excludes basal and squamous cell skin cancers and in situ carcinomas except urinary bladder.
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Table 2
Estimated Cancer Deaths by Sex, United States, 1998*
All Sites
Oral cavity & pharynx
Tongue
Mouth
Pharynx
Other oral cavity
Digestive system
Esophagus
Stomach
Small intestine
Colon
Rectum
Anus, anal canal, & anorectum
Liver & intrahepatic bile duct
Gallbladder & other biliary
Pancreas
Other digestive organs
Respiratory system
Larynx
Lung & bronchus
Other respiratory organs
Bones & joints
Soft tissue (including heart)
Skin (excluding basal & squamous)
Melanomas-skin
Other non-epithelial skin
Breast
Genital system
Cervix (uterus)
Ovary
Vulva
Vagina & other genital organs, female
Prostate
Testis
Penis & other genital organs, male
Urinary system
Urinary bladder
Kidney & renal pelvis
Ureter & other urinary organs
Eye & orbit
Brain & other nervous system
Endocrine system
Thyroid
Other endocrine
Lymphoma
Hodgkins disease
Non-Hodgkins lymphoma
Multiple myeloma
Leukemia
Acute lymphocytic leukemia
Chronic lymphocytic leukemia
Acute myeloid leukemia
Chronic myeloid leukemia
Other leukemia
Other & unspecified primary sites
Total
564,800
8,000
1,700
2,300
2,100
1,900
130,300
11,900
13,700
1,200
47,700
8,800
500
13,000
3,500
28,900
1,100
165,600
4,300
160,100
1,200
1,400
4,300
9,200
7,300
1,900
43,900
66,900
4,900
6,300
14,500
800
600
39,200
400
200
24,700
12,500
11,600
600
300
13,300
2,000
1,200
800
26,300
1,400
24,900
11,300
21,600
1,300
4,800
6,600
2,400
6,500
35,700
Male
294,200
5,300
1,100
1,300
1,500
1,400
69,400
9,100
8,100
600
23,100
4,800
200
7,900
1,200
14,000
400
97,200
3,400
93,100
700
800
2,000
5,800
4,600
1,200
400
39,800
39,200
400
200
15,800
8,400
7,100
300
200
7,300
800
400
400
13,700
700
13,000
5,800
12,000
700
2,800
3,600
1,400
3,500
17,900
Female
270,600
2,700
600
1,000
600
500
60,900
2,800
5,600
600
24,600
4,000
300
5,100
2,300
14,900
700
68,400
900
67,000
500
600
2,300
3,400
2,700
700
43,500
27,100
4,900
6,300
14,500
800
600
8,900
4,100
4,500
300
100
6,000
1,200
800
400
12,600
700
11,900
5,500
9,600
600
2,000
3,000
1,000
3,000
17,800
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Table 3
Estimated New Cancer Cases by Site and State, US, 1998*
All
Sites
Female
Breast
Cervix
(Uterus)
Colon &
Rectum
20,700
1,300
19,500
14,000
113,300
13,200
15,400
3,800
3,100
88,100
28,300
4,300
4,400
58,100
28,100
14,800
11,900
20,600
20,500
7,300
22,900
31,500
44,900
19,600
13,200
28,100
4,100
7,500
7,600
5,600
40,500
6,200
83,600
35,100
3,200
56,500
15,600
15,900
68,800
5,200
17,600
3,500
25,800
77,500
5,200
2,600
28,900
24,100
10,700
24,500
1,800
2,600
200
2,900
1,800
17,600
2,000
2,000
500
500
11,800
4,000
500
700
8,900
4,000
2,400
1,700
2,900
3,100
1,000
3,500
4,500
6,300
2,800
1,700
3,400
600
1,100
1,000
900
6,200
800
13,400
4,700
500
8,600
2,300
2,100
10,800
800
2,500
500
3,900
11,300
800
300
4,300
3,200
1,200
3,600
300
200
200
200
1,500
200
100
100
1,000
300
600
300
100
100
300
200
100
300
200
500
100
200
400
100
100
400
100
1,100
300
600
200
100
700
200
400
1,200
100
100
300
200
100
300
1,600
200
2,000
1,500
11,600
1,400
1,700
400
300
9,400
2,600
500
400
6,400
3,000
1,900
1,300
2,200
2,100
800
2,700
3,700
5,000
1,900
1,200
3,000
500
900
800
600
4,800
600
9,700
3,700
400
6,100
1,700
1,400
7,900
600
2,000
300
2,800
8,500
600
300
3,100
2,300
1,100
2,500
200
500
600
400
3,400
500
300
100
200
2,600
900
100
1,600
700
500
300
500
400
200
600
700
1,500
500
200
900
100
100
100
100
1,300
200
3,400
1,000
100
2,000
200
500
2,200
200
500
100
700
2,200
200
100
1,000
600
300
800
100
3,000
200
2,800
2,300
14,700
1,600
2,000
600
400
12,900
4,200
500
600
7,800
4,200
2,000
1,600
3,600
3,100
1,000
3,200
4,100
6,400
2,400
1,800
4,300
500
1,000
1,200
700
4,900
700
10,900
5,400
300
8,200
2,500
2,300
9,100
800
2,600
400
4,200
11,600
400
400
4,000
3,400
1,700
2,800
300
800
800
300
4,500
700
600
100
2,900
1,000
100
200
1,900
900
400
600
800
600
200
700
1,300
1,200
500
200
900
100
200
300
200
1,400
400
2,300
1,100
100
1,600
500
700
2,200
100
500
100
1,200
2,800
300
200
1,200
700
400
700
100
United States 1,228,600
178,800
13,700 131,600
36,100
171,500
41,600
State
Alabama
Alaska
Arizona
Arkansas
California
Colorado
Connecticut
Delaware
Dist. of Col.
Florida
Georgia
Hawaii
Idaho
Illinois
Indiana
Iowa
Kansas
Kentucky
Louisiana
Maine
Maryland
Massachusetts
Michigan
Minnesota
Mississippi
Missouri
Montana
Nebraska
Nevada
New Hampshire
New Jersey
New Mexico
New York
North Carolina
North Dakota
Ohio
Oklahoma
Oregon
Pennsylvania
Rhode Island
South Carolina
South Dakota
Tennessee
Texas
Utah
Vermont
Virginia
Washington
West Virginia
Wisconsin
Wyoming
Endometrium
Lung
(Uterus)
& Bronchus
Melanoma
Non-Hodgkins
Lymphoma Ovary
900
900
500
4,900
700
700
200
100
3,900
1,000
300
200
2,600
1,200
800
600
800
800
300
900
1,500
2,100
1,200
500
1,200
200
300
300
300
1,800
300
4,100
1,400
200
2,700
800
800
3,200
300
600
100
1,100
3,800
400
100
1,200
1,100
400
1,300
100
400
500
300
2,600
200
300
100
100
1,900
600
100
100
1,200
600
300
300
400
300
200
300
600
800
400
200
500
100
200
100
100
1,000
100
1,800
600
100
1,000
300
400
1,500
100
400
100
500
1,500
200
100
500
600
200
600
Prostate
Urinary
Bladder
3,000
200
3,200
2,400
17,200
2,200
2,200
500
600
14,100
4,500
600
900
8,300
3,600
2,300
1,900
2,500
3,100
900
3,500
4,300
6,600
3,100
2,300
3,900
700
1,100
1,100
600
5,700
1,100
11,800
5,600
600
8,200
2,200
2,300
10,400
600
3,000
600
3,300
11,900
1,000
300
4,400
3,500
1,500
4,400
300
700
900
500
5,200
600
700
200
100
4,300
900
200
200
2,500
1,300
700
500
700
600
400
1,100
1,700
2,300
800
300
1,300
200
200
300
300
2,200
200
4,200
1,300
200
2,400
600
600
3,000
300
900
200
1,000
2,900
200
100
1,300
1,100
600
1,200
55,400 25,400 184,500
54,400
State estimates may not add up to US total because of rounding.

= estimate is 50 or fewer cases. State case estimates between 51 and 99 were rounded to 100.
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Table 4
Estimated Cancer Mortality by Site and State, US, 1998*
Estimated Number of Deaths
Reported
Death Rate
per 100,000
All
Sites
Alabama
Alaska
Arizona
Arkansas
California
Colorado
Connecticut
Delaware
Dist. of Col.
Florida
Georgia
Hawaii
Idaho
Illinois
Indiana
Iowa
Kansas
Kentucky
Louisiana
Maine
Maryland
Massachusetts
Michigan
Minnesota
Mississippi
Missouri
Montana
Nebraska
Nevada
New Hampshire
New Jersey
New Mexico
New York
North Carolina
North Dakota
Ohio
Oklahoma
Oregon
Pennsylvania
Rhode Island
South Carolina
South Dakota
Tennessee
Texas
Utah
Vermont
Virginia
Washington
West Virginia
Wisconsin
Wyoming
179
171
160
180
162
147
165
196
218
167
176
136
148
180
177
160
159
192
194
186
189
180
177
156
181
177
161
156
185
181
183
146
172
175
156
181
170
167
179
178
179
154
180
171
125
174
179
165
184
165
151
United States
172
State
Female
Breast
Colon &
Lung
Rectum Esophagus Leukemia & Bronchus
NonHodgkins
Lymphoma
Pancreas
Prostate
Stomach
9,500
600
9,000
6,400
52,100
6,100
7,100
1,800
1,400
40,500
13,000
2,000
2,000
26,700
12,900
6,800
5,500
9,500
9,400
3,300
10,500
14,500
20,700
9,000
6,100
12,900
1,900
3,400
3,500
2,600
18,600
2,900
38,400
16,100
1,500
26,000
7,200
7,300
31,600
2,400
8,100
1,600
11,900
35,600
2,400
1,200
13,300
11,100
4,900
11,300
800
600
100
700
400
4,300
500
500
100
100
2,900
1,000
100
200
2,200
1,000
600
400
700
800
200
800
1,100
1,500
700
400
800
100
300
300
200
1,500
200
3,300
1,100
100
2,100
500
500
2,600
200
600
100
900
2,800
200
100
1,100
800
300
900
100
700
100
900
600
5,000
600
700
200
100
4,000
1,100
200
200
2,800
1,300
800
600
900
900
300
1,100
1,600
2,100
800
500
1,300
200
400
400
200
2,000
200
4,200
1,600
200
2,600
700
600
3,400
300
900
100
1,200
3,600
200
100
1,300
1,000
500
1,100
100
200
200
100
1,100
100
200
800
300
600
300
100
100
200
100
100
200
300
500
100
100
300
100
100
100
400
100
900
400
600
100
200
700
200
200
700
300
300
100
300
400
400
200
2,100
300
300
100
1,400
500
100
100
1,100
500
300
200
300
400
100
300
500
800
400
200
500
100
100
100
100
800
100
1,400
600
100
900
300
300
1,200
100
300
100
500
1,400
100
500
500
200
500
2,800
200
2,600
2,200
13,700
1,500
1,900
600
400
12,000
3,900
500
500
7,300
3,900
1,900
1,500
3,300
2,900
1,000
3,000
3,800
5,900
2,200
1,700
4,000
500
900
1,100
700
4,600
700
10,100
5,000
300
7,700
2,300
2,100
8,500
700
2,400
400
3,900
10,800
400
400
3,800
3,200
1,600
2,700
300
400
400
200
2,200
300
300
100
1,800
400
100
100
1,200
500
400
300
300
400
200
400
700
900
500
200
500
100
200
100
100
800
100
1,800
600
100
1,200
400
400
1,400
100
300
100
500
1,700
200
100
600
500
200
600
200
300
200
1,500
100
200
1,100
300
100
100
700
400
200
200
200
200
100
200
300
500
200
100
300
100
100
100
600
100
1,000
300
600
200
200
800
100
200
300
900
100
300
300
100
400
500
500
300
2,800
300
400
100
100
2,200
700
100
100
1,300
700
300
300
500
500
200
500
700
1,100
500
300
600
100
200
200
100
1,000
200
2,200
800
100
1,200
300
400
1,500
100
400
100
600
1,900
100
700
500
200
600
600
700
500
3,700
500
500
100
100
3,000
1,000
100
200
1,800
800
500
400
500
700
200
700
900
1,400
700
500
800
200
200
200
100
1,200
200
2,500
1,200
100
1,700
500
500
2,200
100
600
100
700
2,500
200
100
900
700
300
900
100
200
200
100
1,600
100
200
100
900
300
100
600
200
100
100
200
300
100
200
300
500
200
200
300
100
100
500
100
1,300
400
500
100
100
800
100
100
200
1,000
200
200
100
300
564,800
43,500
56,500
11,900
21,600
160,100
24,900
14,500
28,900
39,200
13,700
Ovary
NCHS average annual mortality rate for 19901994, age-adjusted to the 1970 US standard population.
State estimates may not add up to US total because of rounding.

= estimate is 50 or fewer deaths. State death estimates between 51 and 99 were rounded to 100.
13
C a n c e r
1 9 9 8
Figure 1
Estimated New Cancer Cases*
10 Leading Sites by Sex, United States, 1998
Prostate 29%
30% Breast
Lung & Bronchus 15%
13% Lung & Bronchus
Colon & Rectum 10%
11% Colon & Rectum
Urinary Bladder
6%
6% Endometrium (Uterus)
Non-Hodgkin's Lymphoma
5%
4% Ovary
Melanoma of Skin
4%
4% Non-Hodgkin's Lymphoma
Kidney & Renal Pelvis
3%
3% Melanoma of Skin
Leukemia
3%
2% Cervix (Uterus)
Oral Cavity & Pharynx
3%
2% Pancreas
Stomach
2%
2% Urinary Bladder
All Other Sites 20%
23% All Other Sites
*Excludes basal and squamous cell skin cancer and carcinoma in situ except bladder.
Figure 2
Estimated Cancer Deaths*
10 Leading Sites by Sex, United States, 1998
Lung & Bronchus 32%
Prostate 13%
25% Lung & Bronchus

16% Breast
Colon & Rectum
9%
Pancreas
5%
6% Pancreas
Leukemia
4%
5% Ovary
Non-Hodgkin's Lymphoma
4%
4% Leukemia
11% Colon & Rectum
Esophagus
3%
4% Non-Hodgkin's Lymphoma
Liver & Intrahepatic Bile Duct
3%
2% Brain & Other Nervous System
Stomach
3%
2% Endometrium (Uterus)
Urinary Bladder
3%
2% Stomach
All Other Sites 21%
23% All Other Sites
*Excludes basal and squamous cell skin cancer and carcinoma in situ except bladder.
14
Male
Less than 1 in 10,000
0.03 (1 in 3,333)
Female
1.74 (1 in 57)
1.00 (1 in 100)
1.39 (1 in 72)
* Excludes basal and squamous cell skin cancers and in situ carcinomas except urinary bladder.
Data source: NCI Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results Program, 1997.
Prostate
0.04 (1 in 2,500)
0.68 (1 in 147)
16.40 (1 in 6)
3.88 (1 in 26)
6.69 (1 in 15)
3.18 (1 in 31)
4.19 (1 in 24)
6.89 (1 in 15)
22.21 (1 in 5)
36.69 (1 in 3)
18.85 (1 in 5)
5.55 (1 in 18)
8.43 (1 in 12)
5.72 (1 in 17)
5.88 (1 in 17)
12.52 (1 in 8)
38.00 (1 in 3)
46.64 (1 in 2)
Birth to Death
C l i n
Male
0.05 (1 in 2,000)
Female
0.88 (1 in 114)
3.94 (1 in 25)
9.05 (1 in 11)
8.23 (1 in 12)
60 to 79 Years
Lung & Bronchus
0.06 (1 in 1,667)
Male
Colon & Rectum
0.44 (1 in 227)
1.94 (1 in 52)
Female
Female
1.68 (1 in 60)
Male
40 to 59 Years
C a n c e r
Breast
All sites*
Birth to 39 Years
Table 5
Percentage of Population Developing Invasive Cancers
at Certain Ages by Sex, United States, 19921994
C A
1 9 9 8 ; 4 8 : 6 - 2 9
15
C a n c e r
1 9 9 8
Figure 3
Age-Adjusted Cancer Death Rates*
for Females by Site, United States, 19301994
80
Uterus
70
Breast
Pancreas
Ovary
60
Lung
Rate per 100,000 Female Population
Stomach
Colon & Rectum
50
40
30
20
10
0
1930
1940
1950
1960
1970
1980
1990
Year
Note: Due to changes in the ICD coding, numerator information has changed over time. Rates for cancer
of the uterus, ovary, lung, and colon & rectum are affected by these coding changes.
*Rates are per 100,00 population and are age-adjusted to the 1970 US standard population.
Uterine cancer death rates are for cervix (uterus) and endometrium (uterus) combined.
Data source: Vital Statistics of the United States, 1997.
16
C A
C a n c e r
C l i n
1 9 9 8 ; 4 8 : 6 - 2 9
Figure 4
Age-Adjusted Cancer Death Rates*
for Males by Site, United States, 19301994
80
Prostate
70
Pancreas
Liver
Lung
60
Stomach
Colon & Rectum
Rate per 100,000 Male Population
Leukemia
50
40
30
20
10
0
1930
1940
1950
1960
1970
1980
1990
Year
Note: Due to changes in the ICD coding, numerator information has changed over time. Rates for cancer
of the liver, lung, and colon & rectum are affected by these coding changes.
*Rates are per 100,000 population and are age-adjusted to the 1970 US standard population.
17
C a n c e r
1 9 9 8
Table 6
Reported Deaths for the 10 Leading Causes of Death
by Age and Sex, United States, 1994
All Ages
Ages 114
Ages 1534
Male
Female
Male
Female
Male
Female
All Causes
1,162,747
All Causes
1,116,247
All Causes
9,023
All Causes
6,241
All Causes
69,938
All Causes
24,576
Heart
Diseases
361,276
Heart
Diseases
371,133
Accidents
3,823
Accidents
2,202
Accidents
20,809
Accidents
6,541
Cancer
280,465
Cancer
253,845
Cancer
891
Cancer
680
Homicide
12,509
Cancer
3,226
Accidents
60,509
Cerebrovascular
Diseases
93,081
Homicide
622
Congenital
Anomalies
562
HIV Infection
10,455
Homicide
2,495
Cerebrovascular
Diseases
60,225
Chronic
Obstructive
Pulmonary
Disease
47,899
Congenital
Anomalies
586
Homicide
423
Suicide
9,597
Pneumonia
2,303
Chronic
Obstructive
Pulmonary
Disease
53,729
Pneumonia
& Influenza
44,134
Heart
Diseases
320
Heart
Diseases
292
Cancer
3,570
Suicide
1,713
Pneumonia
& Influenza
37,339
Diabetes
Mellitus
31,934
Suicide
234
HIV Infection
187
Heart
Diseases
2,902
Heart
Diseases
1,610
HIV Infection
35,641
Accidents
30,928
Cerebral
Palsy
202
Cerebral
Palsy
142
Pneumonia
& Influenza
532
Cerebrovascular
Diseases
509
Suicide
25,174
Alzheimers
Disease
12,207
HIV Infection
194
Pneumonia
& Influenza
125
Congenital
Anomalies
512
Congenital
Anomalies
407
Diabetes
Mellitus
24,758
Nephritis
12,110
Pneumonia
& Influenza
156
Suicide
88
Cirrhosis
of Liver
499
Diabetes
Mellitus
358
10
Homicide
19,707
Diseases
of Arteries
11,579
Chronic
Obstructive
Pulmonary
Disease
108
Septicemia
72
Cerebrovascular
Diseases
476
Pneumonia
& Influenza
336
18
C A
C a n c e r
C l i n
1 9 9 8 ; 4 8 : 6 - 2 9
Table 6 (Continued)
Reported Deaths for the 10 Leading Causes of Death
by Age and Sex, United States, 1994
Ages 3554
Ages 5574
Ages 75+
Male
Female
Male
Female
Male
Female
All Causes
156,203
All Causes
81,197
All Causes
420,427
All Causes
300,361
All Causes
489,031
All Causes
689,873
Heart
Diseases
34,524
Cancer
31,135
Heart
Diseases
141,659
Cancer
112,203
Heart
Diseases
181,455
Heart
Diseases
275,927
Cancer
29,296
Heart
Diseases
12,340
Cancer
140,843
Heart
Diseases
80,624
Cancer
105,826
Cancer
106,565
HIV Infection
22,493
Accidents
5,613
Chronic
Obstructive
Pulmonary
Disease
22,324
Chronic
Obstructive
Pulmonary
Disease
18,665
Cerebrovasular
Diseases
36,974
Cerebrovascular
Diseases
71,980
Accidents
16,715
Cerebrovascular
Diseases
3,665
Cerebrovascular
Diseases
18,175
Cerebrovascular
Diseases
16,788
Chronic
Obstructive
Pulmonary
Disease
29,198
Pneumonia
& Influenza
36,329
Suicide
8,199
HIV Infection
3,502
Diabetes
Mellitus
11,270
Diabetes
Mellitus
12,258
Pneumonia
& Influenza
25,831
Chronic
Obstructive
Pulmonary
Disease
27,196
Cirrhosis
of Liver
6,345
Suicide
2,472
Accidents
9,371
Pneumonia
& Influenza
5,805
Diabetes
Mellitus
9,870
Diabetes
Mellitus
16,986
Homicide
4,998
Cirrhosis
of Liver
2,396
Pneumonia
& Influenza
8,302
Accidents
5,340
Accidents
9,197
Alzheimers
Disease
10,918
Cerebrovascular
Diseases
4,407
Diabetes
Mellitus
2,324
Cirrhosis
of Liver
7,586
Cirrhosis
of Liver
4,102
Diseases
of Arteries
7,274
Accidents
10,838
Diabetes
Mellitus
3,150
Chronic
Obstructive
Pulmonary
Disease
1,688
Diseases
of Arteries
6,239
Diseases
of Arteries
3,276
Nephritis
6,651
Arherosclerosis
9,509
10
Pneumonia
& Influenza
2,178
Homicide
1,462
Suicide
4,498
Nephritis
3,086
Alzheimers
Disease
5,236
Nephritis
8,363
19
C a n c e r
1 9 9 8
Table 7
Fifteen Leading Causes of Death
United States, 1994
Rank
Cause of Death
All Causes
Number
of
Deaths
Death Rate
per 100,000
Population*
Percent
of Total
Deaths
2,278,994
685.4
100.0
Heart Diseases
732,409
209.8
32.1
Cancer
534,310
171.1
23.4
Cerebrovascular Diseases
153,306
42.0
6.7
Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease
101,628
30.3
4.5
Accidents
91,437
31.5
4.0
Pneumonia & Influenza
81,473
21.6
3.6
Diabetes Mellitus
56,692
17.4
2.5
HIV Infection
42,114
13.0
1.8
Suicide
31,142
10.8
1.4
10
Diseases of Arteries
26,097
7.7
1.1
11
Cirrhosis of Liver
25,406
8.8
1.1
12
Homicide
24,926
9.3
1.1
13
Nephritis
22,976
6.5
1.0
14
Septicemia
20,360
5.8
0.9
15
Alzheimers Disease
18,584
4.7
0.8
Other & Ill-defined
316,134
13.9
*Age-adjusted to the 1970 US standard population.

20
C A
C a n c e r
C l i n
1 9 9 8 ; 4 8 : 6 - 2 9
Table 8
Reported Deaths for the Five Leading Cancer Sites
for Males by Age, United States, 1994
All Ages
Under 15
1534
3554
5574
75+
All Sites
280,465
All Sites
919
All Sites
3,570
All Sites
29,296
All Sites
140,843
All Sites
105,826
Lung &
Bronchus
91,825
Leukemia
299
Leukemia
728
Lung &
Bronchus
8,684
Lung &
Bronchus
54,381
Lung &
Bronchus
28,597
Prostate
34,902
Brain & ONS

254
Non-Hodgkins
Lymphoma
471
Colon &
Rectum
2,703
Colon &
Rectum
13,574
Prostate
22,712
Colon &
Rectum
28,471
Endocrine
System
111
Brain & ONS

452
Non-Hodgkins
Lymphoma
1,828
Prostate
11,789
Colon &
Rectum
11,972
Pancreas
12,920
Non-Hodgkins
Lymphoma
61
Colon &
Rectum
221
Brain & ONS

1,655
Pancreas
6,896
Pancreas
4,557
Non-Hodgkins
Lymphoma
11,280
Soft Tissue
49
Soft Tissue
204
Pancreas
1,431
Non-Hodgkins
Lymphoma
5,002
Leukemia
4,207
Note: All sites excludes basal and squamous cell skin cancers and in situ carcinomas except urinary bladder.
ONS = other nervous system.
Table 9
Reported Deaths for the Five Leading Cancer Sites
for Females by Age, United States, 1994
All Ages
Under 15
1534
3554
5574
75+
All Sites
253,845
All Sites
711
All Sites
3,226
All Sites
31,135
All Sites
112,203
All Sites
106,565
Lung &
Bronchus
57,535
Leukemia
251
Breast
564
Breast
9,548
Lung &
Bronchus
32,098
Lung &
Bronchus
19,793
Breast
43,644
Brain & ONS

195
Leukemia
394
Lung &
Bronchus
5,516
Breast
18,705
Colon &
Rectum
16,074
Colon &
Rectum
28,936
Endocrine
System
87
Cervix (uterus)
322
Colon &
Rectum
2,115
Colon &
Rectum
10,596
Breast
14,827
Pancreas
13,914
Bones & Joints

39
Brain & ONS

307
Ovary
1,892
Ovary
6,457
Pancreas
7,150
Ovary
13,500
Soft Tissue
36
Non-Hodgkins
Lymphoma
231
Cervix (uterus)
1,676
Pancreas
5,863
Non-Hodgkins
Lymphoma
5,086
ONS = other nervous system.
21
C a n c e r
1 9 9 8
Table 10
Reported Deaths for the 10 Leading Cancer Sites
by Race and Ethnicity, United States, 1994
African
American
Asian
& Pacific Islander*
Native
American*
White
Hispanic
All Sites
59,939
100%
All Sites
7,067
100%
All Sites
1,507
100%
All Sites
465,797
100%
All Sites
16,635
100%
Lung & Bronchus

15,658
26.1%
Lung & Bronchus

1,521
21.5%
Lung & Bronchus

418
27.7%
Lung & Bronchus

131,763
28%
Lung & Bronchus

2,969
17.8%
Colon & Rectum

6,222
10.4%
Colon & Rectum

727
10.3%
Colon & Rectum

148
9.8%
Colon & Rectum

50,310
10.8%
Colon & Rectum

1,646
9.9%
Prostate
5,650
9.4%
Liver
645
9.1%
Female Breast
107
7.1%
Female Breast
37,960
8.1%
Female Breast
1,368
8.2%
Female Breast
5,083
8.5%
Stomach
569
8.1%
Prostate
82
5.4%
Prostate
28,912
6.2%
Prostate
1,015
6.1%
Pancreas
3,255
5.4%
Female Breast
494
7.0%
Stomach
63
4.2%
Pancreas
23,104
5.0%
Pancreas
926
5.6%
Stomach
2,206
3.7%
Pancreas
413
5.8%
Pancreas
62
4.1%
Non-Hodgkins
Lymphoma
20,161
4.3%
Stomach
867
5.2%
Esophagus
1,948
3.2%
Non-Hodgkins
Lymphoma
295
4.2%
Non-Hodgkins
Lymphoma
55
3.6%
Leukemia
17,852
3.8%
Non-Hodgkins
Lymphoma
836
5.0%
Leukemia
1,653
2.8%
Leukemia
288
4.1%
Kidney
53
3.5%
Ovary
12,256
2.6%
Leukemia
806
4.8%
Multiple Myeloma
1,639
2.7%
Prostate
258
3.7%
Liver
49
3.3%
Brain
11,465
2.5%
Liver
733
4.4%
Non-Hodgkins
Lymphoma
1,297
2.2%
Ovary
173
2.4%
Leukemia
40
2.7%
Stomach
10,732
2.3%
Ovary
439
2.6%
Note 1: Because each column includes only the top 10 cancer sites, site-specific numbers and percentages
do not add up to the totals for all sites.
Note 2: All sites excludes basal and squamous cell skin cancers and in situ carcinoma except urinary bladder.
*Numbers are likely to be underestimates because of underreporting of Asian and Native American race.
Includes American Indians, Eskimos, and Aleuts.
Persons classified as Hispanic may be of any race. Hispanic origin is reported for all states except New
Hampshire and Oklahoma.
22
C A
C a n c e r
C l i n
1 9 9 8 ; 4 8 : 6 - 2 9
Table 11
Trends in 5-Year Relative Cancer Survival Rates (%)
by Race and Year of Diagnosis, United States, 19601993
19601963
19701973
19801982
All Sites
39
27
43
31
50
39
52
40
60*
44*
Brain & Other Nervous System
18
19
20
19
22
27
25
31
29*
35
Breast (female)
63
46
68
51
75
63
77
66
86*
70*
Cervix (uterus)
58
47
64
61
70
64
68
61
71
57*
Colon
43
34
49
37
50
46
56
49
63*
53*
73
31
81
44
89
61
83
54
86*
55
12*
40
NA
67
NA
72
69
75
72
82*
Esophagus
Hodgkins Disease
White
White
African
American
White
African
American
19861993
White
Site
African
American
19741976
African
American
White
African
American
8*
74
Kidney & Renal Pelvis
37
38
46
44
52
49
51
56
60*
55*
Larynx
53
NA
62
NA
67
58
69
59
69
54
Leukemia
14
NA
22
NA
35
31
39
33
43*
33
Liver & Intrahepatic Bile Duct
NA
NA
NA
NA
6*
10
12
11
14
12
Lung & Bronchus
4*
14*
11
88*
67
Melanoma-Skin
60
NA
68
NA
80
66
83
60
Multiple Myeloma
12
NA
19
NA
24
27
28
29
28*
30
Non-Hodgkins Lymphoma
31
NA
41
NA
48
48
52
51
52*
44
Oral Cavity
45
NA
43
NA
55
36
55
31
55
34
Ovary
32
32
36
32
36
40
39
38
47*
42
Pancreas
4*
5*
Prostate
50
35
63
55
68
58
75
65
90*
75*
Rectum
38
27
45
30
49
42
53
38
61*
52*
Stomach
11
13
13
15
17
16
19
19*
20
95*
86
Testis
63
NA
72
NA
79
76
Thyroid
83
NA
86
NA
92
Urinary Bladder
53
24
61
36
74
92
90
88
94
95
96*
89
47
79
58
83*
61*
* The difference in rates between 19741976 and 19861993 is statistically significant (P < 0.05).
The standard error of the survival rate is more than 5 percentage points. NA = valid survival rate cannot be calculated.
Data sources: End Results Group, 19601973; NCI Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results Program, 1997.
23
C a n c e r
1 9 9 8
Figure 5
Percent Distribution of Cancer Cases
by Race and Stage at Diagnosis, United States, 19861993
White
African American
Site
Breast (Female)
60
31
6
49
37
9
Cervix (Uterus)
54
31
8
40
40
12
Colon & Rectum
38
37
19
32
35
25
Endometrium (Uterus)
75
12
9
51
22
19
Esophagus
23
24
26
28
23
28
Lung & Bronchus
15
25
45
13
26
49
Melanoma-Skin
82
8
4
60
20
14
38
42
8
19
53
17
Ovary
24
13
57
22
10
60
Pancreas
8
23
48
8
22
51
Prostate
59
18
10
54
14
18
Stomach
18
31
36
19
29
39
Urinary Bladder
74
18
3
57
25
9
20
40
60
80 100
20
Percent
60
80 100
Percent
Note: Staging according to SEER historical categories rather than the American
Joint Committee on Cancer (AJCC) staging system. For each site and race, stage
categories do not total 100% because sufficient information is not available
to assign a stage to all cancer cases.
24
40
Localized
Regional
Distant
C A
C a n c e r
C l i n
1 9 9 8 ; 4 8 : 6 - 2 9
Figure 6
Five-Year Relative Survival Rates
by Race and Stage at Diagnosis, United States, 19861993
Site
White
African American
Breast (Female)
86
97
77
21
70
90
61
17
Cervix (Uterus)
71
92
51
10
57
88
41
8
Colon & Rectum
62
92
64
8
52
86
60
5
Endometrium (Uterus)
86
96
69
29
55
81
38
11
Esophagus
12
26
11
2
8
13
7
2
Lung & Bronchus
14
49
19
2
11
42
14
2
Melanoma-Skin
88
95
61
16
67*
87*
55
82
43
19
34
66
31
11
Ovary
47
93
55
25
42
88
57*
24
Pancreas
4
14
5
2
5
15
7
2
Prostate
90
100
95
31
75
91
85
26
Stomach
19
59
21
2
20
55
24
3
Urinary Bladder
83
94
50
7
61
82
39
3
Insufficient data
Insufficient data
20
40 60
Percent
80 100
20
Note: Staging according to SEER historical categories rather than the American
Joint Committee on Cancer (AJCC) staging system.
*The standard error is between 5 and 10 percentage points.
40 60
Percent
80 100
All Stages
Localized
Regional
Distant
25
C a n c e r
1 9 9 8
Table 12
Fifteen* Leading Causes of Death Among Children
Aged 114, United States, 1994
Rank
Cause of Death
Number
of
Deaths
Death Rate
per 100,000
Population
Percent
of Total
Deaths
All Causes
15,264
27.5
100.0
Accidents
6,025
10.9
39.5
Cancer
1,571
2.9
10.3
Congenital Anomalies
1,148
2.0
7.5
Homicide
1,045
1.9
6.8
Heart Diseases
612
1.1
4.0
HIV Infection
381
0.7
2.5
Cerebral Palsy
344
0.6
2.3
Suicide
322
0.7
2.1
Pneumonia & Influenza
281
0.5
1.8
10
Benign Neoplasm
180
0.3
1.2
11
Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease
171
0.3
1.1
12
Septicemia
142
0.2
0.9
12
Diseases of Infancy
142
0.2
0.9
13
Viral Diseases
137
0.2
0.9
14
Cerebrovascular Diseases
128
0.2
0.8
All Others
2,635
17.3
*Two diseases received the ranking of 12; septicemia and diseases of infancy have the same
number of deaths and the same death rate.
Age-adjusted to the 1970 US standard population.

26
C A
C a n c e r
C l i n
1 9 9 8 ; 4 8 : 6 - 2 9
Table 13
Trends in Cancer Survival for Children Under Age 15
United States, 19601993
Five-Year Relative Survival Rates (%)
Year of Diagnosis
Site
1960
1963
1970
1973
1974
1976
All Sites
28
45
56
Acute Lymphocytic
Leukemia
34
Acute Myeloid
Leukemia
Bones & Joints
1977
1979
1980
1982
1983
1985
1986
1993
61
65
68
72*
53
67
70
69
80*
14
26
21
32
37*
20
30
54
52
54
59
64*
Brain & Other

Nervous System
35
45
54
57
55
62
61*
Hodgkins Disease
52
90
79
83
91
90
94*
Neuroblastoma
25
40
52
53
53
54
65*
Non-Hodgkins
Lymphoma
18
26
45
51
62
70
73*
Soft Tissue
38
60
60
69
65
76
73*
Wilms Tumor
33
70
74
77
86
86
92*
*The difference in rates between 19741976 and 19861993 is statistically significant (P < 0.05).
The standard error of the survival rate is between 5 and 10 percentage points.
Data sources: End Results Group, 19601973; NCI Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results Program, 1997.
27
C a n c e r
1 9 9 8
Table 14
Cancer Around the World
Age-Adjusted Death Rates* per 100,000 Population
for Selected Sites for 46 Countries, 19921995
All Sites
Country
Male
Female
United States
Albania
Armenia
Australia
Austria
Azerbaijan
Belarus
Bulgaria
Canada
Chile
China**#
Croatia
162.7 (25)
91.1 (44)
139.3 (36)
159.3 (28)
167.7 (23)
114.8 (42)
219.2 ( 7)
145.3 (33)
159.4 (27)
139.3 (37)
149.9 (29)
202.6 (13)
110.4 ( 9)
40.0 (46)
86.2 (32)
99.3 (24)
104.4 (19)
61.7 (45)
95.2 (28)
85.9 (34)
108.0 (13)
108.2 (12)
83.5 (37)
96.4 (27)
Czech Republic
Denmark
Estonia
Finland
France
Germany
Greece
Hungary
Ireland
Israel
Italy
Japan
233.9 ( 3)
179.2 (17)
224.7 ( 5)
146.8 (31)
193.6 (14)
176.6 (18)
145.1 (35)
265.0 ( 1)
176.2 (19)
123.9 (40)
184.6 (16)
149.4 (30)
Kazakhistan
Kyrgystan
Latvia
Lithuania
Mauritius
Mexico
Netherlands
New Zealand
Norway
Poland
Portugal
Romania
Rep. of Moldova
Russian Fed.
Slovenia
Spain
Sweden
Switzerland
Turkmenistan
Ukraine
United Kingdom
Uzbekistan
Breast
Female
Colorectal
Leukemia
Male
Female
Male
Female
21.1 (15)
4.9 (46)
16.3 (29)
20.1 (16)
21.6 (13)
9.0 (39)
14.4 (35)
15.6 (33)
22.0 (12)
12.1 (36)
5.0 (45)
18.1 (21)
16.0 (27)
2.3 (46)
9.0 (36)
20.5 (11)
22.6 ( 7)
6.5 (40)
15.6 (29)
16.2 (24)
16.2 (23)
6.2 (41)
7.9 (38)
19.5 (12)
10.9 (22)
2.1 (46)
7.1 (36)
13.6 (10)
13.1 (12)
4.8 (41)
10.3 (27)
11.0 (21)
10.6 (26)
6.3 (38)
6.4 (37)
11.1 (20)
6.4 ( 9)
2.8 (45)
4.2 (35)
6.1 (13)
5.2 (26)
4.0 (37)
5.7 (19)
4.6 (32)
5.6 (20)
3.6 (40)
3.7 (38)
5.6 (21)
3.8 (12)
2.2 (45)
2.6 (42)
3.9 ( 9)
3.4 (22)
2.7 (38)
3.4 (20)
2.8 (35)
3.5 (19)
3.3 (27)
3.0 (32)
3.4 (24)
127.1 ( 3)
138.6 ( 1)
111.4 ( 8)
87.6 (31)
86.0 (33)
107.5 (15)
78.4 (39)
138.0 ( 2)
125.4 ( 4)
102.0 (22)
96.7 (26)
74.5 (42)
21.4 (14)
27.2 ( 2)
16.7 (26)
16.4 (28)
19.7 (18)
22.1 (11)
15.9 (31)
23.9 ( 8)
27.4 ( 1)
24.3 ( 5)
19.8 (17)
6.8 (44)
34.4 ( 1)
23.2 ( 5)
18.5 (14)
12.8 (33)
17.1 (21)
21.4 ( 8)
7.8 (39)
32.0 ( 2)
21.3 ( 9)
16.6 (22)
15.3 (31)
16.1 (26)
18.2 ( 2)
17.2 ( 4)
12.9 (13)
8.4 (34)
10.0 (30)
15.0 ( 5)
5.9 (39)
19.0 ( 1)
14.5 ( 6)
13.4 (11)
10.0 (29)
9.8 (31)
6.8 ( 4)
6.3 (10)
6.6 ( 6)
4.8 (31)
5.7 (18)
5.8 (15)
5.8 (16)
7.2 ( 2)
6.5 ( 7)
5.5 (23)
6.4 ( 8)
4.1 (36)
4.2 ( 5)
3.7 (13)
4.2 ( 4)
3.3 (26)
3.4 (25)
3.6 (17)
3.7 (14)
4.7 ( 1)
2.7 (36)
4.2 ( 6)
4.0 ( 8)
2.6 (40)
214.6 ( 8)
138.6 (38)
225.1 ( 4)
212.1 ( 9)
84.5 (45)
80.1 (46)
186.9 (15)
171.8 (21)
146.7 (32)
204.7 (10)
203.7 (12)
162.7 (26)
104.0 (20)
77.3 (40)
106.6 (17)
105.4 (18)
67.6 (44)
77.2 (41)
108.4 (11)
120.2 ( 6)
99.3 (23)
107.5 (16)
114.3 ( 7)
91.2 (30)
8.5 (41)
10.4 (37)
17.1 (25)
18.8 (20)
8.5 (42)
8.7 (40)
26.6 ( 3)
24.0 ( 6)
19.1 (19)
16.0 (30)
24.0 ( 7)
17.5 (24)
12.5 (34)
8.1 (37)
18.4 (15)
17.6 (18)
5.5 (42)
3.2 (45)
17.8 (17)
25.9 ( 3)
20.8 (10)
15.9 (28)
22.6 ( 6)
16.2 (25)
8.7 (33)
5.8 (40)
11.7 (18)
11.7 (17)
4.1 (43)
3.1 (45)
12.7 (14)
17.6 ( 3)
14.2 ( 7)
10.7 (23)
13.8 ( 8)
10.7 (24)
3.6 (39)
3.4 (42)
6.1 (12)
7.9 ( 1)
3.3 (43)
3.6 (41)
5.8 (17)
7.2 ( 3)
4.3 (34)
5.6 (22)
6.7 ( 5)
5.2 (27)
2.4 (44)
2.2 (46)
4.1 ( 7)
4.6 ( 2)
2.7 (37)
3.0 (33)
3.1 (29)
3.6 (15)
2.7 (39)
3.4 (21)
4.5 ( 3)
3.6 (16)
145.2 (34)
241.3 ( 2)
204.1 (11)
171.3 (22)
126.5 (39)
163.3 (24)
115.5 (41)
220.4 ( 6)
173.7 (20)
110.4 (43)
85.5 (35)
107.7 (14)
109.0 (10)
79.6 (38)
97.1 (25)
94.7 (29)
83.7 (36)
103.1 (21)
121.3 ( 5)
70.6 (43)
14.8 (34)
15.6 (32)
22.5 (10)
17.6 (22)
17.6 (23)
23.4 ( 9)
9.4 (38)
16.5 (27)
26.5 ( 4)
7.6 (43)
10.5 (35)
18.0 (16)
23.5 ( 4)
15.3 (30)
14.5 (32)
17.5 (19)
5.3 (43)
17.3 (20)
19.4 (13)
4.8 (44)
7.4 (35)
12.4 (16)
13.7 ( 9)
9.6 (32)
10.7 (25)
10.2 (28)
4.3 (42)
11.4 (19)
12.7 (15)
3.8 (44)
4.5 (33)
5.4 (25)
5.4 (24)
5.0 (28)
4.9 (29)
5.8 (14)
2.7 (46)
6.2 (11)
4.9 (30)
3.1 (44)
3.0 (34)
3.5 (18)
3.8 (11)
3.3 (28)
3.4 (23)
3.1 (30)
2.6 (41)
3.8 (10)
3.0 (31)
2.6 (43)
Note: Figures in parentheses are order of rank within site and sex group.
*Rates are age-adjusted to the World Health Organization world standard population.
Data source: World Health Organization, 1996.
28
C A
C a n c e r
C l i n
1 9 9 8 ; 4 8 : 6 - 2 9
Table 14 (Continued)
Cancer Around the World
Age-Adjusted Death Rates* per 100,000 Population
for Selected Sites for 46 Countries, 19921995
Lung & Bronchus
Male
Female
55.3 (15)
26.3 (39)
42.4 (29)
40.0 (32)
42.8 (27)
25.7 (40)
60.4 (13)
42.9 (26)
52.5 (16)
22.0 (42)
37.3 (34)
61.9 (11)
Prostate
Stomach
Uterus
Male
Female
Male
Male
Female
Cervix
Other
26.3 ( 1)
4.9 (41)
6.8 (29)
13.2 ( 9)
9.7 (15)
4.5 (43)
5.0 (39)
6.6 (31)
22.9 ( 3)
6.4 (32)
15.8 ( 8)
8.0 (22)
3.4 (32)
4.0 (30)
2.1 (43)
4.4 (26)
6.1 (18)
3.0 (33)
8.8 ( 9)
4.6 (24)
4.0 (31)
2.2 (41)
2.6 (38)
11.7 ( 3)
1.2 ( 9)
1.6 ( 4)
0.6 (44)
1.3 ( 8)
1.0 (27)
0.7 (41)
0.7 (40)
0.7 (38)
1.2 (10)
0.6 (45)
1.1 (18)
1.1 (17)
17.3 (11)
7.0 (36)
3.4 (43)
19.4 ( 7)
17.3 (12)
4.3 (40)
8.0 (33)
8.7 (31)
16.7 (15)
14.5 (21)
13.9 (22)
4.7 (46)
12.9 (31)
20.8 (17)
6.6 (44)
14.4 (26)
24.8 (13)
36.7 ( 2)
19.1 (22)
6.4 (45)
32.0 ( 4)
26.9 (12)
21.5 (16)
2.5 (35)
2.5 (34)
4.1 (19)
1.6 (45)
4.6 (14)
4.3 (18)
3.9 (21)
6.1 ( 2)
2.2 (41)
2.5 (36)
0.7 (46)
4.8 (11)
2.5 (33)
0.4 (46)
4.6 (18)
2.6 (32)
2.8 (31)
1.5 (41)
4.4 (19)
4.6 (16)
2.0 (36)
11.2 ( 2)
3.0 (29)
3.0 (30)
2.5 (35)
2.5 (34)
4.1 (19)
1.6 (45)
4.6 (14)
4.3 (18)
3.9 (21)
6.1 ( 2)
2.2 (41)
2.5 (36)
0.7 (46)
4.8 (11)
74.0 ( 2)
50.4 (18)
67.4 ( 5)
44.2 (24)
47.0 (22)
47.3 (21)
49.8 (19)
84.0 ( 1)
45.4 (23)
27.0 (38)
56.2 (14)
31.0 (36)
10.3 (14)
24.9 ( 2)
7.2 (24)
6.9 (26)
5.6 (37)
8.8 (18)
6.9 (27)
17.9 ( 5)
17.6 ( 6)
8.4 (20)
7.9 (23)
8.3 (21)
6.1 (19)
4.1 (29)
9.0 ( 8)
2.1 (42)
12.0 ( 2)
6.7 (15)
1.9 (44)
18.5 ( 1)
4.2 (27)
1.5 (46)
5.7 (21)
2.5 (39)
1.0 (28)
1.4 ( 6)
1.1 (14)
0.9 (31)
1.3 ( 7)
1.2 (12)
0.5 (46)
2.4 ( 1)
1.1 (19)
0.7 (43)
1.0 (23)
0.7 (42)
15.5 (18)
20.4 ( 5)
13.2 (24)
18.3 (10)
16.3 (17)
16.9 (14)
8.9 (30)
16.5 (16)
18.9 ( 9)
11.2 (27)
11.2 (26)
4.2 (41)
16.1 (24)
6.8 (43)
27.9 (10)
10.7 (34)
7.6 (41)
13.3 (28)
8.7 (38)
22.1 (14)
13.0 (30)
8.8 (37)
15.5 (25)
31.4 ( 5)
5.1 ( 5)
3.3 (25)
5.0 ( 7)
2.5 (31)
3.6 (24)
3.0 (27)
2.6 (30)
5.0 ( 8)
2.5 (33)
2.5 (32)
4.4 (16)
2.1 (43)
5.7 (11)
4.7 (15)
6.8 ( 7)
1.3 (43)
1.7 (40)
3.3 (28)
1.2 (44)
6.3 ( 8)
3.3 (27)
1.4 (42)
0.8 (45)
1.8 (38)
5.1 ( 5)
3.3 (25)
5.0 ( 7)
2.5 (31)
3.6 (24)
3.0 (27)
2.6 (30)
5.0 ( 8)
2.5 (33)
2.5 (32)
4.4 (16)
2.1 (43)
66.7 ( 6)
29.7 (37)
65.2 ( 7)
63.6 ( 9)
16.3 (45)
16.1 (46)
64.6 ( 8)
41.5 (31)
31.6 (35)
71.4 ( 4)
38.0 (33)
43.3 (25)
8.6 (19)
4.9 (40)
6.2 (33)
5.5 (38)
3.8 (45)
5.8 (36)
12.6 (10)
17.6 ( 7)
10.9 (11)
10.6 (13)
6.2 (34)
6.1 (35)
8.0 (12)
4.1 (28)
7.3 (13)
8.3 (10)
4.6 (25)
1.7 (45)
2.8 (37)
2.9 (35)
2.8 (36)
6.3 (17)
8.3 (11)
11.1 ( 5)
1.9 ( 2)
0.8 (35)
0.9 (30)
0.9 (32)
0.8 (37)
0.7 (39)
1.1 (21)
1.1 (16)
1.0 (26)
1.1 (20)
1.2 (11)
1.0 (24)
5.6 (39)
4.2 (42)
11.5 (25)
14.6 (20)
8.0 (32)
10.5 (28)
19.0 ( 8)
20.2 ( 6)
23.8 ( 1)
10.5 (29)
21.4 ( 3)
5.7 (38)
34.3 ( 3)
30.0 ( 8)
28.5 ( 9)
27.8 (11)
13.8 (27)
9.7 (36)
11.4 (32)
8.5 (39)
9.9 (35)
20.2 (20)
30.3 ( 7)
20.5 (18)
4.5 (15)
3.7 (23)
5.5 ( 4)
5.1 ( 6)
8.4 ( 1)
2.0 (44)
2.3 (40)
2.4 (39)
2.4 (37)
3.8 (22)
6.1 ( 3)
4.7 (13)
6.0 (10)
6.0 ( 9)
4.6 (17)
7.0 ( 5)
5.5 (13)
14.4 ( 1)
1.9 (37)
3.5 (25)
3.8 (20)
7.5 ( 4)
3.4 (26)
7.0 ( 6)
4.5 (15)
3.7 (23)
5.5 ( 4)
5.1 ( 6)
8.4 ( 1)
2.0 (44)
2.3 (40)
2.4 (39)
2.4 (37)
3.8 (22)
6.1 ( 3)
4.7 (13)
42.7 (28)
72.3 ( 3)
61.6 (12)
47.9 (20)
22.9 (41)
41.9 (30)
18.5 (43)
62.6 (10)
51.8 (17)
18.2 (44)
6.8 (30)
7.2 (25)
9.0 (17)
3.6 (46)
10.8 (12)
9.3 (16)
4.4 (44)
6.9 (28)
20.9 ( 4)
4.7 (42)
6.7 (16)
9.2 ( 7)
11.2 ( 4)
7.0 (14)
2.4 (40)
5.7 (22)
6.0 (20)
9.6 ( 6)
3.0 (34)
4.6 (23)
1.0 (25)
1.0 (22)
0.9 (34)
0.8 (36)
0.9 (33)
1.2 (13)
1.7 ( 3)
0.9 (29)
1.1 (15)
1.5 ( 5)
7.9 (34)
7.2 (35)
14.7 (19)
13.5 (23)
21.3 ( 4)
22.5 ( 2)
1.7 (44)
6.8 (37)
17.1 (13)
1.4 (45)
18.2 (23)
38.7 ( 1)
21.9 (15)
13.2 (29)
7.3 (42)
8.2 (40)
20.3 (19)
31.2 ( 6)
10.8 (33)
19.6 (21)
4.4 (17)
4.8 (10)
4.8 (12)
3.3 (26)
2.7 (29)
3.0 (28)
4.1 (20)
4.9 ( 9)
2.2 (42)
2.4 (38)
10.3 ( 3)
5.0 (14)
3.6 (22)
1.7 (39)
2.1 (35)
2.4 (34)
3.7 (21)
5.6 (12)
3.5 (24)
3.5 (23)
4.4 (17)
4.8 (10)
4.8 (12)
3.3 (26)
2.7 (29)
3.0 (28)
4.1 (20)
4.9 ( 9)
2.2 (42)
2.4 (38)
19921993. 1992 only. 19921994. 19921995. **1994 only.

Oral cancer mortality rate includes nasopharynx only. = data not available.
29
C a n c e r
1 9 9 8
American Cancer Society Request for Applications

for Research in Prostate Cancer
Health Policy and Outcomes Research and Behavioral,
Psychosocial, and Quality-of-Life Research
The American Cancer Society is earmarking $1.5 million for
this grant cycle for each of two areas of research in prostate
cancer (1) health policy and outcomes research and (2) behavioral, psychosocial, and quality-of-life research. Application is
open to independent investigators at any stage of their
careers.
The next deadline for applications for both grants is April 1,
1998. Subsequent deadlines will be October 15, 1998, April 1,
1999, and October 1, 1999. The grants will be for 3 years, up
to $250,000 per year, including 25% indirect costs, and will be
renewable as long as this remains a targeted priority area. At
least two grants will be awarded in each research area during
each grant cycle, contingent on the quality of the applications.
Please contact the grants administration or development
office at your institution for a special application form, or
download it from http://www.cancer.org.
Questions concerning this request for applications should be
directed to Dr. Ralph Vogler at 404-329-7542 or to Dr. Frank
Baker at 404-329-7795.
30

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C A

Cancer Statistics, 1998

United States as a whole and in selected

gallbladder and other biliary passages,

the number of cancer deaths expected to

bronchus, and colon and rectum (Fig.

Conversely, the numbers of deaths of

Limitations and Future Challenges

cases are based on incidence rates for the

mates do provide an indication of current

5. SAS Institute Inc.: SAS/ETS Users Guide,

Vol. 48 No. 1 january/February 1998

CaA cancer Journal for Clinicians

Vol. 48 No. 1 january/February 1998

United States 1,228,600

55,400 25,400 184,500

State estimates may not add up to US total because of rounding.

CaA cancer Journal for Clinicians

State estimates may not add up to US total because of rounding.

Vol. 48 No. 1 january/February 1998

Lung & Bronchus 15%

13% Lung & Bronchus

Colon & Rectum 10%

11% Colon & Rectum

Kidney & Renal Pelvis

Oral Cavity & Pharynx

All Other Sites 20%

23% All Other Sites

25% Lung & Bronchus

Colon & Rectum

11% Colon & Rectum

Liver & Intrahepatic Bile Duct

2% Brain & Other Nervous System

All Other Sites 21%

23% All Other Sites

CaA cancer Journal for Clinicians

Vol. 48 No. 1 january/February 1998

Less than 1 in 10,000

Lung & Bronchus

Colon & Rectum

Rate per 100,000 Female Population

CaA cancer Journal for Clinicians

Vol. 48 No. 1 january/February 1998

Data source: Vital Statistics of the United States, 1997.

CaA cancer Journal for Clinicians

Data source: Vital Statistics of the United States, 1997.

Vol. 48 No. 1 january/February 1998

Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease

Pneumonia & Influenza

Other & Ill-defined

*Age-adjusted to the 1970 US standard population.

CaA cancer Journal for Clinicians

Brain & ONS

Brain & ONS

Brain & ONS

Brain & ONS

Bones & Joints

Brain & ONS

Vol. 48 No. 1 january/February 1998

Lung & Bronchus

Lung & Bronchus

Lung & Bronchus

Lung & Bronchus