Lecture 4 - Helmut Schweiger - 3d Finite Element Analysis of Deep Foundations

1
PLAXIS Hong Kong Lectures / Hong Kong, 28 November 2011

Helmut F. Schweiger
Franz Tschuchnigg
Computational Geotechnics Group
Institute for Soil Mechanics and Foundation Engineering
Graz University of Technology
3D FINITE ELEMENT ANALYSIS OF
DEEP FOUNDATIONS - PRACTICAL
APPLICATIONS
Finite Element Analysis of Deep Foundations
2 PLAXIS Hong Kong Lectures / Hong Kong, 28 November 2011
THREE CASE HISTORIES
DEEP FOUNDATION OF TWO ADJACENT HIGHRISE
BUILDINGS (Vienna)
DEEP FOUNDATION OF TOWER FOR SHOPPING MALL
(Bucharest)
JET GROUT FOUNDATION FOR RAILWAY STATION (Vienna)
OUTLINE OF PRESENTATION
DEEP FOUNDATION (Vienna) DEEP FOUNDATION (Bucharest) JET GROUT FOUNDATION (Vienna)
2
DEEP FOUNDATION OF TWO ADJACENT HIGHRISE BUILDINGS
(Vienna)
Project overview
Soil conditions and its numerical modelling
Finite element models
Optimisation of the foundation concept
Results
Conclusion
Concept for foundation: deep foundation with diaphragm wall panels
~220m
~168m
TWIN TOWERS
3
TOWER I
TOWER II
64.1 m
56.3 m
58.9 m
24 m
TOWER I: 220 m high (around 60 stories) > constructed first
TOWER II: 165 m high
Foundation system: diaphragm wall panels
Underground
car parks
PROJECT OVERVIEW - TWIN TOWERS
m
ref
3 ref
50 50
p ' cot ' c
' cot ' c
E E
|
|
.
|
\
|
+
o' +
=
Slab
Barrette length 30m
Constitutive model
Hardening Soil Model (HS):
m
ref
3 ref
ur ur
p ' cot ' c
' cot ' c
E E
|
|
.
|
\
|
+
o' +
=
m
ref
1 ref
oed oed
p cot c
cot c
E E
|
|
.
|
\
|
+
o' +
=
Hardening Soil Small Model (HSS):
m
ref
3 ref
0 0
p ' cot ' c
' cot ' c
G G
|
|
.
|
\
|
+
o' +
=
SOIL CONDITIONS AND ITS NUMERICAL MODELLING
4
G
0
0.7
Parameter Gravel Sandy silt Fine sand
E
50
ref
(kPa) 40 000 20 000 25 000
Eoed
ref
(kPa) 40 000 20 000 25 000
Eur
ref
(kPa) 120 000 50 000 62 500
p
ref
(kPa) 100 100 100
m (-) 0.00 0.80 0.65
G
0
(kPa) 150 000 62 500 78 125
0.7
(-) 0.0001 0.0002 0.0002
Defintion of additional parameters for
the HSS model:
G
0
: Correlation between small strain
stiffness and stiffness at larger
strains after Alpan (1970)
> Young's modulus interpreted as E
ur
0.7
: Stiffness reduction curves after
Vucetic and Dobrey (1991)
HS model
HSS model
5
> Both towers are modelled
> Models consist of around 50 000 15-noded wedge elements
FINITE ELEMENT MODELS - OVERVIEW
Detailed model for
Tower I
Barrettes with unit
dimensions of 3.6 m x 0.6 m
Detailed model for
Tower II
FINITE ELEMENT MODELS - DETAILED MODELS
6
Detailed model Tower I:
Barrette length 25 m
u
y,max
of 80 mm
Interaction of towers
Differential settlements
> Optimisation of foundation system
Eccentric loads
lead to large
differential
settlements
FINITE ELEMENT MODELS - FIRST RESULTS TOWER II
Final design of deep foundation system
Arrangement of
diaphragm wall
panels for Tower I
Arrangement of
diaphragm wall
panels for Tower II
OPTIMISATION OF FOUNDATION CONCEPT
7
RESULTS
Barrette lengths between 20 m and 30 m
Maximum vertical displacements of both towers ~80 mm
Differential settlements reduced to acceptable value
RESULTS
8
Model details:
No geometrical simplifications
~ 140 000 15-noded wedge elements
Mesh refinement
300 diaphragm wall panels are
modelled explicitly
Expectations:
Validate first approach
Detailed information about settlement
trough between towers
_________________________________________________________
Model Nr. El. Nr.Nodes Nr.El in 2D plane
_________________________________________________________
32 bit model 49 096 131 993 2 888
64 bit model 136 710 361 243 6 510
_________________________________________________________
RESULTS WITH 64 BIT CALCULATION KERNEL
317 diaphragm wall panels
9
Results are similar to first approach
Maximum vertical displacements ~80 mm
More accurate with respect to interaction and settlement trough between towers
Layout 1:
75 Piles
Diameter 1.5m
Spacing 6*D
Pile lengths are based on executed
deep foundation with panels (20 - 30m)
Piles are modelled as continuum (VP)
with interfaces:
Also modelled with Embedded Piles (EP)
Alternative foundation concept: Piled raft foundation
Soil inter
c R c
i
=
Soil Soil inter
s = tan tan R tan
i
Soil inter
= < =
i i
otherwise , 0 . 1 R for 0
COMPARISON OF DIFFERENT FOUNDATION SYSTEMS
10
An embedded pile is a pile which consists of:
Beam elements
Properties: E, , d
d determines the elastic zone in the soil around the beam
Special interface elements
Properties: skin resistance, base resistance
t
s
Shear stress in axial direction
t
n
/t
t
Normal stress in n/t direction
K
s
Elastic shear stiffness
K
n
/K
t
Elastic normal stiffness in n/t - direction
u
p
Displacements of the pile
u
s
Displacements of the soil
Layout 2:
Piles modelled with Embedded
Piles concept (EP)
Diameter 1.5 m
Pile spacing is reduced in high
loaded regions
Pile lengths are based on
executed deep foundation with
panels (20 - 30 m)
11
Layout 2:
Piles modelled with Embedded
Piles concept (EP)
Diameter 1.5 m
Pile spacing is reduced in high
loaded regions
Pile lengths are based on
executed deep foundation with
panels (20 - 30 m)
Maximum vertical displacements:
Tower I: ~ 90 mm
Tower II: ~ 90 mm
Maximum settlements:
Barrettes: 7.6cm
Layout 1 (VP): 12.0 cm
Layout 1 (EP): 12.0 cm
Layout 2 (EP): 8.7 cm
Shallow foundation: 18.7cm
Barrettes
Shallow foundation
12
Comparison of different foundation systems
Maximum settlements
oKPP:
Layout 1: 0.42
Layout 2: 0.80
tot
Pile
Kpp
R
R
= o
~ 50 %
Settlements / differential settlements
> Road - up to 40 mm tolerable
> Highway - Point A 14 mm
Inclination 1/900
> Train - Point B 18 mm
Most critical area
Inclination 1/600
> Measurements during
construction are necessary
A
B
RESULTS
13
Same length of deep foundation elements > high differential settlements.
Final foundation concept with lengths between 20 - 30 m improves the settlement
behaviour of the towers.
In most calculations the geometry is simplified in that way that only one tower is
modelled in detail and the foundation of the second tower is modelled with a
homogenized block.
The computed maximum vertical displacements are about 80 mm. The settlements of
the highway and the railway lines are in the order of 15-20 mm.
With a 64 bit calculation kernel both towers are modelled in detail. The settlements
are similar to the simplified models but the settlement trough between the towers is
more accurate.
CONCLUSION FOR THIS PROJECT
DEEP FOUNDATION OF TOWER FOR SHOPPING MALL
(Bucharest)
Project overview
Soil conditions
Optimisation of the foundation concept
Results
Validation of numerical model
Conclusion
14
Sky Tower
SHOPPING MALL WITH SKY TOWER
15
Results of interest:
1. Maximum differential settlements (of 2.6 m thick slab)
2. Arrangement of diaphragm wall elements
Dimensions 93.4 x 61.7 m
Height more than 130 m
Excavation depth 20.4 m
Slab thickness 2.6 / 1.5 m
Point loads up to 14 900 kN
PROJECT OVERVIEW - SKY TOWER
Silty Clay
Constitutive models:
Diaphragm wall panels > Mohr-Coulomb
Floors > Linear elastic
Soil layers > Hardening Soil Model
Sand
~20.5 m
~25.0 m
60.0 m
Soil profile:
Core drillings down to -60 m
Altering layers of sands and
silty clays
Drained conditions are
assumed
Assumption: Alternate layers continue
SOIL CONDITIONS
16
All models consist of about 52 000 15-noded wedge elements
Core walls Floors (Top-down method)
FINITE ELEMENT MODELS
~ 94 m
~ 62
m
Cross section
2D "Plane strain" model
Layout 1
Top view Deep foundation elements in 3D
FE model
17
u
y,max
~ 95 mm
u
y,diff.max
~ 50 mm
u
y,max
~ 165 mm
u
y,diff.max
~ 100 mm
2D (plane strain) model overestimates
differential settlements by approx. 100%
2D representation of geometry / load situations
not possible
2D representation of deep foundation elements
not possible
> For optimisation of foundation concept full
3D modelling is required
Maximum settlements between 85 - 100 mm
Differential settlements between 42 - 60 mm
Full connection of barrettes difficult to achieve in practice
Circle of panels beneath
concentrated loads
Discontinuous barrettes
Different lengths of
barrettes
18
Final foundation concept
Top view
2
5

m
1
5

m
FE discretization of panels
Maximum vertical displacements of about 105 mm
Maximum differential settlements of about 65 mm
Between point A and C (2.6 m thick slab) differential settlements of about 47 mm
Final foundation concept
Contour lines of settlements
Vertical displacements of slab
19
FE analysis predicts slightly higher settlements > conservative estimate of parameters
Effect of small strain stiffness is not taken into account
FE model Measurements vs calculation
VALIDATION OF NUMERICAL MODEL (IN SITU LOAD TEST)
Step 3:
Excavation to -15.00 m
Construction of slab at -5.0 m
20
Step 4:
Construction of base slab
Due to the geometrical layout 2D analysis proved to be too conservative.
A number of 3D calculations have been performed investigating different
arrangements of diaphragm wall panels.
The final concept of the deep foundation consists of two discontinuous circles
beneath the highly loaded areas.
The computed maximum settlements are 105 mm. The expected maximum
differential displacements are about 65 mm.
The numerical back analysis of an in situ load test shows reasonable agreement
The soil parameters have been estimated prior the test and no adjustments have
been made.
CONCLUSION FOR THIS PROJECT
21
JET GROUTING FOUNDATION FOR RAILWAY STATION (Vienna)
Project layout
Soil profile
Validation of numerical model
Results
CONTENT
~ 500m
~ 400m
PLAN VIEW
PROJECT OVERVIEW - PLAN VIEW
22
175m
100m
PROJECT OVERVIEW - ARRANGEMENT OF JET GROUT COLUMNS
8 m - gravel
3 m - sandy silt
14 m - sand
11 m - sandy silt
2 m - sand
10 m - stiff base layer
TYPICAL CROSS SECTION - SOIL PROFILE
23
Three different models for the sensitive zones
Zone A: => 130 embedded piles
=> 51376 elements
Zone B: => 615 embedded piles
=> 47464 elements
Zone C: => 114 embedded piles
=> 47022 elements
FINITE ELEMENT MODEL
Zone B: => 615 embedded piles
=> 47464 elements
Model without soil - top view
Model without soil - bottom view
EMBEDDED PILE MODEL FOR ZONE B
24
> 615 Piles
Different pile lengths
Different pile inclinations
> Rest is modelled as blocks
EMBEDDED PILE MODEL FOR ZONE B
inclined embedded piles
vertical displacements - u
y,max
= 63 mm
EMBEDDED PILE MODEL FOR ZONE B - RESULTS
25
Global settlement behaviour of construction is obtained because
complete structure is modelled including areas with significant
different load intensities.
Detailed results in the zone where the embedded piles are modelled.
Benefit of zone B (embedded piles): spacing, pile length and pile
diameter can be modified with reasonable effort.
EMBEDDED PILE MODEL FOR ZONE B - RESULTS
MODEL - 64 bit calculation kernel
General results:
Global settlement behaviour of construction is obtained because complete structure is modelled including
areas with significant different load intensities. Maximum vertical displacements of ~65 mm.
Detailed results in the zones where the embedded piles are modelled.
"Embedded pile zones": spacing, pile length and pile diameter can be modified with reasonable effort.
64 bit calculation kernel:
Validation of first approach.
More than 1200 jet grout columns are modelled - more accurate results with respect to interaction of
sensitive zones.
26
In many cases the geometry can be simplified in that way that only
sensitive parts are modelled in detail > yields global settlement
behaviour.
With a 64 bit calculation kernel less simplifications are necessary.
The settlements are similar to the simplified models.
When creating embedded piles no additional geometry points are
created embedded piles do not influence the finite element
discretisation.
With embedded piles it is possible to model a high number of deep
foundation elements with different spacings, inclinations and
lengths.
When using the HSS model the influence of the model boundary
condition is reduced and a more realistic settlement behaviour can
be obtained.
CONCLUSIONS
PLAXIS Hong Kong Lectures / Hong Kong, 28 November 2011
Helmut F. Schweiger
Franz Tschuchnigg
Computational Geotechnics Group
Institute for Soil Mechanics and Foundation Engineering
Graz University of Technology
3D FINITE ELEMENT ANALYSIS OF
DEEP FOUNDATIONS - PRACTICAL
APPLICATIONS

Lecture 4 - Helmut Schweiger - 3d Finite Element Analysis of Deep Foundations

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Title

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

Lecture 4 - Helmut Schweiger - 3d Finite Element Analysis of Deep Foundations

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

1

PLAXIS Hong Kong Lectures / Hong Kong, 28 November 2011

You might also like