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Introduction
Harry G. Kwatny
Department of Mechanical Engineering & Mechanics Drexel University
Outline
Course resources Overview What is nonlinear control?
Linearization
Resources
Professor Harry G. Kwatny
Office: 151-A Tel: 895-2356 e-mail: hkwatny@coe.drexel.edu URL: http://www.pages.drexel.edu/faculty/hgk22
Text Books & Software: Kwatny, H. G. and Blankenship, Nonlinear Control & Analytical Mechanics, Birkhauser, 2000 Obtain update from H. Kwatny Mathematica, Student Version 5.0 Other References
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6.
Friedland, Bernard, Advanced Control System Design, Prentice-Hall, Inc., 1996. Slotine, J-J. E. and Li, W., Applied Nonlinear Control, Prentice-Hall, 1991. Vidyasagar, M., Nonlinear Systems Analysis 2nd edition, Prentice-Hall, 1993. Isidori, Alberto, Nonlinear Control Systems-3rd edition, Springer-Verlag, 1995. Nijmeijer, H. and H. J. van der Schaft, 1990: Nonlinear Dynamical Control Systems. SpringerVerlag. Khalil, H. K., 1996: Nonlinear Systems-2nd edition. MacMillan.
Geometric Foundations
Manifolds, Vector Fields & Integral Curves Distributions, Frobenius Theorem & Integral Surfaces Coordinate Transformations
Observer Design Robust & Adaptive Control Tracking & Disturbance Rejection
input u ( t )
System
x ( t ) output y t ()
Most real systems are nonlinear Sometimes a linear approximation is satisfactory Linear systems are much easier to analyze
Systems that are not linearly controllable/observable may be controllable/observable in a nonlinear sense
Nonholonomic vehicles (try parking a car with a linear controller), underactuated mechanical systems (have fewer controls than dof), compressors near stall, ground vehicles near directional stability limit
Linearization 2
Define: x ( t ) = x0 + x ( t ) , u ( t ) = u0 + u ( t ) , y ( t ) = y0 + y ( t ) The equations become:
x = f ( x0 + x ( t ) , u0 + u ( t ) )
y0 + y ( t ) = h ( x0 + x ( t ) , u0 + u ( t ) )
Now, construct a Taylor series for f , h f ( x0 , u0 ) f ( x0 , u0 ) x+ u + hot x u h ( x0 , u0 ) h ( x0 , u0 ) h ( x0 + x, u0 + u ) = h ( x0 , u0 ) + x+ u + hot x u Notice that f ( x0 , u0 ) = 0 and h ( x0 , u0 ) = y0 , so f ( x0 + x, u0 + u ) = f ( x0 , u0 ) +
x=
f ( x0 , u0 ) f ( x0 , u0 ) x+ u x u h ( x0 , u0 ) h ( x0 , u0 ) y= x+ u x u
x = A x + B u y = C x + D u
q coordinates p quasi-velocities
If we want to regulate position, we can - more algebra. This is called the computed 'torque method.' We will generalize it.
Example 2
, sideslip
x cos sin 0 u y = sin cos 0 v kinematics: 0 0 1 r V , velocity Consider u1 = u and u2 = r to be control inputs and suppose v = 0. x cos 0 y = sin u + 0 u 1 2 0 1 Linearize about the origin ( x, y, ) = ( 0,0,0 ) to get 1 0 x = Ax + Bu, A = 0, B = 0 0 The 0 1 linear system is not controllable! In particular, y = 0, so it is not possible to steer from the origin along the y -axis
, heading
, rudder
Example 2, contd
But, of course, if you allow large motions you can steer to a point x = 0, y = y , = 0. How? t t Try this: u1 ( t ) = cos , u2 ( t ) = sin
The system appears not to be linearly uncontrollable but nonlinearly controllable!! By coordinating the rudder and forward speed, we can cause the vehicle to move along the yaxis.
1 J2 s
1 s
1 J1s
1 s
2 ( 2 )
1 ( 1 )
The problem is to accurately position the load. The problem becomes even more interesting if the friction parameters are uncertain.
u
Body Frame
y v
m, J
Y
b
0 = F ( , Vs , , 0, Fd )
Fl
Fr
Space Frame X
0.75 1
Vs
0.5 0.25
Vs
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132
132.5
133
132
132.5
133
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