1 1) Midnight judges - 42 Federalist justices of the peace President John Adams appointed immediately before his administration ended

and Thomas Jefferson's began; appointed because Adams realized the Federalist party was losing power and control in government to the Democratic-Republicans 2) Thomas Jefferson 3rd President of the USA a) Revolution of 1800 Jefferson (Democratic-Republican) defeated Adams (Federalist) 3) Louisiana Purchase USAs purchase of Louisiana Territory in 1803 from France a) Napoleons reasons why he sold the Territory: he needed the money as he was in the middle of a World War with the Brits and the rest of Europe at the time; he did not have the resources to hold or maintain a huge possession that far away when he had to use all of his money and military power much closer to home; he had enough problems just getting his warships out of port in the face of the British blockade, & there was no chance that he could or would have tried to send them (and the large numbers of ground troops required) to the New World to hold Louisiana in the face of American Expansion on land and the British Navy at sea 4) Jefferson ideals - the people run the government and that the government should be small and simple 5) Marbury vs Madison - The case resulted from a petition to the Supreme Court by William Marbury, who had been appointed by President John Adams as Justice of the Peace in the District of Columbia but whose commission was not subsequently delivered. Marbury petitioned the Supreme Court to force Secretary of State James Madison to deliver the documents, but the Court, with John Marshall as Chief Justice, denied Marbury's petition without reaching its merits. The Court instead held that the provision of the Judiciary Act of 1789 that enabled Marbury to bring his claim to the Supreme Court was unconstitutional, because it purported to extend the Court's original jurisdiction beyond that which Article III established. a) Established what? Basis for the exercise of judicial review; the first time in Western history a court invalidated a law by declaring it "unconstitutional", a process called judicial review; helped define checks and balances 6) Impressment Taking men into the military by force without notice a) War of 1812 - The impressment of seamen from American ships caused serious tensions between Britain and the United States in the years leading up to the War of 1812 7) Embargo Act of 1807 - American laws restricting American ships from engaging in foreign trade between the years of 1807 and 1812. The Acts were diplomatic responses by presidents Thomas Jefferson and James Madison designed to protect American interests and avoid war. They failed, and helped cause the War of 1812 between the U.S. and Britain. 8) War Hawks Congressmen who advocated waging war against the British in the War of 1812 a) Who: Henry Clay of Kentucky. John C. Calhoun of South Carolina b) Ideas- The War Hawks advocated going to war against Britain for reasons related to the interference of the Royal Navy in American shipping, which the War Hawks believed hurt the American economy and injured American prestige. War Hawks from the western states also believed that the British were instigating American Indians on the frontier to attack American settlements, and so the War Hawks called for an invasion of British Canada to punish Britain and end this threat 9) Cult of Domesticity- Women were put in the center of the domestic sphere and were expected to fulfill the roles of a calm and nurturing mother, a loving and faithful wife, and a passive, delicate, and virtuous creature 10) War of 1812 effects on Indians - Indian people of the area south of the Great Lakes experienced further warfare. Efforts to stop the American advance into their territory did not entirely end with the Battle of the Fallen Timbers and the Treaty of Greenville. Under the leadership of Tecumseh, a religious revival inspired further resistance to the American advance during the decade of the nineteenth century. The Brits supported the Indians resistance. 11)Tecumseh- a Native American leader of the Shawnee and a large tribal confederacy (known asTecumseh's Confederacy) which opposed the United States during Tecumseh's War and the War of 1812. Tecumseh has become an icon andheroic figure in American Indian and Canadian history.During the War of 1812, Tecumseh's confederacy allied with the British in The Canadas (the collective name for the colonies of Upper Canadaand Lower Canada), and helped in the capture of Fort Detroit. Tecumseh was killed in the Battle of the Thames, in October 1813. a) Collapse of alliance

2 The American victory at the Thames signaled the collapse of Tecumsehs confederacy and an end to Indian resistance in the Old Northwest. Conditions of Missouri Compromise- Missouri gained admission as a slave state, while Maine came in as a counterbalancing free state. A line was drawn west from Missouri at latitude 36 30, to the Rocky Mountains. Lands north of that line would be open to slavery; areas to the south of it would not. Henry Clay's economic plan a) The American system- The American System, originally called "The American Way", was a mercantilist economic plan that played a prominent role in American policy during the first half of the 19th century. Rooted in the " American School" ideas of Alexander Hamilton, the plan "consisted of three mutually reinforcing parts: a tariff to protect and promote American industry; a national bank to foster commerce; and federal subsidies for roads, canals, and other 'internal improvements' to develop profitable markets for agriculture."[1] Congressman Henry Clay was the plan's foremost proponent and the first to refer to it as the American System. The establishment of a national bank would promote a single currency, making trade easier, and issue what was called sovereign credit, i.e., credit issued by the national government, rather than borrowed from the private banking system. In 1816, Congress created the Second Bank of the United States. b) The improvement of the countrys infrastructure, especially transportation systems, made trade easier and faster for everyone. Poor roads made transportation slow and costly. c) Sectionalism (North, South, West) d) Southerners were adamant that the vast area must remain open to their slaver property and were determined to preserve the equal balance of slave and free state in the Senate. Northerners, vowed to keep the territories west of the Mississippi open to free labor, which meant closing them to slavery. The west was unorganized territory but would become free territory by the Missouri Compromise. War of 1812 effects on economic growth a) The War of 1812 gave a dramatic boost to the manufacturing capabilities of the United States. The British blockade of the American coast created a shortage of cotton cloth in the United States, leading to the creation of a cotton-manufacturing industry, beginning at Waltham, Massachusetts by Francis Cabot Lowell. The war also spurred on construction of the Erie Canal project, which was built to promote commercial links yet was also perceived as having military uses should the need ever arise. As the charter of the First Bank of the United States had been allowed to expire in 1811, the federal government was ill-prepared to finance the war and resorted to such expediencies as the suspension of specie payment and the issuance of Treasury Notes. These actions set a precedent for future Federal responses to financial crises. Also, this exposure of the nation's financial weaknesses explained in part the Congressional decision to charter the Second Bank of the United States in 1816. The readiness of Southern leaders especially John C. Calhoun to support such a measure also indicates a high degree of national feeling. Perhaps the clearest sign of a new sense of national unity was the victorious DemocraticRepublican Party, its long-time foes the Federalists vanished from national politics. The result was an Era of Good Feelings with the lowest level of partisanship ever seen. Canals/ railroads a) Eerie canal- 363 mile long canal, the last link in a chain of waterways binding New York City to the Great Lakes and the Northwest, was the most impressive of the new canals. The volume of goods and people it carried at low cost as well as the economic advantages it conferred on those within its reach prompted the construction of over 3,000 miles of canals by 1840, primarily in eastern and Midwestern states. b) internal improvements- Improved transportation stimulated agricultural expansion and regional specialization. Canals importance to economic growth a) Facilitated movement of peoples, goods, and information; drew people into national economy market; stimulated agricultural expansion, regional crop specialization; decreased costs of shipping goods; strengthened ties between Northeast and Midwest Waltham system in New England after 1814 a) Waltham-Lowell System was a labor and production model employed in the United States, particularly in New England, during the early years of the American textile industry in the early 19th Century.Made possible by i)

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3 inventions such as the spinning jenny, spinning mule, and water frame in England around the time of the American Revolution, the textile industry was among the earliest mechanized industries, and models of production and labor sources were first explored here. Before industrialization, textile production was typically done at home, and early industrial systems such as Samuel Slater's Rhode Island System maintained housing for families, with only spinning done in the factory. Weaving was "put out" to surrounding villagers. The WalthamLowell System saw all stages of textile production done under one roof, with employees living in company housing, and away from home and family. The system used domestic labor, often referred to as mill girls, who came to the new textile centers from rural towns to earn more money than was possible at home, and to live a cultured life in "the city". They lived a very regimented life - they lived in company boardinghouses and were held to strict hours and a rigid moral code. As competition in the domestic textile industry increased and wages subsequently fell, strikes began to occur, and with the introduction of cheaper imported foreign workers by midcentury, the system proved unprofitable and declined.af 18) Economic revolution after War of 1812 a) internal improvements (roads and canals) b) Tariff of 1816: i) first protective tariff c) Henry Clay's American System i) protective tariffs (1) promote American manufacturing (2) raise revenue with which build national transportation ii) national bank iii) internal improvements 19) Panic of 1819 a) The Panic of 1819 was the first major financial crisis in the United States,[1] and had occurred during the political calm of the Era of Good Feelings. The new nation previously had faced a depression following the war of independence in the late 1780s and led directly to the establishment of the dollar and, perhaps indirectly, to the calls for a Constitutional Convention. It had also experienced another severe economic downturn in the late 1790s following the Panic of 1797. In the earlier crises however, the primary cause of economic turmoil originated in foreign trade and the broader Atlantic economy.[2] These crises and others had resulted from international conflicts such as the Embargo Act and War of 1812 and had caused widespread domestic foreclosures, bank failures, unemployment, and a slump in agriculture and manufacturing. However, things would change for the US economy after the Second Bank of the United States was founded in 1816,[3] in response to the spread of bank notes across United States from private banks, due to inflation brought on by the debt following the war.[4] In contrast, the causes of the Panic of 1819 largely originated within the U.S. economy. The panic marked the end of the economic expansion that had followed the War of 1812 and ushered in new financial policies that would shape economic development. 20) Law aid on economic a) Gibbons vs Ogden i) ruled that New York monopoly (steamboat company) was unconstitutional ii) Marshall established federal government's broad control of interstate commerce b) McCulloch vs Maryland i) Did Congress have the power to create a bank even if no clause in the Constitution mentioned a bank? ii) Could a state place a tax on a federally created bank? iii) Maryland tried to collect from Second Bank of US c) Dartmouth College vs Woodward i) involved a law of New Hampshire that changed Dartmouth College from private to public ii) Marshall Court Struct down state law as unconstitutional 21)Jacksonian democracy: In the decades surrounding the presidency of Andrew Jackson democracy broadened. Many states rewrote their constitutions, gradually eliminating property qualifications, taxpaying for voting, religious

4 qualifications for office, etc. Presidential electors more and more elected by the people, not the state legislatures; in most areas the electoral franchise was extended to all free white males. European visitors such as Alexis de Tocqueville noticed the spirit of equality that pervaded the United States, unlike anything known in the Old World. By the late 1830s, the United States had become a full democracy for adult white males, but inequalities still existed: poor people were still poor, and while wealth may not have bought votes directly, it certainly was a prerequisite for any kind of real power. What was different about America was not that the gap between rich and poor had narrowed indeed, the opposite was probably truebut that there were few systemic barriers (except for slavery) that prevented people from gaining wealth and power. However limited, the idea of America as a land of unprecedented opportunity was not inaccurate in the context of the times. Importantly, equality of opportunity did not necessarily mean equality of result, a concept with which Americans continue to wrestle in making political choices. The other major change in the Jacksonian era was the emergence of a solid two-party system. The modern Democratic Party was founded under Jackson, and an opposition partythe Whigseventually evolved. When that party disappeared in the early 1850s, it was soon replaced by the Republican Party, giving the U.S. the basic political structure that survives to this day. 22)Universal suffrage (white males only): Universal white manhood suffrage when all men (universally) can vote. Previously, only white men who owned land could vote; this means that only a select few rich white men could vote but as Jackson came to power (1828), more and more men could easily buy and own land; thus, more and more people could vote. 23) Election of 1828: Andrew Jackson won by 647,000 votes to Adamss 507,000, 178-83 in Electoral College. Far more people voted for president than in 1824, as the states were beginning to let the people select presidential electors. The age of Jackson was indeed a major democratic revolution and the election of that year was testimony to that fact. a) Jackson saw himself as President of All the Peopledefender of the Common Man. A prevailing view since the writing of the Constitution had been an assumption of the natural supremacy of the legislature. He saw himself as the direct representative of all the people and willingly used his authority on their behalf. He vetoed more bills than all his predecessors combined, challenging the view that the only grounds for a presidential veto were a bill's constitutionality. He expanded the power of his office, but did not favor unlimited power for the national government. 24)Jacksonian democracy and media (newspapers): The campaign was one of the dirtiest in American history, a series mudslinging attacks on personalities. John Quincy Adams was accused of feeding at the public trough, because of his long years of public service. He was called a pimp for providing an American girl as gift for the Czar of Russia, though, like his father, John Quincy was an extremely moral man descended from good old Puritan stock. Yet, as he had installed a billiard table in the White House he was charged with turning it into a gambling den. Meanwhile, Jackson was portrayed as a drunk, a brawler and an adulterer because Rachels divorce had not been final when they first got married. His famous duel with Charles Dickinson also led to the charge that he was a murderer. Newspapers were used to make attacks personal. a) Party politics: The old system of politics based on elite coalitions and dependent on voters deferring to their betters largely disappeared. It was replaced by competitive party systems, and heavy voter participation. Political parties appealed to popular emotions, religion, popular emotions, and ethnic prejudices. The language of politics became contentions and militaristic. Jacksons rhetoric exemplified new trends and defined an opponent as the enemy 25)Jackson on banks: Jackson came into office suspicious of the Bank of the United States aka B.U.S. and made vague threats against it. With the backing of supporters in Congress, Bank President Biddle asked Congress to re-charter the Bank in 1832, four years before the old charter was due to expire. Henry Clay took up the Banks cause as a political tactic, hoping that congressional approval of the Bank would embarrass Jackson. Jacksons opponents and Bank supporters thought that if Jackson vetoed the bank bill it would cost him the election. If Jacksons veto were overridden, the Bank would be guaranteed additional life. Jackson was no fool: he declared war on the monster corporation, which he was convinced, violated the fundamental principles of a democratic society. He vetoed the Bank re-charter bill on the grounds that the Bank was unconstitutional, despite Marshalls Supreme Court decision to the contrary, and called on the people for support. Jackson also claimed he vetoed the Bank charter

5 because it violated equality of opportunity, and Congress upheld the veto. Clay and Jackson took their argument to the public in the election of 1832 where Jacksons victory spelled doom for the Bank. The Bank supporters and Jackson opponents badly misjudged both Jackson and people's attitudes toward the Bank. After the election Jackson said, The Bank tried to kill me, but I will kill it! He showed his opponents no mercy and proceeded to destroy the Bank by withdrawing the governments money and depositing it into selected state banks. Biddle then used his powers as a central banker to bring on a nationwide recession, which he hoped would be blamed on Jackson. That ploy failed, but Jacksons destruction of the Bank cost him support in Congress, especially in the Senate, where fears of a dictatorship began to emerge. Jackson was very hostile to banks. He didnt understand that the purpose of the National Bank was to prevent the very thing he was concerned aboutspeculation of the kind that had led to the infamous South Sea Bubble, which ruined many investors. Banks made money by manipulation, Jackson thought. There had been early attempts to politicize the bank, and Jackson believed the pro-bank people were his political enemies. 26)Spoils system: Nowhere was the Jacksonian ideal of openness made more concrete than in Jacksons theory of rotation in office, known as the spoils system. In his first annual message to Congress, Jackson defended the principle that public offices should be rotated among party supporters in order to help the nation achieve its republican ideals. 27) Jackson on Native Americans: Jacksons policy of forcible relocation defined governmental and private practice toward Native Americans for the rest of the century. Jacksons reelection in 1828 boosted white efforts to relocate the Indians west of the Mississippi, in 1829 Jackson recommended to Congress removal of the southeastern tribes. He argued that because the Indians were surrounded by the whites, they were inevitably doomed to weakness and decay. Removal was justified by humanity and national honor. He also insisted that state laws should prevail over the claims of wither Indians or the federal government. The Georgia legislature declared the Cherokee tribal council illegal and claimed jurisdiction over both the tribes and their land, Worcester v. Georgia which proved state laws could not have any force over the Cherokee left the whites more land Hungary and with Jacksons blessing, defied the court ruling. Jackson= Trail of Tears. 28)Alcohol consumption in 1830s: On New Years Eve in 1831, Finney disciple, Theodore Dwight Weld, delivered a 4 hour Temperance lecture that described the awful fate of those who refused to stop drinking and urged the audience not only to cease their drinking, but also stop others. The American Temperance Society was founded in 1826 and advocated the consequences of drinking. Temperance was popular with unemployed young workers and organized parades, picnics, melodramas, and festivals to encourage people to take the pledge against alcohol. Tactics in the 1840s shifted to political action and laws were established to prohibit the manufacturing, sale, and drinking of alcohol. 18th amendment in 1919 prohibited these standards at a federal level. The temperance crusade reveals the many practical motivations for Americans to join reform societies. For many young men after the onset of the depression of 1837, a temperance society provided entertainment, fellowship, and contacts to help their careers. In temperance societies as in political parties, Americans found jobs, purpose, support, spouses, and relief from loneliness and uncertainty. 29) William Lloyd Garrison: organized New England Anti-Slavery Society consisting of both blacks and whites a) newspaper name: The Liberator- a leading antislavery journal in the United States b) Basic beliefs: an immediate end to slavery, viewed slavery a sin and need to be eliminated immediately. Condemned Constitution which perpetuated slavery as an agreement with Hell 30) David Walker (African-American): Abolitionists that advocated the immediate end of slavery, and declared white slaveholders as morally inferior. He was among the first, andthe boldest and most direct appeals in behalf of freedom a) What did he write: Walkers Appeal b) What was behind it: He intended to call for a slave rebellion 31) Northerners indifference about slavery: Class differences and race further divided abolitionists. Northern workers, though fearful of the potential as job competition with blacks, but mostly believed that slavery was a sin and most agreed with the northern views against slavery. 32) Grimke sisters a) abolitionists and suffragettes. south carolina aristocrats. converted to the quaker faith, and joined society of friends. in 1835, angela wrote an anti-slavery letter to abolitionist leader william lloyd garrison, who published it

6 in the liberator. they spoke at abolitionist meetings. in 1837, angelina was invited to be the first woman to speak at the massachusetts state legislature. sarah and angelina wrote a letter on the condition of women and the equality of the sexes (1837) - objecting to male opposition to their anti-slavery activities. 33) Harriet Tubman a) american abolitionist. born a slave on a maryland plantation, she escaped to the north in 1849 and became the most renowned conductor on the underground railroad, leading more than 300 slaves to freedom. 34)Worcester vs Georgia a) a case in which the united states supreme court vacated the conviction of samuel worcester, holding that the georgia criminal statute, prohibiting non-indians from being present on indian lands without a license from the state, was unconstitutional. 35) Indian Removal Act - (1830) a) authorized andrew jackson to negotiate land-exchange treaties with tribes living east of the mississippi. the treaties enacted under this act's provisions paved the way for the reluctantand often forcibleemigration of tens of thousands of american indians to the west. 36) Trail of Tears a) Cherokee Indians were forced to travel from north Carolina and Georgia through Tennessee, Kentucky, Illinois, Missouri, and Arkansas-more than 800 miles-to the Indian territory. more than 4,000 Cherokees died of cold, disease, and lack of food during the 116-day journey. 37) Doctrine of Nullification a) John C. Calhouns idea that its a right of a state to reject a federal law that it considers unconstitutional. he said if law was harmful to your state, the state should not have it to obey it. 38) Andrew Jackson election of 1832 a) Andrew Jackson (democratic) ran for re-election v. Henry Clay (Whig) v. William Wirt (anti-Masonic party), Jackson won primary issue was Jackson's veto of the re-charter of the bus first election w/ national nominating conventions (state delegates select party's nominee) anti-masons sprang up as reaction to perceived elitism of masons. Jackson wanted to get rid of the U.S. bank and have a smaller central government. 39) Samuel F.B. Morse a) invented the telegraph, which made communication across thousands of miles possible invented morse code, a system of dots and dashes used as communication 40) Cyrus McCormick a) Irish-American inventor that developed the mechanical reaper. the reaper replaced scythes as the preferred method of cutting crops for harvest, and it was much more efficient and much quicker. the invention helped the agricultural growth of America. 41) immigrants in 1840s a) immigrants from great Britain- came to US to earn higher wages. b) immigrants from Ireland- large part of potato crop was lost to disease in Ireland. there was a famine and thousands died of starvation. as a result, 1.5 million Irish fled to the US c) immigrants from Germany- harsh weather conditions from 1829-1830. in 1848, resolutions broke out in Germany. fought for democratic reforms. when revolts failed, thousands fled to US 42)Seneca Falls Convention - was an early and influential women's rights convention held in Seneca Falls, New York, July 1920, 1848. It was organized by local New York women upon the occasion of a visit by Boston-based Lucretria Mott, a Quaker famous for her speaking ability, a skill rarely cultivated by American women at the time. The local women, primarily members of a radical Quaker group, organized the meeting along with Elizabeth Cady Stanton 43) John L. O'Sullivan - was an American columnist and editor who used the term "Manifest Destiny" in 1845 to promote the annexation of Texas and the Oregon Country to the United States. O'Sullivan was an influential political writer and advocate for the Democratic Party at that time, but he faded from prominence soon thereafter. 44) Why Mormons went to Salt Lake - members of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints were often harshly treated;

7 45) Stephen Austin - was known as the Father of Texas, led the second, but first legal and ultimately successful colonization of the region by bringing 300 families from the United States. 46) Oregon question - was a matter of diplomatic concern starting with the first European exploration of the area. The two countries with the greatest interest were Britain and the United States, although both Spain and Russia viewed themselves as having some claim to the Oregon territory. a) James K. Polk's response - Polk put heavy pressure on Britain to resolve the Oregon boundary dispute; Polk wanted territory, not war, so he compromised with the British Foreign Secretary, Lord Aberdeen. The Oregon Treaty of 1846 divided the Oregon Country along the 49th parallel, the original American proposal. Although there were many who still clamored for the entire territory, the treaty was approved by the Senate. By settling for the 49th parallel, Polk angered many Midwestern Democrats. Many of these Democrats believed that Polk had always wanted the boundary at the 49th, and that he had fooled them into believing he wanted it at the 54th parallel. b) British response - Since 1818, the territory had been under the joint occupation and control of the United Kingdom and the United States. Previous U.S. administrations had offered to divide the region along the 49th parallel, which was not acceptable to Britain, as they had commercial interests along the Columbia River. Although the Democratic platform asserted a claim to the entire region, Polk was willing to compromise. When the British again refused to accept the 49th parallel boundary proposal, Polk broke off negotiations and returned to the Democratic platform "All Oregon" demand (which called for all of Oregon up to the 54-40 line that marked the southern boundary of Russian Alaska). 47) John Slidell - was an American politician, lawyer and businessman a) convoy sent to Mexico - Prior to the Mexican-American War, Slidell was sent to Mexico, by President James Knox Polk, to negotiate an agreement whereby the Rio Grande would be the southern border of Texans. He also was instructed to offer, among other alternatives, a maximum of $30 million for California by Polk and his administration. Slidell hinted to Polk that the Mexican reluctance to negotiate might require a show of military force by the United States. Under the guidance of General Zachary Taylor, U.S. troops were stationed at the U.S./Mexico border, ready to defend against Mexican attack. The Mexican government rejected Slidell's mission. After Mexican forces attacked at Matamoros, the United States declared war on Mexico on May 13, 1846. 48) 1849-1852 Gold Rush started when gold was found by James W. Marshall at Sutter's Mill in Coloma, California; the news of gold brought some 300,000 people to California from the rest of the United States and abroad. Of the 300,000, approximately half arrived by sea and half came from the east overland on the California Trail and the Gila River trail; a) Immigrants - the gold-seekers, called "forty-niners, often faced substantial hardships on the trip. While most of the newly arrived were Americans, the Gold Rush attracted tens of thousands from Latin America, Europe, Australia, and China. However, many returned home with little more than they had started with. 49) Southern whites biggest fears before Civil War wanted to try to maintain the prewar status quo 50)Denmark Vessey - was an African American slave brought to the United States from the Caribbean of Coromantee background. After purchasing his freedom, he planned what would have been one of the largest slave rebellions in the United States. Word of the plans was leaked, and at Charleston, South Carolina, authorities arrested the plot's leaders before the uprising could begin. Vesey and others were tried, convicted and executed. 51) Gabriel Prosser - was a literate enslaved blacksmith who planned to lead a large slave rebellion in the Richmond area in the summer of 1800. However, information regarding the revolt was leaked prior to its execution, thus Gabriel's plans were foiled. Gabriel and twenty-five other members of the revolt were hanged. In reaction, the Virginia and other legislatures passed restrictions on free blacks, as well as the education, movement and hiring out of the enslaved. 52)Nat Turnerled most famous slave revolt in North America in South Hampton County, Virginia in 1831; white men, women, and children murdered and twice as many blacks killed in aftermath. Example of how difficult it is to generalize about slavery and slave behavior because he was a trusted slave.

8 53) After 1820, slavery importance in South South became largest producer of cotton by 1820, so therefore the south began to grow ever more dependent on both slavery and cotton. The expanse of slavery was parallel to the expanse of cotton 54) What increase South political power - economic growth of cotton, made South one of wealthiest areas in, agriculture dominated 55)slavery from necessary evil to a positive goodJohn C Calhoun quoted. Argments that justified slavery, with 4 justifications. Slavery was profitable 56) four justification of slavery a) biblical testament admonitions servants to obey masters, i) historical slavery existed in rome, Greece,Egypt, spanish, portuguese b) legal 3/5ths clause: protected overseas slave trade, and mandated returning fugitive slaves across state lines c) scientific black deficiency due to smaller cranial shape and size, from African climate and slave condition. Making them inherently an inferior race to Caucasians d) sociological slaves needed paternal guidance, restraint, and protection of white master. they were like children, emancipation would lead to chaos and mixing races, and would be heartless because masters took care of necessities like clothes, food, and shelter 57)plantation mistresses expected to adhere to cult of domesticity, improve husbands morals(restrain from too much cruelty). Double standard of morality husbands still had unrestricted sexual access to slave women. Had to tend to food, clothing, health, warfare of husbands, children, as well as slaves. Roles of mistress: humanizing influence on men, responsible managar of plantation affairs, and coercer of slaves, and victim 58) how many slaves owned by southerners a) by 1860, 89% blacks were slaves, 11% were free b) in 1860 of southern whites, 76.1% were non-slaveholders, 17.2% owned 1-9 slaves, 6.6% owned 10-99, 0.1% owned more than 100 59) where slavery found most geographically Mississippi, Louisiana, Georgia, South Carolina, Virginia, Florida (all have about 40% to 50%+ slaves population), 60)why no public school in south public schools rare, education took place mostly in the home with private tutors for wealthy or family as instructors for poor. Most schools excluded African Americans, or they were segregated a) Antebellum period the time period of reform preceding the civil war 61) consequences of lack of economic diversity in South a) cotton as a sole cash crop discouraged commercial development due to limited consumer demand. South relied so much on cotton trade with Britain, which was its most dominant textile industry. Cotton famine, due to surplus in Britain, devastated the souths global economy 62) How slaves reacted to bondage a) HATED IT b) coped with it through i) religion ii) song 63) Women in South: slaves to slavery/husbands; they always had to make sure the slaves were fed and well kept in addition to running the household 64) Wilmot Proviso a) The Wilmot Proviso, one of the major events leading to the Civil War, would have banned slavery in any territory to be acquired from Mexico in the Mexican War or in the future, including the area later known as the Mexican Cession, but which some proponents construed to also include the disputed lands in south Texas and New Mexico east of the Rio Grande 65) Lewis Cass (American war and slavery) a) Cass was nationally famous as a leading spokesman for the controversial Doctrine of Popular Sovereignty, which would have allowed voters in the territories to determine whether to make slavery legal instead of having Congress decide.

9 66) Compromise of 1850: According to the compromise, Texas would relinquish the land in dispute but, in compensation, be given 10 million dollars -- money it would use to pay off its debt to Mexico. Also, the territories of New Mexico, Nevada, Arizona, and Utah would be organized without mention of slavery. (The decision would be made by the territories' inhabitants later, when they applied for statehood.) Regarding Washington, the slave trade would be abolished in the District of Columbia, although slavery would still be permitted. Finally, California would be admitted as a free state. To pacify slave-state politicians, who would have objected to the imbalance created by adding another free state, the Fugitive Slave Act was passed. a) Fugitive Slave Act: . It required citizens to assist in the recovery of fugitive slaves. It denied a fugitive's right to a jury trial. (Cases would instead be handled by special commisioners -- commisioners who would be paid $5 if an alleged fugitive were released and $10 if he or she were sent away with the claimant.) The act called for changes in filing for a claim, making the process easier for slaveowners. Also, according to the act, there would be more federal officials responsible for enforcing the law. 67) Why South fear California admission: It threatened to upset the balance of power between free and slave states. 68) Uncle Toms Cabin significance: Uncle Tom's cabin brought upon a new outlook on slavery. This novel allowed the public to read the true issues of slavery. During the time this book was published (1852), slavery was kept on a "down-low," and the reality and harshness of it was not known by everybody. With this book being published, the truth was revealied, and everybody was able to read the cruelty that was placed upon those who were slaves. In fact, this book had such a great impact that it intensified sectionalism in the United States. 69) Gadsden Purchase: (known as Venta de La Mesilla, or Sale of La Mesilla, in Mexico) is a 29,670-square-mile (76,800 km2) region of present-day southern Arizona and southwestern New Mexico that was purchased by the United States in a treaty signed by James Gadsden, the American ambassador to Mexico at the time, on December 30, 1853. It was then ratified, with changes, by the U.S. Senate on April 25, 1854 and signed by President Franklin Pierce, with final approval action taken by Mexico on June 8, 1854. The purchase was the last major territorial acquisition in the contiguous United States, adding a large area to the United States. 70) Stephen Douglass on Kansas-Nebraska Act a) devised plan for building a railroad and promoting western settlement b) need to win southern approval for his plan to build transcontinental railroad through central US i) obtained approval by introducing Kansas-Nebraska Act (1) proposed Nebraska Territory be divided in to Kansas Territory and Nebraska Territory (2) settlers free to decide slavery or not ii) bill gave southern slave owners opportunity that been closed by Missouri Compromise (1) because Kansas and Nebraska were located north of 36-30 line 71) The American party (the Know-Nothings): Developed from the order of the Star Spangled Banner and was made up of nativists. This party was organized due to its secretiveness and in 1865 nominated the ex-president Fillmore. These super-patriots were antiforeigners and anti-Catholic and adopted the slogan "American's must rule America!" Remaining members of the Whig party also backed Fillmore for President. 72) Pottawatomie Creek: John Brown was a militant abolitionist that took radical extremes to make his views clear. In May of 1856, Brown led a group of his followers to Pottawattamie Creek and launched a bloody attack against proslavery men killing five people. This began violent retaliation against Brown and his followers. This violent attack against slavery helped give Kansas its nick name, "bleeding Kansas". 73) Preston Brooks and Charles Sumner- In 1856 South Carolina senator Preston Brooks beat Massachusetts senator Charles Sumner with a cane because Sumner had verbally attacked the South in his speech The Crime Against Kansas. 74) Dred Scott Decison- Dred Scott was a slave who was taken to the free territory of Wisconsin and lived there for two years before returning back to Missouri in order to sue for his freedom. He argued that his residence on free soil made him a free citizen but in March 1857, the Supreme Court ruled against Scott. They stated that he had no right to sue in a federal court because the Framers of the Constitution did not intend people of African descent to be U.S. citizens, congress did not have the power to deprive any person of property without due process of law (viewing slaves as property), and because Missouri Compromise of 1820 excluded slavery from Wisconsin and other northern territories, therefore the law was unconstitutional.

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75) Abraham Lincolns search in Republic Party- Lincoln was looking for support against slavery beause he was antislavery but not an abolitionist. He was also against the expansion of slavery and wanted to effectively speak of slavery as a moral issue. 76) Freeport Doctrine- Stephen Douglas stated that slavery could not exist in a community if the local citizens did not pass and enforce laws (slave codes) for maintaining it. He argued with Lincoln during the famous Lincoln-Douglas debates concerning slavery and its moral issue. 77) Democratic Convention of 1860- The Democrats held their own national nomination convention in Charleston, South Carolina and Stephen Douglas was et leading candidate but his nomination was blocked by a combination of angry southeners and supporters of President Buchanan. 78) Why was the Upper South reluctant to secede? They were reluctant to secede because they felt more loyalty toward the union. They were more northern than the south but they wished to remain sectionalized. 79) What did Lincoln say in his First Inaugural Address? He stated that the Union was indissolvable, secession was impossible, and that if the southern states attacked the federal government then it would be viewed as a rebellion and they would be met with force. 80) What was the singular event in 1861 that started the Civil War? The Confederate bombardment of Fort Sumter on April 12, 1861, was the main event that started the civil war. The North viewed it as declaration of war and Lincoln called for state militia volunteers to crush the insurrection. 81) What were the Souths advantages during the civil war? The south had superior generals such as Robert E. Lee and Thomas Stonewall Jackson, strong agricultural system, defensive strategy, and a firm cause for defending themselves and their way of life. 82) Lincoln frustration with generals i) Lincoln was frustrated with the generals for being weak. McClellan failed to pursue Lees weakened and retreating army after Antietam and so he removed him for a final time as commander of the Union army. The president complained that his general had a bad case of the slows. 83) West victory based on what in Civil War i) The west claimed victory due to their economic and military strategies. ii) Strategy was the following: General Winfield Scott, veteran of the 1812 and Mexican wars, devised a threepart strategy for winning a long war: (1) use the U.S. navy to blockade southern ports (the Anaconda Plan, as it was called) and thereby cut off essential supplies from reaching the South (2) divide the confederacy in two by taking control of the Mississippi Rive (3) raise and train an army 500,000 strong to take Richmond 84) King Cotton diplomacy i) The hope of the southern economy that overseas demand for its cotton would bring recognition and financial aid. Failed because King Cotton did not have the power to dictate another nations foreign policy, since Europe quickly found ways of obtaining cotton from other sources. 85) 1862: Confiscation Act passed by Congress i) The power to seize enemy property used to wage war against the United States was the legal basis for the first Confiscation Act passed by Congress in August 1861. Soon, thousands of contrabands were using their feet to escape slavery by finding way into Union camps. In July 1862, second Confiscation Act was passed that freed the slaves of persons engaged in rebellion against the United States. 86) Morrill and Railroad Act of 1862 i) Morrill Land-Grant Act: 1862 federal act designed to fund state land-grant colleges. State governments were given large amounts of land in the western territories; this land was sold to individual settlers, land speculators, and others, and the profits of these land sales could be used to establish the colleges ii) Pacific Railroad Act: set aside huge tracts of public land to finance the transcontinental railroad 87) Why Civil War destroyed slavery i) Because of the Civil War, the South started to industrialize while the North started to become agricultural. The slaves were freed in the South because they were out of necessity. The South became more centralized.

11 88)Homestead Act 1872 Granted 160 acres to any family head or adult who lived on the claim for five years or who paid $1.25 an acre after six months of residence. Signed by President Lincoln on May 20, 1862. 89) Republicans economic strategy (North) in winning war 90)Dorothea Dix and Clara Barton Dix: Activist on behalf of the indigent insane who, through a vigorous program of lobbying state legislatures and the United States Congress, created the first generation of American mental asylums. She served as Superintendent of Army nurses. Barton: Best remembered for organizing the American Red Cross. 91)Clement Vallandigham Ohio politician, and leader of the Copperhead faction of anti-war Democrats during the American Civil War. Served two terms in the United States House of Representatives 92) poor northern men upset with draft laws a) The Conscription Act that passed Congress on March 3, 1863, is often cited as "the first draft in the North" or words to that effect. Drafting in the North, under this act, began more than a year after the Confederate conscription act, which was approved April 16, 1862. This has been cited as evidence of different abilities or enthusiasm on the two sides in the Civil War. But this ignores the fact that the drive to draft in the North began less than three months after the Confederate conscription act, that in at least five states in the North an extensive draft took place in the fall of 1862, and that all the Northern volunteers in that season signed up under threat of being drafted. 93) significance of Battle of Vicksburg a) The Confederate surrender following the siege at Vicksburg is sometimes considered, when combined with Gen. Robert E. Lee's defeat at Gettysburg the previous day, the turning point of the war. It also cut off communication with Confederate forces in the Trans-Mississippi Department for the remainder of the war. The city of Vicksburg would not celebrate Independence Day for about eighty years as a result of the siege and surrender. 94) William T. Sherman a) military in South b) Sherman served under General Ulysses S. Grant in 1862 and 1863 during the campaigns that led to the fall of the Confederate stronghold of Vicksburg on the Mississippi River and culminated with the routing of the Confederate armies in the state of Tennessee. In 1864, Sherman succeeded Grant as the Union commander in the western theater of the war. He proceeded to lead his troops to the capture of the city of Atlanta, a military success that contributed to the re-election of President Abraham Lincoln. Sherman's subsequent march through Georgia and the Carolinas further undermined the Confederacy's ability to continue fighting. He accepted the surrender of all the Confederate armies in the Carolinas, Georgia, and Florida in April 1865. 95) why most soldiers die in Civil War a) disease from tools b) During the period just before the Civil War, a physician received minimal training. The most common Civil War small arms ammunition was the dreadful minnie ball, which tore an enormous wound on impact: it was so heavy that an abdominal or head wound was almost always fatal, and a hit to an extremity usually shattered any bone encountered. In addition, bullets carried dirt and germs into the wound that often caused infection. 96) death toll from Civil War a) 620,000 men-360,000 Northerners and 260,000 Southerners-died in the four-year conflict 97) Lincoln chose Andrew Johnson because? a) "could help him bring the South back into the Union more easily." 98) end of result of Civil war in North/ South a) Slavery for the Confederacy's 3.5 million blacks effectively ended when Union armies arrived; they were nearly all freed by the Emancipation Proclamation. Slaves in the border states and those located in some former Confederate territory occupied prior to the Emancipation Proclamation were freed by state action or (on

12 December 18, 1865) by the Thirteenth Amendment. The full restoration of the Union was the work of a highly contentious postwar era known as Reconstruction. The war produced about 1,030,000 casualties (3% of the population), including about 620,000 soldier deathstwo-thirds by disease. Binghamton University historian J. David Hacker believes the number of soldier deaths was approximately 750,000, 20% higher than traditionally estimated, and possibly as high as 850,000. The war accounted for roughly as many American deaths as all American deaths in other U.S. wars combined. The war destroyed much of the wealth that had existed in the South. Income per person in the South dropped to less than 40% than that of the North, a condition which lasted until well into the 20th century. Southern influence in the US federal government, previously considerable, was greatly diminished until the latter half of the 20th century. 99) 13,14,15 Amendment a) 13 The Thirteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution officially abolished and continues to prohibit slavery, and with limited exceptions, such as those convicted of a crime, prohibits involuntary servitude. b) 14 The Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution (Amendment XIV) is one of the post-Civil War amendments (known as the Reconstruction Amendments), first intended to secure rights for former slaves. It includes the Due Process and Equal Protection Clauses among others. It was proposed on June 13, 1866, and ratified on July 9, 1868.[1] It is perhaps the most significant structural change to the Constitution since the passage of the United States Bill of Rights. The amendment provides a broad definition of United States citizenship, overturning the Dred Scott case, which excluded African Americans. c) 15 Amendment XV (the Fifteenth Amendment) of the United States Constitution provides that governments in the United States may not prevent a citizen from voting based on that citizen's race[1], color, or previous condition of servitude (i.e. slavery). It was ratified on February 3, 1870. 100)What issues resolved by Civil War (Union) a) Reconstruction began during the war (and continued to 1877) in an effort to solve the issues caused by reunion, specifically the legal status of the 11 breakaway states, the Confederate leadership, and the freedmen. Northern leaders during the war agreed that victory would require more than the end of fighting. It had to encompass the two war goals: secession had to be repudiated and all forms of slavery had to be eliminated. 101)Lincoln and the Radical Republicans disagreed sharply on the criteria for these goals. They also disagreed on the degree of federal control that should be imposed on the South, and the process by which Southern states should be reintegrated into the Union. These disputes became central to the political debates after the Confederacy collapsed. 102)What issues not solved (2 problems) a) Disputes over the route of a proposed transcontinental railroad affected the timing of the Kansas Nebraska Act. The timing of the completion of a railroad from Georgia to South Carolina also was important, in that it allowed influential Georgians to declare their support for secession in South Carolina at a crucial moment. South Carolina secessionists feared that if they seceded first, they would be as isolated as they were during the Nullification Crisis. Support from Georgians was quickly followed by support for secession in the same South Carolina state legislature that previously preferred a cooperationist approach, as opposed to separate state secession. b) Slave voting and privileges in the states 103)Why congress against Lincoln's 10% Plan a) It decreed that a state could be reintegrated into the Union when 10% of the 1860 vote count from that state had taken an oath of allegiance to the U.S. and pledged to abide by emancipation. The next step in the process would be for the states to formally elect a state government. Also, a state legislature could write a new constitution, but it also had to abolish slavery forever. At that time, Lincoln would recognize the reconstructed government. By 1864, Louisiana, Tennessee, and Arkansas had established fully functioning Unionist governments. b) his policy was meant to shorten the war by offering a moderate peace plan. It was also intended to further his emancipation policy by insisting that the new governments abolished slavery. Congress reacted sharply to this proclamation of Lincoln's. Republicans feared that the planter aristocracy would be restored and the blacks would be forced back into slavery. Lincoln's reconstructive policy toward the South was lenient because he wanted to popularize his Emancipation Proclamation. Lincoln feared that compelling enforcement of the proclamation could

13 lead to the defeat of the Republican Party in the election of 1864, and that popular Democrats could overturn his proclamation. Some Republicans pushed through Congress the Wade-Davis Bill in July 1864, which outlined more stringent requirements for re-admission. This was pocket-vetoed by Lincoln after it passed. 104)Why congress not want him to veto Wade-Davis's Bill a) Wades-Davis bill: radical reconstruction plan for South i) Bill required 50% of voters of state to take loyalty and permitted only non-Confederates to vote for new state constitution b) Veto led to cries of usurpation" 105)Why Congress upset on Johnson quick reconstruction program of southern states a) Provided disfranchisement (loss of the right to vote and hold office) of i) All former leaders and officeholders of the Confederacy ii) Confederates with more than $20,000 in taxable property b) All 11 ex-Confederate states qualified under plan 106)Black codes a) Prohibited blacks from either renting land or borrowing money to buy land b) Placed freedmen into a form of semi bondage by forcing them, as vagrants and apprentices, to sign work contracts c) Prohibited blacks from testifying against whites in court 107)Thaddeus Stephens of Pennsylvania a) Hoped to revolutionize southern society through an extended period of military rule in which blacks would i) be free to exercise their civil rights ii) be educated in schools operated by federal gov iii) receive lands confiscated from planter class 108)How moderate and radical republicans differ a) Moderates: concerned with economic gains for white middle class b) Radicals: championed civil rights for blacks 109)Southern democrats claiming under black rule=false 110)sharecropping a) as a result of black insistence on autonomy combined with changes in postwar economy b) landlord provided the seed and other needed farm supplies in return for a share (usually half) of harvest c) system gave poor people of rural South opportunity to work a piece of land for themselves d) sharecroppers usually remained either dependent on landowners or in debt to local merchants 111)crop-lien system a) a credit system for farmers to get credit before the planting season by borrowing against the value for anticipated harvests 112)Ulysses S. Grant background a) as military leader i) West Point graduate ii) joined up for war after an unsuccessful civilian career iii) served in Mexican-American war iv) largely responsible for capture of Fort Henry and Fort Donelson v) approach to ending war was to outlast Lee by fighting war of attrition b) as president i) Grant's election in 1868: Republicans changed from party of moral reform to one of material interest ii) second term began with economic disaster (Panic of 1873) iii) 1874: side with hard-money bankers and creditors who wanted stable money supply backed by gold c) attitude toward African Americans i) supported and enforced African American civil rights 113)slaughterhouse cases

14 a) were the first United States Supreme Court interpretation of the relatively new Fourteenth Amendment to the Constitution. It is viewed as a pivotal case in early civil rights law, reading the Fourteenth Amendment as protecting the "privileges or immunities" conferred by virtue of the federal United States citizenship to all individuals of all states within it, but not those privileges or immunities incident to citizenship of a state 114)redeemers a) had different social and economic backgrounds b) agreed on i) states' rights ii) reduced taxes iii) reduced spending on social programs iv) white supremacy 115)1877 Election a) averted another civil war b) Hayes i) Hayes become president on condition of a southern transcontinental railroad ii) Hayes withdrew last of federal troops protecting blacks and other Republicans c) end of Reconstruction because i) end of federal military in South ii) decisions in Supreme Court struck down laws protecting blacks from discrimination iii) the support of New South lead to the southerners to fall behind rest of nation