Calculus III Study Guide

3-D Distance Formula

Equation of a Sphere:

With Center: Vectors

Dot Product:

Cross Product:

Equations of Lines

Equation of Planes

Distance between point and plane

Quadric Surfaces Ellipsoid: Elliptic Paraboloid: Hyperbolic Paraboloid: Cone: Hyperboloid of One Sheet: Hyperboloid of two Sheets: Vector Functions If

Arc Length

Curvature A parametrization is called smooth on an interval I if r is continuous and on I. A curve is called smooth if it has a smooth parametrization. Unit Tangent Vector:

Normal Vector

Binormal Vector

Functions of Several Variables Level Curves (Surfaces): Lowering the dimension by 1 by setting one variable as a constant in order to view the contour curves. Multivariable Limits

*If the limit exists, it must approach the same value from EVERY path in the domain.* Continuity A function f of two variables is called continuous at (a,b) if

Partial Derivatives

Notations for Partial Derivatives:

Partial Differentiation Rule: 1. To find , regard y (or any other variables) as a constant and differentiate with respect to x. 2. To find , regard x (or any other variables) as a constant and differentiate with respect to y. Tangent Planes and Linear Approximations Equation of the tangent plane of f , continuous, to the surface at the point :

Differentials

The Chain Rule

If

Implicit Differentiation

Directional Derivatives The Directional Derivative of f at vector : in the direction of a unit

Gradient

Maximizing the Directional Derivative Theorem: If f is a function of two or three variables, then the maximum value of the directional derivative is and it occurs when has the same direction as the gradient vector .

Multivariable Max/Min Theorem: If f has a local maximum or minimum at and the firstorder partial derivatives of f exist there, then

A point is called a critical point of f if or if one of these partial derivatives does not exist.

*At a multivariable critical point a function may have local max/min or neither.* Second Derivatives Test: Suppose the second partial derivatives of f are continuous, and suppose that is a critical point of f:

a) If b) If c) If

, then

, then is a local minimum. , then is a local maximum. is not a local maximum or minimum.

*Case c) is called a saddle point of f and the graph of f crosses its tangent plane at .

*If

, we get no information; it could be any of the three.

Absolute Maximum and Minimum Values Definition: A boundary point of D is a point such that every disk with center contains points in D and also points not in D. A closed set in points. is one that contains all its boundary

Definition: Definition:

A bounded set in is one that is contained within some disk. In other words, it is finite in extent.

Extreme Value Theorem: If f is continuous on a closed, bounded set D in , then f attains an absolute maximum value and an absolute minimum value at some points and in D. Method for Finding Absolute Maximums and Minimums Must be a continuous function f on a closed, bounded set D: 1) Find the values of f at the critical points of f in D. 2) Find the extreme values of f on the boundary of D. 3) The largest of the values from steps 1 and 2 is the absolute maximum value; the smallest of these values is the absolute minimum value.

Lagrange Multipliers If such that,

The number is called the Lagrange Multiplier. Method of Lagrange Multipliers To find the maximum and minimum values of subject to the constraint [assuming that these extreme values exist and on the surface (a)Find all values of : such that

and (b)Evaluate f at all points that result from step (a). The largest of these values is the maximum value of f; the smallest is the minimum value of f. Two Constraints

Multiple Integrals Double Integral of f over the rectangle R:

If

Midpoint Rule

Average Value

Partial Integration and Iterated Integrals Fubinis Theorem:

General Regions of Integration Type 1:

Type 2:

Polar Coordinates

Where If f is continuous on the polar region:

Triple Integrals

Fubinis Theorem

Triple Integrals over General Bounded Region E

Type 1:

Subtype 1: Type I Plane Region

Subtype 2: Type II Plane Region

Type 2:

Subtype 1: Type I Plane Region

Subtype 2: Type II Plane Region

Type 3:

Subtype 1: Type I Plane Region

Subtype 2: Type II Plane Region

Triple Integrals in Cylindrical Coordinates

Triple Integrals in Spherical Coordinates

Change of Variables in Multiple Integrals Consider a Transformation T from the uv-plane to the xy-plane:

Assume T is a Transformation, meaning g and have continuous firstorder partial derivatives.

Jacobian

Change of Variables in Double Integrals Suppose T is a Transformation with a nonzero Jacobian, mapping a region S in the uv-plane onto a region R in the xy-plane. Assuming f is continuous on R, that R and S are of type I or II regions, and also that T is one-to-one inside the boundary of S, then:

* *

is the absolute value of the Jacobian* denotes the Jacobian of n variables.

Change of Variables in Triple Integrals

Assuming the same arguments as above:

Vector Calculus Vector Fields Definition: Let D be a set in (a n-dimensional region). A vector field on is a function F that assigns to each point in D an ndimensional vector . (In other words, a vector field is a space (or dimensions) of points, as commonly known, outputting vectors at each point). Gradient Fields The gradient function dimensional space. is really just a vector field in n-

Conservative Vector Field A vector field F is called a conservative vector field if it is the gradient of some scalar function, that is, if there exists a function f such that . In this case f is called a potential function for F. Line Integrals

Line Integrals of Vector Fields

*Fundamental Theorem of Line Integrals*

*This says that for a conservative vector field all we need to know is the value of r at the endpoints to solve the line integral.* Independence of Path

A curve is called closed if Theorem:

. for

is independent of path in D iff every closed path C in D.

An open set is a set that does not contain any of its boundary points. (This means for every point there is a disk with center P that lies entirely in the set.) A set is connected if any two points in the set can be joined by a path that lies in the set.

Theorem: Suppose then

is a vector field that is continuous on an open is independent of path in D, .

connected region D. if exists a function f such that

is a conservative vector field on D; that is, there

A simple curve is a curve that doesnt intersect itself anywhere between its endpoints. A simply-connected region is a connected region such that every simply closed curve in the region encloses only points that are in the region. Condition for Conservative Vector Field (Open Simply-Connected Region)

*Greens Theorem* A positive orientation of a simple closed curve C refers to a single counterclockwise traversal of C. Let C be a positively oriented, piecewise-smooth, simple closed curve in the plane and let D be the region bounded by C. If P and Q have continuous partial derivatives on an open region that contains D, then:

Curl

Theorem: If f is a function of three variables that has continuous second-order partial derivatives, then:

Theorem: If

is a vector field defined on all of , then is a conservative vector field.

whose component

functions have continuous partial derivatives and

Divergence

Laplace Operator

Greens First Identity

Greens Second Identity

Parametric Surfaces

Surfaces of Revolution

Tangent Planes

Surface Area

Surface Integrals

If

If is a continuous vector field defined on an oriented surface S with unit normal vector n, then the surface integral of F over S is:

(This is called flux)

*Stokes Theorem* Let S be an oriented piecewise-smooth surface that is bounded by a simple, closed, piecewise-smooth boundary curve C with positive orientation.

*The Divergence Theorem* Let E be a simple solid region and let S be the boundary surface of E, given with positive (outward) orientation. Let be a vector field whose component functions have continuous partial derivatives on an open region that contains E.

Courtesy of Allaire Mathematics