Function Zoo

Sarah Constantin February 9, 2011

The Gamma Function (z)

Denition (s) =
0

et ts1 dt

Domain of denition C. Dened on the real line originally. Analytic continuation to right half-plane given by showing the integral still converges. Analytic continuation in entire complex plane given by shifting successively to the left. Zeroes and poles Poles at the negative integers s = 0, 1, 2 . . .. No zeroes. Growth order 1/ is of growth order 1. Relations Factorial relation: (s + 1) = s(s). Symmetry about the line Re(s) = 1/2: (s)(1 s) = Product formula: 1 = es (s) sins

(1 + s/n)es/n
n=1

Result of Weierstrass theorem.

The Riemann Zeta Function (s)

Denition

(s) =
n=1

1 ns

Domain of denition C. Dened on the real line s > 1, converges for Re(s) > 1, and can be analytically continued to the rest of the complex plane. Zeroes and poles Only one simple pole at s = 1. Zeroes: trivial zeroes are at 2, 4, . . .. Nontrivial zeros are in the critical strip 0 < Re(s) < 1; the Riemann hypothesis says that all of them lie on the line Re(s) = 1/2. Growth order 1. If s = + i , then for each 0 0 1 and > 0,

|(s)| c |t|10 + Relations Functional equation: s/2 (s/2)(s) = Prime product formula: (s) =
p

1 2

us/21 ((u) 1)du

0

1 1 ps

Symmetric relation: (s) = s1/2 ((1 s)/2) (1 s) (s/2) 2

Theta function (t)

Denition (t) =

en
n=

2t

Domain of denition Real, positive numbers. Growth Actually, decay: (t) Ct1/2 Relations (t) = t1/2 (1/t)

Weierstrass function

Denition (z) = 1 + z2 [
n=0

1 1 (z + )2 2

Domain of denition C. Zeroes and poles Double poles at the points of the lattice generated by the periods. (Elliptic function.) Relations Dierential equation: ( )2 = 4( e1 )( e2 )( e3 ) where e1 = (1/2), e2 = ( /2), and e3 = ( 1+ ). 2 Every elliptic function with the same periods is a rational function of and . Result of Mittag-Leer.

Weierstrass function
(z) = z
w

Denition (1

z z/w+z 2 /2w )e w

Domain of denition C Zeroes and poles Zeroes at the lattice points. No poles. Growth order 2. Relations (z)/(z) = (z) = 1 z ( 1 1 z + + z n m n + m (n + m )2

(z) = (z)