When insulin molecules are formed they fold into a specific shape.

Explain why all human insulin molecules fold into the same shape.

1.

Reference to bonds between R groups; 2. The R groups are always in the same position;

3. [Bonds / named bonds} will always form in the same place; 4. Reference to {hydrophilic groups on outside / hydrophobic groups on inside (2)

The tertiary structure of a protein is maintained by bonding between the R groups of amino acids.

starch has {two components / amylose and amylopectin} and glycogen does not starch stored in plant cells and glycogen in animal cells glycogen has a branched structure but {starch / amylose} has a coiled structure glycogen has more branches than {starch / amylopectin};

Explain what is meant by the term secondary structure of a protein Reference to -helix / -pleated sheet; Reference to hydrogen bonds;

Suggest why the increase in temperature has this effect on the length of the secondary structure of the polypeptide. 1. Reference to increase in kinetic energy at (55 C); 2. (More) vibrations within molecule; 3. Therefore hydrogen bonds (holding -helix / -pleated sheet together) reak/eq; 4. (Molecule) starts to unwind;

1.1 1.0 0.9 0.8 Intensity of 0.7 colour / arbitrary units 0.6 0.5 0.4 0.3 5. 0.2 0.1 0 30 40 50 60 70 Temperature / C 80 . Explain the effect of the increase in temperature on the permeability of the membranes of beetroot cells.
(3)

Membrane selectively permeable at lower temperatures; 2. {Temperature increase above 40 C / higher temperatures} / membrane breaks down / eq; Increase of kinetic energy of {pigment molecules / phospholipids in membrane / eq}; 4. Proteins are denatured; Membrane becomes {freely / more} permeable to (pigment molecules) with increasing temperature; Reference to diffusion of pigment molecules out of the cells / reaches equilibrium at high temperatures; 6. 3.

A student carried out an experiment to investigate the effect of alcohol concentration on the permeability of beetroot membranes. Beetroots are root vegetables that appear red because the vacuoles in their cells contain a watersoluble red pigment. This pigment cannot pass through membranes. Eight pieces of beetroot were cut. One piece of beetroot was placed into a tube containing 15 cm3 of water and left for 15 minutes. The procedure was repeated for seven different concentrations of ethanol. After 15 minutes, each piece of beetroot was removed from the tubes and a sample of the fluid removed and placed in a colorimeter. The colorimeter was used to determine the intensity of red coloration of the fluid. The results of the investigation are shown in the graph below.

increasing ethanol conc increases intensity of coloration, Suggest an explanation for this effect. 1. reference to disruption / eq} of membrane; 2. ethanol is a (nonpolar / organic) solvent;

3.

idea that {lipids / eq} dissolve (in alcohol);

4. idea that increase in ethanol causes solution to be less polar; 5. idea that orientation of phospholipids depends on water around it;

this is straight from mark scheme :- if you get a question on describing procedure for enzyme stuff :-

An outline to include four from: 1. identify independent variable and dependent variable 2. select suitable range of concentrations (at least 5); 3. fixed volumes of enzyme / substrate 4. control of named variable(s) 5. description of apparatus used 6. correct method of obtaining quantitative results 7. reference to replication / calculation of rate / mean values I think it's easy enough to prepare for all of them by just following this template Independant variable (mention you use a range of atleast 5!) Caffeine concentrations of 0% 0.1% 0.2% 0.3% 0.4% Dependant Variable Number of heartbeats per (amount of time) using a (taddle counter?) Control (always mention how you control things!!) -Temperature using a water bath. -pH using a buffer. (Enzyme) -Size and sex of daphnia.

20 18 16 14 12 Concentration in cytoplasm / g cm-3 10 8 6 4 2 0 0 2 4 Time / hours i) Describe the changes in cytoplasm concentration of substance B shown in the graph and explain how these changes support the statement that substance B enters the cells by diffusion. Award up to four marks for any of the following in context. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. Rapid rate of uptake {in first 4 hours / initially}; Substance A passes down concentration gradient (into the cell) / eq; {Between 4 and 8 hours / gradually} the rate of uptake decreases; Due to smaller diffusion gradient / eq; Rate of uptake is proportional to diffusion gradient /eq; After 8 hours there is no further uptake; Concentrations inside cell equal concentration outside cell/eq; Max 4 6 8 10 Substance B

Suggest how the shape of the graph would change if the temperature in the experiment was decreased to 10 C. Give an explanation for your answer. Award one mark for each of the following points in context to a maximum of two marks. 1. 2. Substance B has less kinetic energy; Movement through membrane is slower/eq; Max 2

Role of ribosomes? reference to translation / eq; 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. mRNA becomes {associated / eq} with ribosomes; idea that a ribosome hold two transfer RNA molecules; reference to transfer RNA attached to amino acid; peptide bonds formed (between adjacent amino acids); reference to ribosome moving along mRNA;

Explain how you worked out the percentage of guanine present in the DNA of a cow.

(ii)

1. 2. 3.

a purine always bonds to a pyrimidine; % thymine must equal % adenine / eq; guanine and cytosine must make up rest of molecule / eq;
(3)

4.

% guanine = % cytosine / eq;

(c)

DNA and messenger RNA (mRNA) have different properties. DNA is very stable but mRNA breaks down quickly and most of it will be broken down within a day of it being produced. Suggest why it is important for DNA to be more stable than mRNA. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. DNA contains genetic information / eq; DNA codes for protein / eq; a change in DNA could produce a different {protein / mRNA} / eq; idea that it is required throughout life (or {cell / organism}); idea that it is needed to pass on to next generation (of {cell / organism}); max 2

(c)

Describe the role of messenger RNA (mRNA) in the following processes. (a) Transcription
(3)

(b)

Translation (3)

1.

(mRNA) is a copy of DNA; 2. (copy of) part of DNA / eq; 3. (copy of) one strand / sense strand; 4. mRNA is complementary (to DNA) / mRNA made up of complementary bases; 5. mRNA strand, built / formed (looking for idea that mRNA strand is put together during the process) / reference to enzyme; 6. carries genetic code to, cytoplasm / out of nucleus / to ribosome; (b) 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. genetic information / base sequence / code, in mRNA determines amino acid sequence; codons / base triplet on mRNA; determines amino acid; (codons) pair with, complementary triplet / anticodons, on tRNA; reference to start / stop codons / sequences / binding sequences; occurs on ribosomes;

3
[6]

Describe the structure of a ribosome. 6. (a) 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. Contains (r)RNA; And protein; Has two (sub-)units; Binding{site/groove} to accept RNA; 20-30 nm in size; 2