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Presented by:

Indrajeet Prasad

Content:
WHAT IS POWER QUALITY PQ PROBLEMS DESCRIPTION OF PQ PROBLEMS SOURCES OF PQ PROBLEMS MAJOR PQ PROBLEMS HOW THEY AFFECT HOW TO MONITOR BENEFITS OF PQ MONITORING CONCLUSION REFERENCE

WHAT IS POWER QUALITY ?

The term Power quality is used to describe the extent of variation of the voltage, current and frequency on the power system. The variation of voltage and current can either be in terms of magnitude or waveform shape/distortion. WHAT IS POWER QUALITY MONITORING ? The best way to detect and diagnose the problems in electrical power system is called Power quality monitoring.

POWER QUALITY PROBLEMS:

1.Disturbance
I. II. III. IV. V. Voltage sag Voltage interruption Voltage swell Transient Voltage notch

2.Imbalance 3.Distortion 4.Voltage fluctuation 5.Voltage flickering

DESCRIPTION:
1.DISTURBANCES
A DISTURBANCE IS DEFINED AS THE TEMPORARY DEVIATION FROM THE STEADY STATE WAVEFORM.

VOLTAGE SAG
Reduction in voltage magnitude for a short period of time.

VOLTAGE INTERRUPTION
Voltage sag with 100% reduction in amplitude.

 VOLTAGE SWELL
Increase in RMS voltage or current at the power frequency between 1.1 to 1.9 per unit for a duration of 8milisec to 1min.

TRANSIENT
Voltage disturbance shorter than sag/swell and are caused by sudden changes in power system.

VOLTAGE NOTCH
Periodic transient occurring within each cycle.

 2.IMBALANCE
A SITUATION IN WHICH VOLTAGE,FREQUENCY AND PHASE ALL ARE DIFFERENT.

3. DISTORTION
IT IS GENERALLY EXPRESSED IN TERMS OF HARMONICS WHICH ARE SINUSOIDAL VOLTAGES OR CURRENTS HAVING FREQUENCY THAT ARE INTEGER MULTIPLE OF THE FREQUENCY AT WHICH THE SUPPLY SYSTEM IS DESIGNED TO OPERATE.

4.VOLTAGE FLUCTUATION
THE RAPID CHANGE IN VOLTAGE MAGNITUDE IN THE ALLOWABLE LIMIT I.E., 95% TO 105%.

5.VOLTAGE FLICKERING
THE COLOUR OCCURING WHEN THE FREQUENCY OF VARIATION OF LIGHT FLUX LIES BETWEEN FEW HERTZ AND FUSION FREQUENCY.

PQ is a Business Problem:
Power Quality issues cause business problems such as:
Lost productivity, idle people and equipment Lost orders, good will, customers and profits Lost transactions and orders not being processed Revenue and accounting problems Customer and/or management dissatisfaction Overtime required to make up for lost work time

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PQ Problems are Expensive

Berkeley Lab Study Estimates $80 Billion Annual Cost of Power Interruptions Research News, Berkeley Lab, February 2, 2005 $50 billon per year in the USA is lost as a results of power quality breakdowns . Bank of America Report A manufacturing company lost more than $3 million one day last summer in Silicon Valley when the lights went out. New York Times January 2000 A voltage sag in a paper mill can waste a whole day of production - $250,000 loss Business Week, June 17,, 1996 Half of all computer problems and one-third of all data loss can be traced back to the power line Contingency Planning Research, LAN Times

Who is Affected?
High Cost Facilities o Semiconductor plants o Pharmaceuticals o Data centers Medium Cost Facilities o Automotive manufacturing o Glass plants o Plastics & Chemicals o Textiles

Sources of PQ Problems:
Utility Sources Lightning PF Correction Equipment Faults Switching Internal Sources Individual Loads Lighting, Elevators, Coolers, HVAC Uninterruptible Power Supplies Variable Frequency Drives Battery Chargers Large Motors During Startup Electronic Dimming Systems Lighting Ballasts (esp. Electronic) Arc Welders, and Other Arc Devices Medical Equipment, e.g. MRIs and X-Ray Machines Office Equipment and Computers Wiring

Major PQ Problems:
Outages, 6% Spikes, 7%

Swells, 31%

Sags, 56%

Swells System fault conditions Switching on a large capacitor bank Switching off a large load

Sags (Dips) Associated with system faults Switching of heavy loads Starting of large motors

HOW DO THEY AFFECT YOU:

Motors stall Computers crash Production is affected Equipment damaged Product spoilage The lights go out

How To Monitor:
POWER QUALITY PROBLEM VOLTAGE SAG VOLTAGE INTERRUPTION VOLTAGE SWELL TRANSIENT VOLTAGE NOTCH IMBALANCE DISTORTION VOLTAGE FLUCTUATION VOLTAGE FLICKERING SOLUTION UPS,DVR,CVT UPS UPS,POWER CONDITIONER SVC SNUBBER CKT PROTECTION SCHEME SERIES & SHUNT ACTIVE FILTER SVC VOLTAGE UNBALANCED RELAY

BENEFITS OF POWER QUALITY MONITORING: Direct Benefits / Technical Benefits

Energy Savings Release of blocked capacity Reduced temperature rise Increased reliability / Life of equipment (e.g. Transformer, Motors, capacitors...) Reduced mal-function of equipment (e.g. Drives, Relays, Meters) Penalty savings / Incentives (e.g. Demand charges) Tax benefits Compliance to standards & Regulations

Indirect / Regulatory Benefits

Conclusion:
DISTURBANCES PLACE ALL BUSINESSES AT RISK BOTH IN TERMS OF FINANCIAL LOSSES AND ENERGY EFFICIENCY SO THEY SHOULD BE TAKEN SERIOUSLY.

POWER QUALITY MONITORING IS VERY ESSENTIAL TO GET AN UNINTERRUPTABLE AND EFFICIENT POWER SUPPLY.

References:
UNDERSTANDING POWER QUALITY PROBLEMS VOLTAGE SAGS &INTERRUPTIONS, MATH H J BOLLEN, IEEE PRESS. AN INTEGRATED APPROACH TO POWER QUALITY IMPROVEMENT, R VENKATESH & S R KANNAN, - ET POWER TECH . SOLUTIONS TO THE POWER QUALITY PROBLEM, PROF. RAY ARNOLD,IEE POWER ENGINEERING JOURNAL, APRIL 2001 POWER QUALITY ISSUES A DISTRIBUTION COMPANY PERSPECTIVE,IEE POWER ENGINEERING JOURNAL, APRIL 2001 MONITORING POWER FOR THE FUTURE, AFROZ K. KHAN, IEEPOWER ENGINEERING JOURNAL, APRIL 2001